小沢広和 中井静子 中尾有利子 小島仁志 沢 4 中 小沢 中尾 km 1 沢 1952 有 沢 利

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1 No pp Education Note: Paleontological and Paleoenvironmental Survey Exercise Using Quaternary Molluscan Fossils: A Case Study of Late Pleistocene Fossils from Sakaigawa-yusuichi Park in Yokohama City, Kanagawa Prefecture, Central Japan Hirokazu OZAWA, Shizuko NAKAI, Yuriko NAKAO and Hitoshi KOJIMA Accepted November 11, 2015 The molluscan fossil assemblage from the upper Pleistocene Fujisawa Mud (ca Ma; Marine oxygen Isotope Stage 5e or 5.5) of the middle to upper Quaternary Sagami Group located in the southern part of the Kanto Plain is well-preserved and easily accessible in Sakaigawa-yusuichi Park, Yokohama City, Kanagawa Prefecture, central Japan. These fossils are relatively easily prepared, and can be identified to species level using illustrated reference books for Japanese Mollusca. This fossil assemblage is thus suitable for a science exercise on the paleontological and paleoenvironmental survey of facies fossils, intended for inexperienced college- or junior/senior high school-level students. The paleo-water-depth range, latitude, and surface water temperature of marine molluscan fossil habitats can be estimated, based on those data of living marine molluscan species. This survey method for paleoenvironmental estimation is very simple, and is ideal for a science lecture at the junior and senior high school level. This paper described the paleontological survey exercise for college students studying to become science teachers at the junior or senior high school level in the near future. This exercise demonstrates Quaternary paleoenvironmental estimation with photographs of molluscan fossil specimens. Keywords: Quaternary, late Pleistocene, paleoenvironmental analysis, molluscan fossils, paleontological survey exercise, Fujisawa Mud, college students, junior/senior high school students, science teacher, science lecture, southern part of the Kanto Plain, Yokohama City, central Japan Earth Sciences Laboratory, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University: 1866, Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa , Japan Department of Marine Science and Resources, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University: 1866, Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa , Japan Department of Geosystem Sciences, College of Humanities and Sciences, Nihon University: , Sakurajosui, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo , Japan Department of Bioscience in Daily Life, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University: 1866, Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa , Japan

2 小沢広和 中井静子 中尾有利子 小島仁志 沢 4 中 小沢 中尾 km 1 沢 1952 有 沢 利

3 ; Irizuki et al., Fujisawa Mud ; Irizuki et al., TAu-6 TAu e Last Interglacial Period m Phacosoma

4 小沢 広和 中井 図3 静子 中尾 有利子 小島 仁志 藤沢泥層産の貝化石写真 一部の種 1. ダンベイキサゴ 2. シドロガイ 3. ハナツメタ 4. バイ 5. コロモガイ 6. トカシオリイレ 7. ヤカドツノガイ 8. ゲンロクソデガイ 9. アカガイ 10. イタヤガイ 11. ブラウンスイシカケガイ 12. ゴイサギ 13. エゾマテガイ 一部欠損 14. イオウハマグリ 15. カガミガイ 16. ウラカガミ 17. オ オノガイ 一部欠損. スケールバー 1 cm

5 教育ノート 第四紀の貝化石を用いた古環境解析の実習 japonicum ウラカガミ Dosinella angulosa アカガ 24 年 11 月 10 日 36 名 の受講生が参加した 化石採集 イ Scapharca broughtonii である 二枚貝では これ 時には 同じ種の貝ばかりを集めるのではなく 殻の形 らの 3 種より小さなゴイサギ Macoma tokyoensis や の観察を基に できる限り多くの種 10 種程度 を採集 2 cm 弱で小型のゲンロクソデガイ Jupiterina (Saccella) するように指示した 採集時間はおおよそ 60 分間とし confusa もよく見られる 巻貝 腹足綱 では バイ た Babylonia japonica ハナツメタ Glossaulax reiniana ダ ン ベ イ キ サ ゴ Umbonium giganteum コロモガイ 5 野外で採集した貝化石を用いた室内実習の準備 と実践 Cancellaria (Sydaphera) spengleriana が多い この他 に 巻貝や二枚貝とは異なる角貝 つのがい 掘足綱 室内作業の事前準備として 神奈川県立境川遊水地公 に 属 す る ヤ カ ド ツ ノ ガ イ Dentalium (Paradentalium) 園 2009 を参考に 本層から産出しそうな約 70 種につ octangulatum も産する いて Oyama 1973 と奥谷 2000 を基に種ごとの現 図 3 の化石は工事の排土から得た標本で 地層から直 に採集したものではない ただし種構成を見ると 田口 在の生息環境情報 生息水深と緯度の範囲 のまとめ表 を作成し 配布した ほか 2007 が報告した貝化石の密集する 4 枚の層のう 室内実習では 受講生 4 人 1 組の班を作り 野外で採 ち 貝化石密集層 B Shell bed B に含まれる種が多い 集してきた化石に付着している砂泥 例えば図 5 を 小荒井 馬場 2010 は この地点で露頭がまだ観察可 歯ブラシを用いて水で洗い流し 化石をクリーニングし 能であった時期に地質柱状図を作成して貝化石の構成種 た 図 4-2 クリーニング後に種の同定を行い 産出種 を検討し この地点の化石産出層は田口ほか 2007 の リストを作成した 貝類の同定では 遊水地公園発行の 密集層 B と同一であると述べている そのためおそらく 化石図版 神奈川県立境川遊水地公園 2009 や現生貝 田口ほか 2007 の密集層 B 産の貝化石を 私たちの実 類図鑑 奥谷 2000 関東地方産の更新世貝化石写真が 習では主に扱ったと考えられる 多く掲載された論文 Oyama, 1973 の図版を参考にし た 次に生息環境まとめ表を基に 産出した貝化石の生 4 野外実習の実践 息環境情報を抽出し 後述の VDM Vertical Distribution 本実習は貝化石を用いた古環境復元を行うため 野外 Means 特性曲線と HDM Horizontal Distribution Means 実習を 1 回 室内作業を 1 回とし 計 2 回の実習を設け 特性曲線 伊田 1956 を作成して 古環境を推定した た 野外実習では 境川遊水地公園北端部の遊水地で貝 全受講生が採集した貝化石種の同定結果を 著者らが 化石を各自がスコップで排土を掘って探し あるいは排 確認した結果 計 46 種が認められた 各種の生息環境 土の表層から手で拾って採集し 実験室に持ち帰った 情報 水深 緯度範囲 を表 1 に示す なお表 1 にタイ 図 4-1 野外での化石採集には 40 名前後 例 平成 ワンシラトリ Tellinimactra edentula が列記されてい 図4 実習の様子の写真 野外 1 および実験室内

6 小沢広和 中井静子 中尾有利子 小島仁志 Oyama Gastropoda 18 和 Umbonium costatum (Valenciennes, 1838) 31 35, N1 Umbonium giganteum (Lesson, 1833) 31 36, N1 Thais (Reishia) bronni (Dunker, 1860) 25 42, N0 1 Strombus (Doxander) japonicus Reeve, , N1 Glossaulax didyma (Röding, 1798) 0 42, N1 Glossaulax reiniana (Dunker, 1877) 26 35, N1 3 Rapana venosa (Valenciennes, 1846) 22 42, N1 Zeuxis castus (Gould, 1850) 0 35, N1 4 Siphonalia cassidariaeformis (Reeve, 1843) 31 35, N1 2 Babylonia japonica (Reeve, 1842) 25 35, N1 Cancellaria (Sydaphera) spengleriana Deshayes, , N1 2 Cancellaria (Habesolatia) nodulifera Sowerby, , N1 Inquisitor jeffreysii (Smith, 1875) 33 42, N1 3 Tomopleura nivea (Philippi, 1851) 20 36, N1 2 Pristiterebra tsuboiana (Yokoyama, 1922) 35 37, N1 Granuliterebra bathyraphe (E. A. Smith, 1875) 22 36, N1 2 Pupa strigosa strigosa (Gould, 1859) 25 38, N1 Ringiculina doliaris (Gould, 1860) 31 42, N1 3 Scaphopoda 1 和 Dentalium (Paradentalium) octangulatum Donovan, , N1 3 Bivalvia 29 和 Jupiterina (Saccella) confusa (Hanley, 1860) 31 35, N2 4 & B Scapharca broughtonii (Schrenck, 1867) 26 41, N1 Scapharca satowi (Dunker, 1882) 31 35, N1 2 Scapharca kagoshimensis (Tokunaga, 1906) 26 40, N0 1 Pecten albicans (Schröter, 1802) 25 42, N1 4 Anomia chinensis Philippi, , N0 1 Clinocardium (Fuscocardium) braunsi (Tokunaga, 1906) Mactra chinensis Philippi, , N0 1 Lutraria maxima Jonas, , N1 Raetellops pulchellus (Adams & Reeve, 1850) 0 42, N1 3 Tellinimactra edentula (Spengler, 1798) 0 25, N1 Moerella jedoensis (Lischke, 1872) 20 35, N1 Macoma praetexta (Martens, 1865) 23 38, N1 Macoma tokyoensis Makiyama, , N1 2 Macoma incongrua (Martens, 1865) 31 44, N0 1 Solecurtus divaricatus (Lischke, 1869) 22 35, N1 Solen kurusensternii Schrenck, , N1 Placamen tiara (Dillwyn, 1817) 0 35, N1 2 Pitar sulfureum Pilsbry, , N0 Phacosoma japonicum (Reeve, 1850) 31 42, N0 1 Dosinella angulosa (Philippi, 1847) 14 41, N1 Paphia lischkei Fischer Piette & Métivier, , N1 2 Paphia undulata (Born, 1778) 32 35, N1 Callista chinensis (Holten, 1803) 23 39, N1 Saxidomus purpurata (Sowerby, 1852) 32 42, N1 Mya (Arenomya) arenaria oonogai Makiyama, , N0 Solidicorbula erythrodon (Lamarck, 1818) 10 35, N

7 教育ノート 第四紀の貝化石を用いた古環境解析の実習 図5 クリーニング前の貝化石の写真 表2 るが 貝化石の形態的特徴を基に 本地点でこの種をツ Oyama 1973 による現生貝類の生息水深区分 クバシラトリ Psammotreta tsukubaensis に同定してい 深度区分 略号 る研究論文もある 小荒井 馬場 2010 これら 2 種の 潮間帯 上浅海帯 N0 N1 潮間帯 潮下帯 水深 m 形態的特徴はきわめて類似しており その形態差異につ いては 著者らは貝化石形態を専門的に研究しておら ず 両種の詳細な形態差異を認識できない そのためこ の種を含む本地点の貝化石の各種の同定については 田 深度範囲 中浅海帯 N2 亜浅海帯 N3 水深 m m 水深 m m 下浅海帯 N4 水深 m m 漸深海帯 B 水深 200 m 1,000 m 口ほか 2007 と神奈川県立境川遊水地公園 2009 に基 本的には従い 本稿はこの種をタイワンシラトリに同定 した 生息水深範囲をまとめた 今回採集した全種についてこ れらを総括すると 図 6 の左図のように示すことができ 6 貝化石種を用いた古環境の推定法 る この図で重複する種数が最も多い水深区分を この 第四紀の貝化石には 現在までに絶滅した種はごく少 なく ほとんどが現在も生息する 現生種 げんせい 化石群が過去に生息した水深 すなわちその地層の堆積 当時の古水深と推定する しゅ である そのため貝化石群に含まれる現生種の生 HDM 特性曲線から古水温を求めるには 産出した貝 態学的情報を基に 古環境を推定できる 例えば 小荒 化石の種ごとの生息緯度範囲を知る必要がある Oyama 井 馬場 2010 関東地方南部の第四系の貝化石の産 1973 は 例えば P30 35 のように種ごとの緯度分布 出を総括した Oyama 1973 には 種ごとに現在の海洋 を表示している この例は 現在の日本列島の太平洋沿 における垂直分布 生息水深範囲 と 水平分布 生息緯 岸では 北緯 にこの種が分布する ことを意味 度範囲 の情報が掲載されている この他に 比較的近 す る P は 太 平 洋 Pacific Ocean 沿 岸 の 略 称 で あ る 年に発行された他の現生貝類に関する文献 奥谷 2000 が 本稿では P を省略して示す これらの情報を全種に の水深 緯度分布データも参考にした 化石として産出 ついて総括すると 図 6 の右図のように示すことができ した種と それらの垂直 水平分布データを利用する る この図で重複する種数の最も多い緯度を この化石 と 地層の堆積当時の水深 古水深 と水温 古水温 を 群が過去に生息した緯度と推定する HDM 特性曲線で 推定することができる 推定した緯度を 現在の緯度ごとの表層水温データ 表 前述の VDM 特性曲線から古水深を求めるためには 3 と照らし合わせることで 過去の海洋表層水温 夏 産出した貝化石の種ごとの生息水深範囲を知る必要があ 期 冬 期 を 推 定 で き る 小 笠 原 1993 Ogasawara, る 大山 1952 および Oyama 1973 は水深範囲を 1994 表 2 のように N0, N1, N2, N3, N4, B の 6 段階に区分し

8 小沢広和 中井静子 中尾有利子 小島仁志 6 3 小 1988 小 1993 Ogasawara ºN ºC ºC ºC ºC 島 島 島 島 島 子 島 島 島 子島 島 島 島 島 / 中

9 VDM HDM VDM N1 7 HDM cm 2mm 1cm HDM 2010 VDM HDM 1cm VDM HDM 1 2 N1 7 VDM HDM

10 小沢広和 中井静子 中尾有利子 小島仁志 8 小 井 cm 小 小 井 Oyama

11 10 VDM HDM 1 cm 1 1 VDM HDM VDM HDM 9 15m 2007 VDM m N1 10m 20 30m HDM

12 小沢広和 中井静子 中尾有利子 小島仁志 10 沢 10 Pitar sulfureum Mya (Arenomya) arenaria oonogai 沢 島 Strombus (Doxander) japonicus Cancellaria (Habesolatia) nodulifera 沢 有 沢 中 中 沢 沢 静 有

13 p p p p p. Irizuki, T., Taru, H., Taguchi, K. & Matsushima, Y. (2009) : Paleobiogeographical implications of inner bay Ostracoda during the Late Pleistocene Shimosueyoshi transgression, central Japan, with significance of its migration and disappearance in eastern Asia. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 271, p p p p p p p Ogasawara, K. (1994) : Neogene paleogeography and marine climate of the Japanese Islands based on shallow-marine molluscs. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 108, p Oyama, K. (1973) : Revision of Matajiro Yokoyama s type Mollusca from the Tertiary and Quaternary of the Kanto area. Palaeontological Society of Japan, Special Paper, 17, no no pp

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