,.,, 1,.,,.,,,,,,,,,,, 3 1., 1,,,,. 1)-3),, PHA.,,,. 4) 1, 86., 1925 Lemoigne, 100 R 3- R -3- P 3HB. 5) P 3HB,,, 100,,,, 1. P 3HB, PP180, PP, PP, 1 2
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1 , Tadahisa IWATA: Structure, Mechanical Properties and Biodegradability of Microbial Polyesters Poly R -3-hydroxybutyrate P 3HB and its copolymers are accumulated by a wide variety of microorganisms as intracellular carbon and energy material, and are extensively studied as biodegradable and biocompatible thermoplastics. Recently, we succeeded in obtaining strong fibers and films by new drawing techniques from microbial polyesters produced by both wild-type and recombinant bacteria. The improvement of mechanical properties of fibers and films is due not only to the orientation of molecular chains but also to the generation of a planar zigzag conformation. The structure of strong fiber with tensile strength of over 1.0 GPa was analyzed by micro-beam X-ray diffraction and X-ray micro-tomography with synchrotron radiation. The strong fibers and films were completely degraded in environment or by extracellular PHB depolymerases. In this article, I present the processing, mechanical properties, highly ordered structure and biodegradability of strong fibers and films produced from microbial polyesters.,,,,,,.,, 2. 1,,,,,. 1, 1.,,.,,.,, 1. Classification of plastics
2 ,.,, 1,.,,.,,,,,,,,,,, 3 1., 1,,,,. 1)-3),, PHA.,,,. 4) 1, 86., 1925 Lemoigne, 100 R 3- R -3- P 3HB. 5) P 3HB,,, 100,,,, 1. P 3HB, PP180, PP, PP, 1 2 A B. Biosynthesis and biodegradation of microbial polyesters., 80. PHA. Mechanical properties of PHA films. Tm Tg MPa P 3HB P 3HB-co-8 mol -3HV P 3HB-co-16 mol -4HB P 3HB-co-90 mol -4HB ,080 P 3HB-co-10 mol -3HHx , 4,,., 3 P 3HB,, 14 MPa, 11, 0.48 GPa, 2., 2.,,,, 2.,, 3-3HV R -3- -co- R -3- P 3HB-co-3HV, 3-3HH R -3- -co- R -3- P 3HB-co-3HH, 4-4HB R
3 , 2. Chemical structures of microbial polyesters. 3 P 3HB. Molecular and crystal structures of P 3HB. X 2 2 α β,α. -co-4-p 3HB-co-4HB 2. P 3HB, a nm, b nm, c nm, P , 2, 2. 6) 3, P 3HBα 6) 2 7),8). P 3HB, 2 α.,, β. 180 P 3HB,, 4A.,, 4B., 4C. 9),, Highly ordered structure of melt-crystallized film. A, B, C, D. 4D., 1 3
4 5 P 3HB. Transmission electron micrographs of solution-grown crystals of P 3HB. A, B, C, D.., 10 nm.,. 5, P 3HB. 10) 5B, X 3,. TEM AFM, P 3HB, 1, 1 3 µm, 5 nm..,, TEM. P 3HB, 5C, 11)., a, a. 10)-12) P 3HB, 60.,, P 3HB,., P 3HB Ralstonia eutropha H16 PHB phbcab Escherichia coli XL1-Blue psyl 105,, Luria-Bertani, 2,,,,, ph., P 3HB, ph. ph, P 3HB. 13),, ph.,. P 3HB,,., Gordeyev 14), 190 MPa 3. Schmack 15), m/min, , 330 MPa, 7.7 GPa, 37., Yamane 16), 28 m/min, 110 6, 100 MPa, 310 MPa, 3.8 GPa, 60 3., P 3HB,,., P 3HB
5 , 3. 33) Mechanical properties of PHA and common plastic fibers. P 3HB P 3HB P 3HB-co-3HV MPa GPa Gordeyev 14) Schmack 15) Yamane 16) ) ) Ohura 30) Yamamoto 31) ) P 3HB-co-4HB Martin 32) ,.,, 6 12,., 6 8,. 50, 1.3 GPa, 35, 18.1 GPa 3. 17),18),,.,, 60 P 3HB. 19),20),,.,,,,,,,., P 3HB 740 MPa 3., P 3HB. P 3HB-co-3HV,, 200 MPa., P 3HB-co-3HV, P 3HB-co-3HV, GPa. 20),,,. P 3HB X, 2 α, β 6A. β, β,., SPring-8 BL47XU, 0.5 µm 1.54 Å, 8 kev 20 µm X. SPring-8,,. X, P 3HB, α, α β 2, 2 6B. 17),18), P 3HB, X α β 2. 20), P 3HB 2, 5
6 6 X. Micro-beam X-ray diffraction diagrams of high tensile strength fiber and schematic display of core-sheath structure. A X, 1 3 X, B P 3HB 2 α β.,. PHA X BL45XU., X, X, SPring-8,,. 2,, 7A, 7B.,,., X. 7C, X. 7 X X. Small-angle X-ray patterns and X-ray tomographic images. A P 3HB, B P 3HB-co-3HV, C D P 3HB-co-3HV X, 20 µm,. 21),.,.,, GPa., PHA.,,.,,.,,. 22), PHB,,,,,.,,.,,,
7 ,.,,. P 3HB,, Ralstonia pickettii T1 PHB 23), 8. 1),24),,. 9, PHB.,., 8. Relationship between Rate of enzymatic degradation and crystallinity.,,,.,.,.., 2 BOD 80, ,. 25) 10, PHB X. 10B,,. 18),,.,, 2 α β 2. X, α, β, β α. 18),, β, α.,,. P 3HB, Ralstonia pickettii T1 PHB 9 SEM. SEM images 10 P 3HB. Enzymatic of films after partially enzymatic degradation. A degradation of high-strength fibers. A, B, B. C X
8 11 P 3HB. Enzymatic degradation of P 3HB lamellar crystals. A TEM, B TEM, C AFM, D. 23), 11. PHB,,,. 11A,,,. 26), 11B.,, 11C. 27),,.,,. 11),,,,. 11D. 28),.,., 12 PHB 3HB. A molecular surface of depolymerase and a model of the R3HB trimer bound in the crevice., PHB ) PHB 2 2,.,.,, 2 P 3HB,. 8),.,,,
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