NINJAL Research Papers No.8
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1 (NINJAL Research Papers) 8: (2014) ISSN: X print/ online late adoption real time 3 apparent time * * NINJAL 2012
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7 8: (2014) χ2=74.6, df=4, p< ⁴ P C 4 1 P 1 C P C cohort
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14 190 8: (2014) % 3 10% 1 10% 2 15% 3 50% 1 C χ2=2664.4, df=4, p<0.001
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18 194 8: (2014) Boberg, Charles (2004) Real and apparent time in language change: Late adoption of changes in Montreal English. American Speech 79(3): : Inoue, Fumio & Akemi Yamashita (2014) Change in the use of beautifying o- and late adoption A historical interpretation of data one decade apart. Proceedings of METHODS 14 London Aug Matsuda, Kenjiro (2012) What happened to the honorifics in a local Japanese dialect in 55 years: A report from the Okazaki Survey on Honorifics. University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics 18(2): : etc etc
19 8: (2014) 195
20 196 8: (2014) Changes in the Politeness Level of Utterances and Social Factors: A Report from the Okazaki Survey on Honorifics YANAGIMURA Yu Adjunct Researcher, Department of Language Change and Variation, NINJAL Abstract This paper reports a temporal change in the politeness level of utterances using data from the Okazaki Survey on Honorifics (OSH). It is shown that the politeness level of utterances has increased over the past decades, in particular since the second survey in Those who were born in the 1940s, having participated in the survey three times, increased their politeness level. This indicates that speakers modify the politeness level of the honorifics they use during their life course and demonstrate a case of late adoption. Moreover, older speakers have the tendency to use more polite forms than younger speakers do. Regarding the factors controlling the use of honorifics, it seems that speakers have been shifting the relative importance of power to solidarity in deciding how polite they should be in a particular situation. With regard to the social characteristics of speakers, this paper observes that females are more polite in their use of honorifics than males are, and speakers with high academic backgrounds are more polite than those with low academic backgrounds are. Furthermore, the temporal change in the politeness level also depends on the following social variables: an increase in the politeness level is caused mainly by male speakers and an increased ratio of highly educated speakers, who use more polite forms of honorifics. Key words: honorifics, politeness, language change, social variable of speaker, situation
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