尚美学園大学総合政策論集 19 号 /2014 年 12 月 Chart 1 Objects and Means of Economic System Policy means Policy objects Efficiency Equality,equity and fairness Recipr

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1 福祉社会の新しい段階へ経済学的アプローチ [ 丸尾直美荘発盛 ] 福祉社会の新しい段階へ経済学的アプローチ丸尾直美荘発盛 Towards a New Welfare Society : An Economic Approach Naomi, Maruo Fatt Seng Chong Abstract The name of the welfare state was born at the end of the World War in UK. The welfare state was assumed as a mixed society composed of capitalist society and socialist society. However, since then the concept of welfare state has been changed. The proponents of the welfare state assumed that the government would work to remedy the market failures. However, since the 1960s, the proponents of neo-liberalism and public choice school pointed out that the defects of the government were more serious than those of the market. The theory and actual welfare state, however, have changed since then. The proponents of welfare state now insist that if both market and government fail, the third sector or system, that is, the so-called informal sector or community sector is required to cope with the failures of both market and government. The present economic theory for the welfare society is different from that of the traditional neo-classical theory in two points. Firstly, while the neo-classical theory is active to show the necessary policies to cope with government defects and market failures, while the Keynesian economists and proponents of welfare state not only point out the market failures and government failures but also other defects of market system such as the inequality of income and property ownership and over-shooting of economic fluctuations such as depression and inflation Secondly the present theory of welfare society assumes that the informal sector or community sector as the third sector is required when both market and government fail. They assume that in order to achieve the three main policy objects of economic system at the same time, three subsystems are required as chart 1 suggests. 1

2 尚美学園大学総合政策論集 19 号 /2014 年 12 月 Chart 1 Objects and Means of Economic System Policy means Policy objects Efficiency Equality,equity and fairness Reciprocity, solidarity and sympathy Market system Optimum allocation of resource Political system Justice Informal system Humanity 要約キーワード市場システム Market System 政治体制 Political System インフォーマルシステム Informal System 市場の失敗 Market Failure 政府の失敗 Government Defect 共有地の悲劇 The Tragedy of the Commons 合成の誤謬 Fallacy of Composition はじめに変わりゆく福祉国家 K.G

3 福祉社会の新しい段階へ経済学的アプローチ [ 丸尾直美荘発盛 ] 福祉国家の理論的問題新しい福祉社会の要請市場の失敗と公共財供給の増加に伴う問題 market failure 市場の失敗と公的関与 market failure 3

4 尚美学園大学総合政策論集 19 号 /2014 年 12 月市場の失敗と政府の失敗 J.M 市場と政府がともに失敗する場合 2 welfare society 1984 NHK J W.A. 4

5 福祉社会の新しい段階へ経済学的アプローチ [ 丸尾直美荘発盛 ] 図表 1 福祉社会の目的と手段福祉国家への実際の要請 2 warfare 福祉国家の到来ウエッブ夫妻から W. ベバリッジへ 20 社会保障の転換選別主義から普遍主義へ stigma J.M

6 尚美学園大学総合政策論集 19 号 /2014 年 12 月ノーマライゼーションの時代市場の失敗と福祉国家の対応 1 市場の失敗とは market failure resource allocation optimum allocation 6

7 福祉社会の新しい段階へ経済学的アプローチ [ 丸尾直美荘発盛 ] U MRI inherent % 4. 政府の失敗論と福祉国家への影響政府の失敗とは L.H.E. J M

8 尚美学園大学総合政策論集 19 号 /2014 年 12 月政府失敗の内在的原因立憲的社会契約と福祉社会 constitutional the greatest benefit of the least advantaged members of society 2 財産所有民主主義はなぜ必要か 8

9 福祉社会の新しい段階へ経済学的アプローチ [ 丸尾直美荘発盛 ] J.E. propertyowing democracy J. A Theory of Justice 1969 Justice 1999 Rawls 1999 property-owing democracy 福祉国家発展の実際の経過ナショナルミニマムの実現 20 Fabian Essays on Socialism

10 尚美学園大学総合政策論集 19 号 /2014 年 12 月ナショナルミニマムからナショナルミニマム+ 所得比例保障へノーマライゼーションの理念による介護とまちづくり 1970 personal social services 社会保障から社会体制改革へ 6. なぜ新しい福祉国家が必要か福祉国家を超えて 1960 Beyond the Welfare State G

11 福祉社会の新しい段階へ経済学的アプローチ [ 丸尾直美荘発盛 ] N. Maruo Andre Bijörklund and C. le Grand eds. Welfare Policy and Labour Markets 社会保障財政からの要請とインフォーマル部門の役割 1 dependency ratio W Beveridge Hadley and Hatch P. P 1993 R 福祉ミックス論の発展インフォーマル部門の再評価 11

12 尚美学園大学総合政策論集 19 号 /2014 年 12 月 welfare mix 1986 R 2 NHK A 1990 V.A. 1 B 1 I 1990 T Bengtson 2010 P.113 J 1887 Gemeinschaft Gesellschaft A B 図表 1 D G M E G FH M F I G M F ANHK B Pestoff Victor A

13 福祉社会の新しい段階へ経済学的アプローチ [ 丸尾直美荘発盛 ] イギリスでのコミュニティ論 reciprocity K 図 3 ポラニーの描く社会のシステムのイメージ図 w R. Hadley Stephen Hatch 1981 R ロウズとエスピンーアンデルセンの福祉国家の類型化とインフォーマル部門の位置づけ W.A

14 尚美学園大学総合政策論集 19 号 /2014 年 12 月アメリカでのコミュニティ論 D 各社会システムの統合原理は何か allocation distribution reciprocity 14

15 福祉社会の新しい段階へ経済学的アプローチ [ 丸尾直美荘発盛 ] 公助自助共助と福祉ミックスイギリスでのコミュニティ論 reciprocity 15

16 尚美学園大学総合政策論集 19 号 /2014 年 12 月 w アメリカにおけるコミュニティの消失と再生パットマンの問題提起 D. 結び 16

17 福祉社会の新しい段階へ経済学的アプローチ [ 丸尾直美荘発盛 ] 補論 Ⅰ 市場の失敗の例 1 P 1 D a b c 1 E E D b c d a b c b c d a d a d E P E D a b c a b b a a a d d Authur Cecil Pigou Pigou 1920 Pigou 1920 E 17

18 尚美学園大学総合政策論集 19 号 /2014 年 12 月 a Pigou S S P D a b D b c a 2b c a 2b c Pigou 1920 S P S D D a b a b d e b c d e f d e f d e f S a 2b c a b d e 2 d b c e c a b d e a 2b 2c a 2b c a b d e 18

19 福祉社会の新しい段階へ経済学的アプローチ [ 丸尾直美荘発盛 ] グラフ 1 グラフ 2 a 2b c a 2b 2c c a 2b c a 2b 2c c Pigou 1920 S 1 補論 Ⅱ 囚人のジレンマ 19

20 尚美学園大学総合政策論集 19 号 /2014 年 12 月 U

21 福祉社会の新しい段階へ経済学的アプローチ [ 丸尾直美荘発盛 ] 参照文献 No NHK NHK

22 尚美学園大学総合政策論集 19 号 /2014 年 12 月 Eco D W A Welfare Pluralism W A 英文文献 Anthony, Crosland 1956, The Future of Socialism, Jonathan Cape reissued Child, Markis 1936, Sweden Middle Way, Dean, H. 2004, The Implication of the Third Way Social Policy for Inequality, Social Cohesion, and Citizenship Lewis, Jane and Rebecca Surender eds., Welfare State Change Towards a Third Way?, Oxford University Press. Esping-Andersen, Gøsta 2002, Why We Need a New Welfare State? Oxford University Press. Esping-Andersen 2009, Gøsta Incomplete Revolution, Polity. Evers, Adalbert, Ivan Svetlik 1993 eds., Balancing Pluralism New Welfare Mixs in Care for the Elderly, Abebury. Freeman, Richard B. and Birgitta Swedenborg and Robert H. Topel 2010, Reforming the Welfare State: Recovery and Beyond in Sweden,, NBER. Hadley, Rodger and Stephen Hatch 1981, Social Welfare and the Failure of State Centralized Social Social Services and Participatory Alternatives, George Allen and Unwin. Lindbeck, Assar 1993, The Welfare State, Edward Elgar. Pestoff, Victor A. 1988, Cooperatives, Markets and Politics in Sweden, University of Stockholm. Pigou, Arthur C. 1920, The Economics of Welfare, London: Macmillan and Co. Polanyi, K The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time, Foreword by Joseph Stiglitz and Introduction by Fred Block, Boston: Beacon Press Rose, Richard and Rei Shiratori 1986, Welfare State: East and West, Oxford University Press. Seebohm, Frederic 1968, Report of the Committee on Local Government and Allied Personal Social Services, Cmnd Wilensky, Harold L. Wilensky 1975, The Welfare State and Equality, University of Calofornia. 22

評論・社会科学　１１６号（Ｐ）Ｙ☆／１．郭

評論・社会科学　１１６号（Ｐ）Ｙ☆／１．郭 1990 Lewis 1992Fraser 1997 2003Sainsbury 1999 3 1 2 31990 3-1 3-2 3-3 4 4-1 4-2 5 1 1960 2015 12 2 2015 12 18 3 3 1990 2 Esping-Andersen1990 1990 Esping-Andersen1990 1 1990 3 2 Lewis 1992 Fraser 19972003