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1 Damage of Railway Structures due to 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake Jun IZAWA Earthquake and Structural Engineering Lab. 1
2 1. Progress of Aseismic Techniques for Railway Structures 2. Damage due to 2011 Great East Japan EQ. (1) Damage of Structures due to Seismic Wave (2) Damage of Electric Power Poles (3) Damage due to Tsunami Attack (4) Soil Liquefaction in Tokyo Bay area 3. Running Simulation of a train 4. Urgent Earthquake Detection & Alarm System 2
3 Japanese railways have experienced many huge earthquakes. Aseismic techniques have been developed. Year Earthquake M 1923 Great Kanto EQ Kita-Tango Kita-Izu Fukui Tokachi-Oki Kita-Mino Niigata Tokachi Izu Ohsima Kinkai Miyagi-Oki Uraga-Oki Nihonkai-Chubu Hokaido-Nansei-Oki Hyogo-ken Nambu Tottoki-ken Seibu Sanriku-Minami Tokachi-Oki Niigata-ken Chuetsu Niigata-ken Chuetsu-Oki 6.8 3
4 Earthquakes over M 7 hit the East Japan Area 4 times a day!!! M 7.4, 3:08 p.m. M 9.0, Main Shock, 2:46 p.m. M 7.7, 3:15 p.m. M 7.5, 3:25 p.m. Many after shocks hit the disaster area again and again. 4
5 Shear Failure Bending Failure brittle failure Countermeasure Works ductile failure Easy to repair 5
6 5000 ( K-NET Kitakami) Main shock(11 th March) Acceleration (Gal) 応答加速度 (gal) スペクトルII K-NET 北上 (NS 方向 ) 100 3/11 本震 4/7 余震 周期 (sec) Period (sec) Elastic response spectrum Design earthquake (Railway standard) After shock(7 th April) Almost the same scale after shock occurred in 7th April. 6
7 3.11 after main shock 4.7 after the largest after shock 第 2 愛宕 BL R3 7
8 新青森八戸 いわて沼宮内 盛岡 北上 一ノ関 福島 新幹線総合車両センター Sendai St. 仙台 郡山 那須塩原宇都宮 小山大宮東京 8
9 Tohoku Shinkansen Tohoku Line Local Service 9
10 Tohoku Shinkansen Designed with the old Standard In 1970s. Tohoku line Local service Designed with the Current Standard Damaged 10
11 Many electric poles collapsed due to seismic intensity. Restoration took long time as compared with other structures. 11
12 Main shock(11 th March) After shock(7 th April) 凡例 新青森 盛岡 盛岡 北上 八戸 いわて沼宮内 凡例 土木 電気 50 箇所 10 箇所 1 箇所 新青森 盛岡 盛岡 北上 八戸 いわて沼宮内 土木 電気 50 箇所 10 箇所 1 箇所 一ノ関 一ノ関 仙台 新幹線総合車両センター 仙台 仙台 新幹線総合車両センター 仙台 福島 福島 郡山 郡山 那須塩原 宇都宮 那須塩原 宇都宮 小山 大宮東京 小山 大宮東京 Referred from Web site of JR East( 12
13 Damage due to After shock Fully opened on April 29, 2011 Suspended 48 days after the earthquake Shin-Aomori 新青森 八戸 盛岡 新青森 March 22 3月22日運転再開 Morioka いわて沼宮内 盛岡 一ノ関 盛岡 April 7 北上 4月7日に運転再開予定 福島 一ノ関 April 29 一ノ関 4月下旬までには運転再開予定 新幹線総合 車両センター 仙台 那須塩原 福島 Sendai 福島 April 12 4月12日頃に運転再開予定 郡山 那須塩原 Omiya 宇都宮 March 15 3月15日運転再開 小山 東京 大宮 March 12 3月12日運転再開 大宮 那須塩原 大宮 東京 Given by JR-East 凡 例 土木 電気 50箇所 10箇所 Tokyo 1箇所 13
14 Damages of Tohoku Shinkansen Shin-Aomori St. 22th March Morioka St. 7th April 29th March Ichinoseki St. Sendai St. 12th April Fukushima St. Nasu-Shiobara St. Ohmiya St. 15th March 12th March Damaged Structures Damaged Electric Poles Tokyo St. 14
15 Damage of Local Lines Shin-Aomori St. Attacked by Tusnami Hachinohe St. JR Hachinohe Line Morioka St. JR Yamada Line JR Kesennuma Line Sendai St. JR Senseki Line Field Trip Area Fukushima St. 15
16 Damage by Tsunami JR Yamada Line Heigawa Bridge The bridge girder was washed away by Tsunami. 16
17 Damage by Tsunami JR Kesennuma Line Tsuyagawa Bridge The bridge girder was washed away and the piers were overturned by force of Tsunami. 17
18 Damage by Tsunami Senseki-Sen, Some rigid flame viaducts bore tsunami. 18
19 Damage by Tsunami JR Kesen-numa Line Minami-Kesennuma St. JR Kesennuma Line Tsuyagawa Bridge No passengers on the trains were killed. Train Crews properly guided passengers to refuge from Tsunami. 19
20 加速度 (gal) Acceleration(Gal.) Soil Liquefaction Great East Japan EQ. Tokyo Bay(K-NET URAYASU) 新青森 八戸 いわて沼宮内 0 盛岡 北上 Max. Acc. =156gal 一ノ関 300 新幹線総合 車両センター 時間 (秒) Time(sec.) 仙台 Acceleration(Gal.) 加速度 (gal) 福島 1000 郡山 1995 Hyogo-ken Nambu EQ. Kobe city (Kobe JMA) 那須塩原 宇都宮 About 350km 小山 0 Tokyo Bay 大宮 東京 Max. Acc. = 818gal 時間 (秒) Time(sec.) Comparison between 2011 Great East Japan EQ. and 1995 Hyogo-ken Nambu EQ. 20
21 Soil Liquefaction We are here now. Tokyo St. JR Keiyo Line Shin-Urayasu St. About 12km From Tokyo St. Tokyo Disney Resort Heavy liquefaction area 21
22 Soil Liquefaction Heavy Sand boil Sand boil and settlement of houses Plenty of mud Uplift of manhole 22
23 Soil Liquefaction No damage was observed in viaducts which runs at heavy liquefaction area Because viaducts were designed in consideration of liquefaction in 1970s. 23
24 Urgent Earthquake Detection & Alarm System Running Simulation of a train 24
25 Urgent Earthquake Detection & Alarm System Arrival of S-wave Detection of P-wave 80 Detection points 3 sec. Surplus time Alarm Estimate of Magnitude And Location of Focus Estimate of Damage Stop train running Before big shock Power shut down Railway Technical Research 25Institute 25
26 A New System for Early Earthquake Warning Japan Meteorological Agency Seismic P-wave Sensor Seismic Source S-wave A new method of estimating epicenter distance and magnitude P-wave detected Absolute Amplitude (logarithmic scale) About 180 Japan Meteorological Agency Seismic Stations Amplification rate Seismic P-wave Railway companies STOP! Train control system,etc OR Feeding current cut off, trains stopped GO! Amplitude 1 second Amplitude & Epicenter distance Several seconds after earthquake detected Epicenter distance Magnitude Several minutes after GO! earthquake detected Round instructions issued; feeding current and trains restarted Train operation continued Railway Technical Research 26Institute 26
27 Derailment Simulation software named DIASTARS Dynamic Interaction Analysis for Shinkansen Train And Railway Structures Viaduct behaviors Truck behavior 27
28 Damage of railway structures due to 2011 Great East Japan EQ. was relatively small because of proper countermeasure works and seismic design method. Some characteristic damages were observed, such as Damage due to after shocks Damage of electric power poles Liquefaction due to low acceleration and long duration earthquake Tsunami Attack. Now, we have investigated causes and mechanisms of such phenomena. 28
29 The End 29
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5 6 7 Seismic observation station Agency Seismic intensity South- North (NS) Maximum acceleration (Gal ) East-West (EW) Vertical (UD) Combining threecomponent Epicentral distance (km) Kawaguchi* JMA 7
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