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1 ISSN Bulletin of Ibaraki Nature Museum No. 10 March, 2007 Bando, Ibaraki, Japan

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3 Bull. Ibaraki Nat. Mus., (10): 1-10 (2007) Ant Fauna in a Coppice Area around Shishitsuka-Ohike in Tsuchiura, Central Japan (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) Daisuke MIYAMA, Sôichi YAMANE, Terufumi HISHIDA, Toshiyuki KYONO, Takashi SAITO, Takaaki KUWAHARA and Naotake INOUE Accepted March 14, 2007 Abstract An ant fauna was surveyed at Shishitsuka in the northern Kanto district, consisting of a reservoir, and surrounding secondary coppice woods and cultivated fields. Collections were carried out for three days in September 2003 at three neighboring sites, using four different collection methods (hand collection, litter sifting, soil core sampling, and honey bait traps). A total of 23 species of ants, belonging to four subfamilies and 16 genera were collected, and these occupied nearly 30% of the total ant species (81 spp.) so far that have been recorded in Ibaraki Prefecture. Eight of these species belonged to Formicinae, eleven to Myrmicinae, three to Ponerinae and one to Proceratiinae. The two most effective collecting methods working in combination was found to be soil core sampling and honey bait traps. Among the obtained species, only Monomorium triviale (Myrmicinae) and Proceratium itoi (Proceratiinae) are known to be rare species in the Kanto District, and the others belonged to very common or common species in this district. The obtained species contained many forest-type species, belonging to Camponotus, Crematogaster and Lasius, suggesting that Shishitsuka area, though surrounded by urban areas, has been well preserved for long time. Key words: Hymenoptera, Formicidae, ant, Shishitsuka-Ohike, Tsuchiura, Ibaraki Prefecture. Hymenoptera Formicidae ; 2006 Coleoptera % * Biological Laboratory, Faculty of Education, Ibaraki University, Bunkyo, Mito, Ibaraki , Japan ** Taga High School, Ayukawa-Cho, Hitachi, Ibaraki , Japan

4 2 Wilson Wilson, 1986; Agosti et al., 1994; Tobin, 1994 species diversity Yamane and Hashimoto A C 1:25,000 Fig. 1. Three sites A-C set for the collection of ants at Shishitsuka-Ohike area, Tsuchiura City N E 100 ha 2.91 ha 2.4 m ,350 mm A 1 B

5 3 5 m C m 50 m3 3 4m A 9 9 B 16 C cm5.56 mm 3 Table 1. A list of ant species in four subfamilies, with the number of individuals collected at three sites in Shishitsuka. Camponotus japonicus Camponotus kiusiuensis Camponotus vitiosus* Formica japonica Lasius fuji* Lasius hayashi Lasius japonicus Paratrechina flavipes Crematogaster teranishii* Crematogaster matsumurai Crematogaster osakensis Monomorium intrudens Monomorium triviale Pheidole fervida Pristomyrmex punctatus* Solenopsis japonica Strumigenys lewisi Tetramorium tsushimae* Vollenhovia emeryi Pachycondyla chinensis* Cryptopone sauteri Hypoponera sauteri Proceratium itoi

6 cm 10 cm m3 cm KEYENCEVH Table 2. Ant species which were common to two or three sites, and collected only at single sites. Camponotus japonicus Camponotus kiusiuensis Camponotus vitiosus Formica japonica Lasius fuji Lasius hayashi Lasius japonicus Paratrechina flavipes Crematogaster teranishii Crematogaster matsumurai Crematogaster osakensis Monomorium intrudens Monomorium triviale Pheidole fervida Pristomyrmex punctatus Solenopsis japonica Strumigenys lewisi Tetramorium tsushimae Vollenhovia emeryi Pachycondyla chinensis Cryptopone sauteri Hypoponera sauteri Proceratium itoi

7 FormicidaeCamponotus3 Lasius3 4 8 MyrmicinaeCrematogaster 3 Monomorium Ponerinae3 3 Proceratiinae Proceratium itoi 4 A A B C A A Monomorium intrudens Cryptopone sauteri Hypoponera sauteri4 B Lasius fuji1 C Vollenhovia emeryi12 A Lasius japonicus B Crematogaster osakensis CPheidole fervida A Formica japonicalasius hayashi B Paratrechina flavipesc 4 Jaccard CC c Jaccard CC a bc a b A B c A B Jaccard CC A B A C 14 B C 15CCB C 0.79 ABA C Fig. 2. Relative numbers of ant species (%) for four subfamilies collected at three different sites in Shishitsuka

8 6 Table 3. Numbers of ant species and genera (in the parentheses) collected at three different sites in Shishitsuka by four different methods. 4 Table 4. Ant species in four subfamilies collected by four different methods. Honey trap is separated into tree trunk and earth surface. Camponotus japonicus Camponotus kiusiuensis Camponotus vitiosus Formica japonica Lasius fuji Lasius hayashi Lasius japonicus Paratrechina flavipes Crematogaster teranishii Crematogaster matsumurai Crematogaster osakensis Monomorium intrudens Monomorium triviale Pheidole fervida Pristomyrmex punctatus Solenopsis japonica Strumigenys lewisi Tetramorium tsushimae Vollenhovia emeryi Pachycondyla chinensis Cryptopone sauteri Hypoponera sauteri Proceratium itoi AB C % 31%

9 7 10% A Tetramorium tsushimae2 Table 5. Number of ant species collected through any two methods. Fig. 3. Relative numbers of ant species (%) for four subfamilies collected at three different sites in Shishitsuka. Crematogaster teranishii Crematogaster matsumurai % Monomorium triviale Jaccard CC A 4 B C 3 A 3

10 8 A Yamane et al., 1985 C 2 78% Yamane et al., vs vs vs

11 9 NPO James Roy Powell 2 Agosti, D., M. Maryati and A. C. Y. Chung Has the diversity of tropical ant fauna been underestimated? An indication from leaf litter studies in a West Malaysian lowland rain forest. Trop. Biodiversity, : CD-ROM pp : pp : http://ant.adb.miyakyo-u.ac.jp/J/updates.html : pp pp : : : Tobin, J. E Ants as primary consumers: diet and abundance in the Formicidae. In: Hunt, J. H. and Nalepa, C. A. (eds.), Nourishment and Evolution in Insect Societies, pp , Westview Press, Boulder. Wilson, E. O The arboreal ant fauna of Peruvian Amazonian forests: A first assessment. Biometrica, : Wilson, E. O Success and dominance in ecosystems: The case of the social insects. xxi +104pp, Ecology Institute. Oldendorf pp Yamane, Sk., Y. Harada, and M. Yano Ant fauna of Tanegashima Island, the northern Ryukyus (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Mem. Kagoshima Univ. Res. Center S. Pac., : Yamane, Sk. and Y. Hashimoto Standardised sampling methods: the Quadra Protocol. A NeT Newsletter, : Yamane, Sk., T. Itino and N. Rahman Ground ant fauna in a Bornean dipterocarp forest. Raffles Bull. Zool., :

12 10 Yamane and Hashimoto

13 Bull. Ibaraki Nat. Mus., (10): (2007) Records of Vespa dybowskii André (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) in Bando City, Ibaraki Prefecture, Central Japan Masaki HISAMATSU Accepted January 8, 2007 Key words: Ibaraki Prefecture, Bando City, Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Vespa dybowskii. Vespa dybowskii André Fig. 1. Vespa dybowskii collected in Bando City on 15 September Totok et al * Ibaraki Nature Museum, 700 Osaki, Bando, Ibaraki , Japan

14 : pp.,. Totok, M. U., S. Makino and H. Goto Species compositions and seasonal changes in the number of social wasps collected with malaise traps in natural deciduous forests in and near the Ogawa Research Forests, Northern Kanto, Japan (Hymenoptera, Vespidae). Bull. Forestry Forest Products Res. Inst., (383):

15 Bull. Ibaraki Nat. Mus., (10): (2007) Records of Argyreus hyperbius (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) Collected or Observed in the Southern and Western Parts of Ibaraki Prefecture, Central Japan Masaki HISAMATSU and Takenari INOUE Accepted December 27, 2006 Key words: Ibaraki Prefecture, Central Japan, Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Argyreus hyperbius. Argyreus hyperbius Linnaeus Nymphalidae exs * Ibaraki Nature Museum, 700 Osaki, Bando, Ibaraki , Japan ** Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, 1 Matsunosato, Tsukuba, Ibaraki , Japan

16 Table 1. Collection or observation records of Argyreus hyperbius since the 1990 s in Ibaraki Prefecture Fig. 1. A male of Argyreus hyperbius observed at Yahagi, Bando-City (photographed by T. Kiguchi)

17 : : : : : : a 245: b8 203: : : pp : pp., pp., : : : : 46

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19 Bull. Ibaraki Nat. Mus., (10): (2007) An Ant Species Accompanying Larvae of Shirozua jonasi (Janson) (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) Observed in Ibaraki Prefecture, Central Japan Takenari INOUE, Keiko HAMAGUCHI Accepted February 15, 2007 and Masaki HISAMATSU Key words: Shirozua jonasi, Lepidoptera, larva, accompanying ant, Lasius nipponensis, Ibaraki Prefecture. Shirozua jonasijanson Dendrolasius Lasius spathesis Wheeler L. fuji RadchenkoL. nipponensis Forel ab 1997 * C This research was supported in part by a grant-in-aid from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Scienceno ** Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, 1 Matsunosato, Tsukuba, Ibaraki , Japan *** Ibaraki Nature Museum, 700 Osaki, Bando, Ibaraki , Japan

20 18 3 LasiusDendrolasius nipponensis Forel a Fig. 1. Larvae of Shirozua jonasi accompanied by Lasius nipponensis (photographed by T. Inoue on June 2, 2006). a. Two larvae observed on a trunk of Quercus acutissima. b. A close-up picture of the upper larva from Fig 1a pp., pp., pp., : N.S. : pp : : pp., pp pp.,

21 Bull. Ibaraki Nat. Mus., (10): (2007) Records of a Swallowtail Papilio maackii (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) in the Tsukuba Botanical Garden Seibi SUZUKI Accepted March 10, 2007 Key words: Ibaraki Prefecture, Tsukuba City, Lepidoptera, Papilionidae, Papilio maackii, geographical distribution. Papilio maackii Fenton m18 km Fig. 1. A female of Papilio maackii observed in the Tsukuba Botanical Garden ( , Photo by Mr. Hiroshi Hiraoka) * Ibaraki Nature Museum Volunteer, 700 Osaki, Bando, Ibaraki , Japan

22 pp., : : pp.,

23 Bull. Ibaraki Nat. Mus., (10): 21-55, pls.1-5 (2007) Mammalian and Avian Fossil Footprints Discovered from the Lower Miocene Kitatage Formation in Daigo-machi, Ibaraki Prefecture Wataru KOIKE, Hisao ANDO, Yoshiki KODA Accepted March 13, 2007 and Yoshiaki OKAMURA Abstract Mammalian and Avian fossil footprints were discovered from the Osawaguchi Tuff Member of the Lower Miocene Kitatage Formation in Daigo-machi, Ibaraki Prefecture. The mode of occurrence of disclosed footprints are described based on the detailed observation. Over 150 footprints are crowded in five areas on the same bedding surface in two localities. They can be grouped into seven morphological types, A to G. In all of the types, with the exception of E and G, a true-footprint can be invariably found a few centimeters below each round or elliptical shaped shallow indentation (hereinafter referred to as pseudo-footprints) on the flat bedding surface. Types A to C include hoof traces revealing wedge-shaped cross sections. A total of 13 trackways (T- 1 to T- 13) can be identified through the distribution of footprint morphotypes, their alignment and the traveling direction inferred from hoof traces. Furthermore, they are grouped into four types (T-A, T- B, T-C and T-D) based upon the composing footprint morphotypes, stride and track pattern. Footprint types A to C and trackway types T-A and T-C seem to have been produced by artiodactyls, taking the existence of hoof traces, their footprint size and stride length into account. The difference between T-A and T-C may have been derived from the traveling styles of the footprint makers. Footprint type G and trackway type T-D clearly infer that a certain bird produced them. Key words: fossil footprints, Artiodactyls, Aves, Lower Miocene, Kitatage Formation, Osawaguchi Tuff Member, Daigo Town. * Ibaraki Nature Museum, 700 Osaki, Bando, Ibaraki , Japan ** Faculty of Science, Ibaraki University, Bunkyo, Mito, Ibaraki , Japan *** Shiga Fossil Footprint Research Group, Misono, Ritto, Shiga , Japan

24 22 Matsukawa, Ma ab c 1f 2 1 2a 200 m22b 1 1d 2m 20 m 87 2a Shikama and Omori1952 Fig. 1. Two footprint fossil localities on 1:25,000 scale topographical maps,hitachi-osawaandonakashuku published by the Geographical Survey Institute of Japan (Localities 1 and 2). Locality 3: Occurrence of an Artiodactyls skull fossil reported by Shikama and Omori (1952). 45 2a 2 92b 2a1e 1f

25 23 a: 1f 10 m b: m Fig. 2. Outcrop photographs. I-V: footprint crowded areas. Arrows show the flowing direction of the Osawa-gawa River. a: Locality 1. The strata bearing footprint fossils are horizontally dislocated less than 10 m between areas I - III (right bank side) and IV (left bank side) due to a right-lateral fault (f). b: Locality 2. Footprint numbers are located in the upper part of the inclined bedding surface than nos , but they are not shown in the photo due to vegetation.

26 24 1g mm 1h m Ma K-Ar Arcid-Potamid 2001 Arcid- Potamid 15.5 Ma m32 2a 2030 cm m 2 1 2b 1 2a b m 2a subarea

27 25 1f46 cm Lockley1991 Lockley and Meyer2000track infilling natural cast true track (true-footprint) under track (under-footprint) track infilling (pseudo-footprint) Lockley1991 Fig. 3. Elements of footprint fossils: true track (truefootprint), natural cast, under track (under-footprint) and track-infilling (pseudo-footprint). Modified after Lockley (1991). Under-footprint can not be confirmed in this study U cmu10-11 U5-910 cm U7 U5 U5-6 U7 U7 U7U8 U8 U8 U8a/b mm U7/8 U8 mm U9 U10U11 U10U11

28 Fig. 4. Typical cross section and sedimentary structure synthesized from the observation of sandstone blocks bearing footprint fossils, nos. 12, 15 and 29. cm U12 Lp: length of pseudo-footprintwp: width of pseudofootprint 5 9a9c 5 Lp/Wp1 Lp/Wp Lp/Wp 1.5Lp/Wp e Lp+Wp 1212 Lp+Wp 25 mm 2 cm Lp+Wp 25 mm20 mm mm ab563d710.5 cm cm

29 27 Lp Lt G2 G1 Dt Bt Lp Lt G1 Wt2 G2 Wt1 Wp Bt Lp: Wp: Lt: Wt1: Wt2: Bt: Dt: G1: G2: Fig. 5. Morphological outline and measured parameters of fossil footprints in plan and cross sectioned views. Lp: length of pseudo-footprint, Wp: width of pseudofootprint, Lt: length of true-footprint, Wt1: width of truefootprint, Wt2: width of true-footprint base, Bt: basal length of true-footprint, Dt: depth of true-footprint, G1: gap between centers of pseudo-footprint and truefootprint, G2: gap between centers of pseudo-footprint and true-footprint base cm 3f cm 27.6 cm 3f3 1 3c 5Lt: length of truefootprintwt1: width of true-footprint a: A 30: b: C37: Fig. 6. Hoof traces on the cut and polished level surfaces of sandstone block specimens. a: footprint type A (no. 30: both hoof traces of fore and hind legs are superimposed), b: footprint type C (no. 37: hoof traces of fore and hind legs are out of position in front and behind) e Lp 10 cm 3d30 6a37 Bt=6.5 cm1.5 cm 6b Bt: basal length of true-footprintwt2: width of true-footprint basedt: depth

30 28 of true-footprint cm 532 9a 549b389c 239d Bt: basal length of true-footprint Dt: depth of true-footprint mm 7a f8a 8b 8b AB 1 8b C AB 1 6ab A 7b cb 7e f 8b D mma f mma: 12 mmb: 14 mmc: 22 mmd: 38 mme: 40 mmf: 45 mm. Fig. 7. A few true-footprint outlines on longitudinal cross sections of the sandstone block specimen (no. 22) cut at intervals of 2-3 mm. Numerical values for a - f mean the distances from the base level of cross sections. a: 12 mm, b: 14 mm, c: 22 mm, d: 38 mm, e: 40 mm, f: 45 mm. The marginal cross section outside of the true-footprint is referred to the base level.

31 29 22a 2 3mm mmb Fig. 8. Three-dimensional morphology of true-footprint (no. 22). a: true-footprint outlines on longitudinal cross sections of the sandstone block specimen (no. 22) cut at intervals of 2-3 mm. Numerical values mean the distances in mm from the base level of cross sections. b: three dimensional morphology of the true-footprint. G1: gap between centers of pseudo-footprint and true-footprint G2: gap between centers of pseudofootprint and true-footprint base A G A B 5 D F 2 2 9a3a-c4b-h5abdf 2 4cmG2

32 30 A Fa: A: 15; : 32; b: B: 58; : 54; c: C: 20; : 38; d: D: 18; : 23; e: E: 36; : 36; f: F: 68; : 68 Fig. 9. Typological division of footprint fossils based on morphological features (footprint types A-F). a: type Aupper: upper surface of pseudo-footprint (no. 15), lower: cross section (no. 32) ; b: type B, upper: upper surface of pseudo-footprint (no. 58), lower: cross section (no. 54); c: type Cupper: upper surface of pseudo-footprint (no. 20), lower: cross section (no. 38); d: type D, upper: upper surface of pseudo-footprint (no. 18), lower: cross section (no. 23); e: type Eupper: upper surface of truefootprint (no. 36), lower: cross section (no. 36), f: type F, upper: cross section (no. 68), lower: cross section (no. 68).

33 f G21.4 2cm G 154 Fig. 10. Typological division of footprint fossils based on morphological features (type G). Upper surface of truefootprint (no. 154). Dt 5 7cm 9b5g G2 Dt cm 9c 3f4a5ceh G223 cm A F 4 10 cm 4 Dt mm 103e 7/8 AF T-1T T-22 T Dt 2 3cm 9d3d 12 cm 25 cm27.6 cm e36 4cm y0step: Ststride: Sdpace angle: αp trackway width: Tw11 T cm

34 32 T-2 12 T-AT-BT-CT-D T A α T-11 A B T-A T-A T-5 D St: Sd: αp: Tw: Fig. 11. Measured parameters of trackways. St: step, Sd: stride, αp: pace angle, Tw: trackway width. T-A T-8T- 112T-8 12 C T cm 55 cm75 cm75 cm cm2 cm6 cm 6 cm3 13T-2 8 T T T-110 G 101gh3e 4 7/8 3m 50 cm /3 3 4cm 4

35 33 Table 1. Characteristics of footprints and trackways. α α α α α α α α α α α α α 11 Sd 55 cm 55Sd 75 cm)sd75 cm)αp αp αp 180 Tw 2 cm2tw 6cmTw 6cm Bold letters indicate the footprints whose traveling direction can be identified. Measured parameters of trackways are shown in Fig. 11. Stride: short (Sd 55 cm), medium (55 Sd 75 cm), long (Sd 75 cm). Trackway pattern: zigzag (αp 165), intermediate between zigzag and straight (165 αp 170), nearly straight (170 αp 180). Trackway width: narrow (Tw2 cm), medium (2Tw 6 cm), wide (Tw6 cm)

36 f Fig. 12. Plan view sketch of footprint crowded area I. Thick solid line with arrow: trackway whose traveling direction can be identified by hoof traces within two footprints at both ends; thick dashed line: inferred trackway by pseudo-footprint morphology and its step length; thin arrow: traveling direction identified on a cut section of sandstone block. f: minor fault. Inset legend is also referred in Figs Areas encircled with dotted lines indicate the covering area of Pl. 3f. 1ad Fig. 13. Plan view sketch of footprint crowded area II. Areas encircled with dotted lines indicate covering areas of Pl. 1a and 1d.

37 Fig. 14. Plan view sketch of footprint crowded area III. Areas encircled with dotted lines indicate footprint crowded subareas III-1 and III g Fig. 15. Plan view sketch of footprint crowded area IV. Areas encircled with dotted lines indicate footprint crowded subareas IV- 1 to IV-4 and the covering area of Pl. 3g.

38 36 Fig. 16. Plan view sketch of a section of footprint crowded area V T-1 3f T-2 3f T T-1 1a 2a 132/3 1.4 m 1.8 m 31T ab3 3c 7 T T-10101gh3e b 3 T T-89 3 T-6710 T m T-5 T-BT-8 T-C 5 T-A

39 37 T gh3e T-11T bT-12 T-8T-C -1 T f535g54 9b m1 m 49 2a15 3g cm 170 cm h 22b 1620 cm h T GA F A C 3 3c 22 8b a b 4a cm CT 17ab 228b 2003 D F

40 38 A C E G A F 4 101gh3e T-A 2003 T-B D T-C T-A T-D 4 3 Shikama and Omori m JR 13 Dicrocerus tokunagai Matsumoto 100 m 150 m 1 CT CTX-Visiona: b: Fig. 17. CT scanning three-dimensional images of a footprint of the present species Cervus nippon (Photos taken by Computed Tomography System (X-Vision: TOSHIBA Medical Systems Co. Ltd.) of Ikuta Hospital, Shiga). a: a worm s-eye view showing fore and hind leg traces are out of position side by side. b: a lateral view showing the fore and hind hoof traces protruding in wedge shape into the traveling direction cm

41 A G 13 T-1 T T-AT-BT-CT-D 4 5A C T-A T-C T-A T-C 5 G T-10T-D4 CT : K-Ar 111 O : P P91 Lockley, M Tracking Dinosaurs: A New Look at an Ancient World. 238 pp., Cambridge Univ. Press, UK. Lockley, M. and C. Meyer Dinosaur Tracks and Other Fossil Footprints of Europe. 330 pp., Columbia Univ. Press, New York. Matsukawa, M Cretaceous terrestrial biotas of East Asia, with special reference to dinosaur-dominated ichnofaunas: towards a synthesis. Cret. Res., : pp., 2003 : , 3: : 1-71 Shikama, T. and M. Omori Note on and occurrence of Dicrocerus in the Daigo Group of the Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan. Proc. Japan Acad. : Arcid-Potamid : ,50: , 52: 43-65

42 A G E G cm A-C 13T-1 T-13 4 T-AT-BT-CT-D A-C T-A T-C T-AT-C G T-D

43 41. Appendix. List of footprint fossils.

44 42

45 43

46 44 1INM-4-xxxxxx Lp/Wp Lp/Wp1.5Lp/Wp1.5 5Lp+Wp1212Lp+Wp 25Lp+Wp Presence of specimens/registered specimen number (INM-4-xxxxxx) in Ibaraki Nature Museum; : not registered, : partial specimen, : not present. 2Presence/absence of hoof traces in cross section; : present, : ambiguously present, : absent, : unknown, : unidentified 3Measured parameters of footprints and trackways are referred to in Figs. 5 and 11. 4Outline of upper surface of pseudo-footprint: round (1Lp/Wp1.25), semi-elliptical (1.25 Lp/Wp1.5), elliptical (Lp/Wp 1.5) 5Size of upper surface of pseudo-footprint: small (Lp+Wp12), medium (12Lp+Wp 25), large (Lp+Wp25). 6Specimen nos. 24, 25, 28 and are excluded from this list, because they seem to be very small indentations devoid of features indicating footprint fossils. Nos. 64, 66 and 69 are also excluded, because they are inferred to be indentations formed by small fault movement.

47 5 Plates and Explanations 5 plates

48 1 50 cm 13 a. Footprint fossils on an eroded bedding surface at the first discovery (area II, loc. 1). Scale: about 50 cm. The exposed area is referred to in Fig b. Footprint fossil locality 1 on the Osawa-gawa River at the start of excavation. c. Breaking away tuff beds above the footprint crowded area II. 13 d. Pseudo-footprint casts on the lower surface of the detached platy sandstone block (area II). The exposed area of the sandstone block is referred to in Fig e. Extracting a sandstone block bearing a footprint fossil (no. 15, area II). 32 f. True-footprint recognized on a cross section of a sandstone block (no. 32, area II). The specimen held for comparison is a right forelimb replica of the modern Japanese deer T-10 g. Bird trackway on a bedding surface of area II (nos , area II, T- 10). h. Sandstone block bearing a bird trackway under an extracting work.

49 Plate 1

50 131m a. Upper bedding surface of the footprint crowded area II. Scale: 1 m cm b. Upper bedding surface of the footprint crowded area III. Scale: 50 cm.

51 Plate 2

52 Footprint fossils in plan views of naturally eroded bedding surfaces and naturally fractured cross sections. Arrows indicate the traveling directions of the footprint-making animals. 4AT-7 a. Outline of true-footprint in plan view of the naturally eroded bedding surface (no. 4, type A, T-7, area II). 4AT-7 b. Outline of true-footprint in the naturally fractured cross section (no. 4, type A, T-7, area II). 1 3AT-9 c. A pair of hoof traces recognized on the naturally eroded bedding surface (no. 3, type A, T-9, area II). The upper right inset shows the outline of hoof traces. 6 DT-5 d. Outline of true-footprint recognized on the naturally eroded bedding surface (no. 6, type D, T-5, area II). 153GT-10 e. Outline of bird footprint recognized on the naturally eroded bedding surface (no. 153, type GT- 10, area II) CT ET-2 12 f. Four true-footprints on the naturally eroded bedding surface (no. 34 and 37, type CT- 1; no. 35 and 36, type E, T- 2, area I). The covering area is referred to in Fig g. Pseudo-footprints crowded on the naturally eroded bedding surface of area IV-2. The covering area is referred to in Fig A T-13 h. Footprint on the naturally eroded bedding surface, showing that fore and hind leg traces are out of position side by side (no. 201, type A, T-13, area V).

53 Plate 3

54 . Cut and polished surfaces of sandstone block specimens bearing footprint fossils. Arrows indicate the inferred traveling directions of the footprint-making animals. 37CT-16b a. Cross section (no. 37, type C, T- 1, area I). The level view is shown in Fig. 6b. 8AT-3 b. Cross section (no. 8, type A, T-3, area II). 29AT-3area c. Upper cross section (no. 29, type A, T-3, area II). 29 AT-3 d. Level surface for the lower part of true-footprint (no. 29, type A, T-3, area II). 12AT-4 e. Cross section (no. 12, type A, T-4, area II). 19AT-4 18 DT-5 f. Cross section (left: no. 19, type A, T-4; right: no. 18, type D, T-5, area II). 32AT-6 10 DT-5 g. Cross section (left: no. 32, type A, T-6; right: no. 10, type D, T-5, area II). 11 AT-7 h. Level surface for the lowest part of true-footprint (no. 11, type A, T-7, area II).

55 Plate 4

56 Cut and polished surfaces of sandstone block specimens bearing footprint fossils. Arrows indicate the inferred traveling directions of the footprint-making animals. 21 AT-7 26AT-6 a. Level surface for the lower part of true-footprint (left: no. 21, type A, T-7; right: no. 26, type A, T-6, area II). 21AT-7 b. Cross section (no. 21, type A, T-7, area II). 20CT-8 c. Level surface for the true-footprint base (no. 20, type C, T-8, area II). 22AT-9 d. Cross section (no. 22, type A, T-9, area III). 41CT-12 e. Cross section (no. 41, type C, T- 12, area III). 52A-12 f. Cross section (no. 52, type A, subarea III-1). Two hoof traces are recognized. 53B-1 g. Cross section (no. 53, type B, aubarea III-1). 96C-2 h. Cross section (no. 96, type C, subarea IV-2).

57 Plate 5

58

59 Bull. Ibaraki Nat. Mus., (10): (2007) 57 Hymenoptera: Spheciformes Some Sphecids (Hymenoptera: Spheciformes) Recorded Newly in Ibaraki Prefecture, Central Japan Masaki HISAMATSU Accepted January 8, 2007 Abstract Up to the present, 515 species in 45 families of Hymenoptera have been recorded in Ibaraki Prefecture. Here, I report 13 species in four families (Spheciformes) that are regarded as newly recorded in this prefecture. Key words: Ibaraki Prefecture, Hymenoptera, Spheciformes, first record Spheciformes 413 Mimumesa littoralisbondroit, Apoidea Spheciformes Pemphredonidae Fig. 1. Mimumesa littoralis. * Ibaraki Nature Museum, 700 Osaki, Bando, Ibaraki , Japan

60 58 Pemphredon diervillae Iwata, Larridae Tachytes fruticis Tsuneki, Tachytes latifrons Tsuneki, EctemniusCameronitusradiatusPérrz, EctemniusClytochrysiscavifrons nipponensis Tsuneki, VI 2003 Tachytes nipponicus Tsuneki, EctemniusMetacrabroiridifronsPérez, EctemniusMetacrabrospinipesA. Morawitz, LesticaClypeocrabroreiteriKohl, Fig. 2. Tachytes nipponicus. Crabronidae EctemniusCameronitusnigritarsusHerrich-Schaeffer, Fig. 3. Ectemnius (Metacrabro) spinipes.

61 Hymenoptera: Spheciformes LesticaSoleniuscollarisMatsumura, Philanthidae Cerceris nipponensis Tsuneki, Y. Ikejima Fig. 4. Cerceris nipponensis : : : : Spheciformes

62

63 Bull. Ibaraki Nat. Mus., (10): (2007) Root System of Phragmites communis Trin. Kazuo OBATA, Kyoko OHARA Accepted March 13, 2007 and Tomokazu WATANABE Abstract Phragmites communis Trin. is the primary species which grows in wetlands all over Japan. We observed the root system of Phragmites communis Trin. and constructed the figure. Key words: root system, Phragmites communis Trin. Typha angustifolia L., Zizania latifolia Turcz., Phragmites communis Trin., Miscanthus sacchariflorus (Maxim.) Benth INM INM mm 2 5cm * Ibaraki Nature Museum, 700 Osaki, Bando, Ibaraki , Japan ** Motoyama-cho, Mito, Ibaraki , Japan

64 62 INM Fig. 1. Root System of Phragmites communis Trin. (INM ).

65 63 INM Fig. 2. Root System of Phragmites communis Trin. (INM ).

66 64 25 cm cm : pp.,

67 Bull. Ibaraki Nat. Mus., (10): (2007) The Vascular Plant Flora of Ami, Ibaraki Prefecture (The Second Report) Takashi KURIHARA and Kazuo OBATA Accepted March 13, 2007 Abstract From 1991 to 2006 we conducted research on the flora of Ami in Ibaraki Prefecture. We collected 666 species of vascular plants which include 14 endangered species in the region. Key words: vascular plant, flora, Ami Town, endangered species ; * Obatake, Tsuchiura, Ibaraki , Japan ** Ibaraki Nature Museum, 700 Osaki, Bando, Ibaraki , Japan

68 Fig. 1. Twenty two sections of six areas studied in Ami.

69

70 Carex capricornis Meinsh. Salvinia natansl.all. Penthorum chinense Pursh Monochoria korsakowii Regel et Maack Iris laevigata Fisch. Viola confusa Champ. ex Bentham subsp. nagasakiensis W. BeckerF. Maek. et Hashimoto Ludwigia ovalis Miq Dendropanax trifidusthunb.makino Liparis nervosathunb.lindl. Ceratopteris thalictroidesl.brongn. Cimicifuga japonicathunb.spreng. Rosa luciae Franch. et Rochebr. Cephalanthera falcatathunb.blume Sparganium erectum L.

71 pp., pp., : pp.,

72 Appendix. A list of vascular plant specimens in Ami (ver. 2006). LCYOPODIACEAE Lycopodium serratum Thunb. (INM ) SELAGINELLACEAE Selaginella remotifolia Spring (INM ) EQUISETACEAE Equisetum arvense L. (INM ) Equisetum ramosissimum Desf. (INM ) OPHIOGLOSSACEAE Botrychium japonicum (Prantl) Underw. (INM ) Botrychium ternatum (Thunb.) Sw. INM INM (INM ) OSMUNDACEAE Osmunda japonica Thunb. INM SCHIZAEACEAE Lygodium japonicus (Thunb.) Sw. INM DENNSTAEDTIACEAE Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn INM PARKERIACEAE Ceratopteris thalictroides (L.) Brongn. INM PTERIDACEAE Coniogramme japonica (Thunb.) Diels INM Pteris cretica L. (INM )(INM ) Pteris multifida Poir. (INM ) ASPLENIACEAE Asplenium incisum Thunb. INM INM (INM )(INM )(INM ) DRYOPTERIDACEAE Arachniodes standishii (Moore) Ohwi (INM )(INM ) Cyrtomium foutunei J. Sm. (INM-2-191)(INM )(INM )(INM ) Dryopteris bissetiana (Bak.) C. Chr. INM (INM )(INM ) Dryopteris chinensis (Bak.) Koidz. INM INM (INM-2-211)

73 71 Dryopteris erythrosora (Eaton) O. Ktze. INM INM INM (INM )(INM )(INM ) Dryopteris monticola (Makino) C. Chr. (INM ) Dryopteris nipponensis Koidz. INM Dryopteris pacifica (Nakai) Tagawa (INM-2-292)(INM )(INM ) Dryopteris uniformis (Makino) Makino INM (INM )(INM )(INM ) (INM )(INM )(INM ) Polystichum fibrilloso-paleaceum (Kodama) Tagawa INM INM INM INM INM INM (INM )(INM )(INM ) Polystichum longifrons Kurata INM INM (INM )(INM ) (INM ) Polystichum polyblepharum (Roem. ex Kunze) Presl (INM )(INM ) THELYPTERIDACEAE Stegnogramma pozoi (Lagasca) K. Iwats. subsp. mollissima (Fischer ex Kunze) K. Iwats. INM (INM-2-400)(INM )(INM ) Thelypteris acuminata (Houtt.) Morton INM INM (INM )(INM ) (INM )(INM ) Thelypteris decursive-pinnata (van Hall) Ching INM INM (INM )(INM ) Thelypteris glanduligera (Kunze) Ching INM (INM-2-409)(INM )(INM ) Thelypteris japonica (Bak.) Ching INM INM (INM ) Thelypteris laxa (Franch. et Savat.) Ching (INM-2-447)(INM ) Thelypteris palustris (Salisb.) Schott INM Thelypteris torresiana (Gaud.) Alston var. calvata (Bak.) Holtt. (INM ) Thelypteris viridifrons Tagawa INM INM INM INM INM (INM )(INM ) WOODSIACEAE Athyrium niponicum (Mett.) Hance INM INM INM INM (INM )(INM ) Athyrium yokoscense (Franch. et Savat.) Christ (INM-2-499) Deparia conilii (Franch. et Savat.) M. Kato INM (INM-2-515)(INM ) Deparia dimorphophylla (Koidz.) M. Kato (INM-2-520)(INM-2-521)

74 72 Deparia japonica (Thunb.) M. Kato INM INM INM INM (INM )(INM )(INM ) Matteuccia struthiopteris (L.) Todaro INM Onoclea orientalis (Hook.) Hook. (INM ) Onoclea sensibilis L. var. interrupta Maxim. INM POLYPODIACEAE Lepisorus thuncergianus (Kaulf.) Ching INM INM INM SALVINIACEAE Salvinia natans (L.) All. (INM ) AZOLLACEAE Azolla cristata Kaulf. INM GINKGOACEAE Ginkgo biloba L. INM PINACEAE Abies firma Sieb. et Zucc. INM (INM ) Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc. INM TAXODIACEAE Cryptomeria japonica (L. fil.) D. Don INM CUPRESSACEAE Chamaecyparis obtusa (Sieb. et Zucc.) Endl. INM Chamaecyparis pisifera (Sieb. et Zucc.) Endl. INM CEPHALOTAXACEAE Cephalotaxus harringtonia (Knight) K. Koch (INM ) TAXACEAE Torreya nucifera (L.) Sieb. et Zucc. INM JUGLANDACEAE Juglans mandshurica Maxim. var. sachalinensis (Miyabe et Kudo) Kitam. INM Pterocarya stenoptera C. DC. INM SALICACEAE Populus sieboldii Miq. (INM ) Salix chaenomeloides Kimura INM (INM )

75 73 Salix gilgiana Seemen (INM )(INM )(INM ) Salix integra Thunb. (INM )(INM )(INM ) Salix subfragilis Andersson (INM )(INM )(INM )(INM )(INM )(INM ) Salix vulpina Andersson (INM )(INM ) BETULACEAE Alnus japonica (Thunb.) Steud. (INM )(INM ) Carpinus tschonoskii Maxim. (INM )(INM ) Corylus heterophylla Fischer ex Vessel var. thunbergii Blume (INM )(INM ) FAGACEAE Castanea crenata Sieb. et Zucc. INM Castanopsis sieboldii (Makino) Hatusima ex Yamazaki et Masiba (INM )(INM ) Quercus acutissima Carrutherus INM Quercus myrsinaefolia Blume (INM )(INM )(INM ) Quercus serrata Thunb. ex Muuray INM INM INM INM INM ULMACEAE Aphananthe aspera (Thunb.) Planch. INM Celtis sinensis Persoon var. japonica (Planch.) Nakai INM Zelkova serrata (Thunb.) Makino (INM ) MORACEAE Broussonetia kazinoki Sieb. INM Fatoua villosa (Thunb.) Nakai INM INM (INM )(INM )(INM ) Humulus japonicus Sieb. et Zucc. (INM )(INM )(INM ) Morus australis Poiret (INM )(INM ) URTICACEAE Boehmeria longispica Steud. INM INM Boehmeria nipononivea Koidz. INM INM Boehmeria platanifolia Franch. et Savat.

76 74 INM INM INM Laportea bulbifera (Sieb. et Zucc.) Wedd. (INM ) Nanocnide japonica Blume INM INM INM (INM )(INM ) Pilea hamaoi Makino INM (INM )(INM )(INM )(INM ) Pilea mongolica Weddell INM SANTALACEAE Thesium chinense Turcz. (INM ) POLYGONACEAE Antenoron filiforme (Thunb.) Roberty et Vautier INM Antenoron neo-filiforme (Nakai) Hara (INM ) Persicaria conspicua (Nakai) Nakai INM Persicaria hydropiper (L.) Spach INM (INM )(INM ) Persicaria japonica (Meisn.) H. Gross INM INM Persicaria lapathifoliua (L.) S. F. Gray INM Persicaria longiseta (De Bruyn) Kitag. INM INM INM INM INM INM INM (INM )(INM )(INM ) (INM ) Persicaria maackianum (Regel) Nakai (INM )(INM )(INM )(INM )(INM )(INM )(INM ) Persicaria nipponensis (Makino) H. Gross INM INM (INM )(INM ) Persicaria perfoliata (L.) H. Gross (INM ) Persicaria pilosa (Roxb.) Kitag. INM Persicaria scabra (Moench) Mold. INM Persicaria sieboldii (Meisn.) Ohki INM INM INM INM (INM )(INM ) Persicaria thunbergii (Sieb. et Zucc.) H. Gross (INM )(INM )(INM )(INM )(INM )(INM ) Persicaria viscofera (Makino) H. Gross INM Persicaria yokusaniana (Makino) Nakai

77 75 INM INM INM INM (INM ) (INM )(INM )(INM ) Polygonum aviculare L. INM (INM ) Reynoutria japonica Houtt. INM Rumex acetosa L. INM Rumex conglomeratus Murr. (INM )(INM )(INM )(INM )(INM ) Rumex crispus L. INM Rumex japonicus Houtt. (INM )(INM ) Rumex obtusifolius L. (INM ) PHYTOLACCACEAE Phytolacca americana L. INM MOLLUGINACEAE Mollugo pentaphylla L. (INM ) PORTULACACEAE Portulaca oleracea L. INM CARYOPHYLLACEAE Arenaria serpyllifolia L. INM Cerastium glomeratum Thuill. INM Cerastium holosteides Fries var. hallaisanense (Nakai) Mizushima INM Myosoton aquaticum (L.) Moench (INM )(INM ) Sagina japonica (Sw.) Ohwi INM Silene gallica L. var. gallica INM INM Stellaria alsine Grimm var. undulata (Thunb.) Ohwi INM Stellaria media (L.) Villars INM CHENOPODIACEAE Ambrina ambrosioides (L.) Spach (INM ) Chenopodium album L. (INM )(INM ) Chenopodium centrorubrum (Makino) Nakai INM AMARANTHACEAE

78 76 Achyranthes bidentata Blume var. japonica Miq. INM INM Achyranthes bidentata Blume var. tomentosa (Honda) Hara (INM )(INM ) Achyranthes longifolia (Makino) Makino (INM ) Amaranthus lividus L. var. ascendens (Lois.) Thell. INM INM Amaranthus patulus Bertoloni INM INM MAGNOLIACEAE Magnolia praecoccisima Koidz. INM SCHISANDRACEAE Kadsura japonica (Thunb.) Dunal (INM ) LAURACEAE Cinnamomum okinawense Hatusima INM INM INM (INM ) Lindera glauca (Sieb. et Zucc.) Blume (INM )(INM ) Machilus thunbergii Sieb. et Zucc. (INM )(INM )(INM ) Neolitsea sericea (Blume) Koidz. (INM ) RANUNCULACEAE Aconitum tsukubense Nakai INM (INM )(INM ) Anemone flaccida Fr. Schm. INM (INM ) Anemone nikoensis Maxim. INM (INM )(INM )(INM ) Cimicifuga japonica (Thunb.) Spreng. (INM ) Clematis apiifolia DC. INM (INM )(INM ) Clematis terniflora DC. INM Ranunculus cantoniensis DC. INM Ranunculus japonicus Thunb. INM Ranunculus sceleratus L. INM (INM ) Thalictrum minus L. var. hypoleucum (Sieb. et Zucc.) Miq. INM BERBERIDACEAE Mahonia japonica (Thunb.) DC. INM Nandina domestica Thunb.

79 77 INM LARDIZABALACEAE Akebia quinata (Thunb.) Decne. INM Akebia trifoliata (Thunb.) Koidz. (INM ) Akebia x pentaphylla Makino (INM )(INM )(INM ) MENISPERMACEAE Cocculus trilobus (Thunb.) DC. (INM ) NYMPHAEACEAE Cabomba caroliniana A. Gray INM Nuphar japonicum DC. INM INM NELUMBONACEAE Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. INM CERATOPHYLLACEAE Ceratophyllum demersum L. (INM ) SAURURACEAE Houttuynia cordata Thunb. INM Saururus chinensis (Lour.) Baill. INM CHLORANTHACEAE Chloranthus serratus (Thunb.) Roem. et Schult. INM INM INM INM (INM ) ARISTOLOCHIACEAE Aristolochia debilis Sieb. et Zucc. (INM ) ACTINIDIACEAE Actinidia chinensis Planch. INM THEACEAE Camellia japonica L. (INM ) Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze INM Eurya japonica Thunb. INM GUTTIFERAE Hypericum ascyron L. INM Hypericum erectum Thunb. INM INM INM Sarothra laxa (Blume) Y. Kimura

80 78 INM (INM )(INM ) PAPAVERACEAE Chelidonium majus L. var. asiaticum (Hara) Ohwi INM Corydalis decumbens (Thunb.) Pers. INM (INM )(INM ) Corydalis incisa (Thunb.) Pers. INM (INM )(INM ) Corydalis lineariloba Sieb. et Zucc. INM INM Macleaya cordata (Willd.) R. Br. (INM ) Papaver dubium L. INM CRUCIFERAE Brassica juncea Czern. et Coss. var. cernua Jorb. et Hem. INM Capsella bursa-pastoris Medicus INM Cardamine flexuosa With. (INM )(INM ) Cardamine tanakae Franch. et Savat. INM (INM )(INM ) Lepidium virginicum L. INM Nasturtium officinale R. Br. INM Orychophragmus violaceus O. E. Schulz (INM ) Rorippa indica (L.) Hiern (INM ) Rorippa islandica (Oeder) Borbkg INM INM INM (INM )(INM ) Thlaspi arvense L. INM CRASSULACEAE Sedum bulbiferum Makino INM Sedum sarmentosum Bunge INM SAXIFRAGACEAE Astilbe microphylla Knoll INM Chrysosplenium japonicum (Maxim.) Makino INM INM INM Deutzia crenata Sieb. et Zucc. INM Penthorum chinense Pursh INM INM

81 79 Saxifraga stolonifera Meerb. INM ROSACEAE Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb. var. japonica (Miq.) Nakai INM Chaenomeles japonica (Thunb.) Lindl. ex Sprach INM Duchesnea chrysantha (Zoll. et Mor.) Miq. INM (INM )(INM ) Potentilla fragarioides L. var. major Maxim. (INM )(INM )(INM ) Potentilla freyniana Bornm. (INM ) Potentilla sundaica (Blume) O. Kuntze var. robusta (Franch. et Savat.) Kitag. (INM )(INM )(INM )(INM ) Pourthiaea vilosa (Thunb.) Decne. var. zollingeri (Decne.) Nakai (INM ) Prunus buergeriana Miq. (INM ) Prunus grayana Maxim. INM Prunus jamasakura Sieb. ex Koidz. INM INM Prunus speciosa (Koidz.) Nakai INM INM INM Rosa luciae Franch. et Rochebr. INM Rosa multiflora Thunb. INM Rubus hirsutus Thunb. INM (INM )(INM )(INM ) Rubus microphyllus L. fil. INM Rubus palmatus Thunb. var. coptophyllus A. Gray INM Rubus parvifolius L. INM Sanguisorba officinalis L. INM INM LEGMINOSAE Aeschynomene indica L. (INM )(INM ) Albizia julibrissin Durazz. INM Amorpha fruticosa L. INM Amphicarpaea bractaeta (L.) Felnald subsp. edgeworthii (Benth.) Ohashi var. japonica (Oliver) Ohashi (INM ) Apios fortunei Maxim.

82 80 INM INM (INM )(INM ) Astragalus sinicus L. INM Cassia minosoides L. subsp. nomame (Sieb.) Ohashi INM Desmodium oldhamii Oliver INM (INM ) Desmodium paniculatum (L.) DC. INM Desmodium podocarpum DC. subsp. fallax (Schindl.) Ohashi (INM )(INM )(INM ) Desmodium podocarpum DC. subsp. oxyphyllum (DC.) Ohashi (INM ) Dumasia truncata Sieb. et Zucc. (INM ) Dunbaria villosa (Thunb.) Makino (INM )(INM ) Glycine max (L.) Merr. subsp. soja (Sieb. et Zucc.) Ohashi INM (INM ) Indigofera psuedo-tinctoria Matsum. INM Lespedeza bicolor Turcz. INM Lespedeza juncea (L. fil.) Pers. var. serpens (Nakai) Ohashi (INM ) Lespedeza juncea (L. fil.) Pers. var. subsessilis Miq. INM (INM ) Lespedeza pilosa (Thunb.) Sieb. et Zucc. INM (INM ) Lespedeza striata (Thunb.) Hook. et Arn. INM Medicago lupulina L. (INM )(INM ) Medicago sativa L. (INM ) Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi INM Rhynchosia acuminatifolia Makino INM Robinia pseudoacacia L. INM Sophora flavescens Ait. INM INM Trifolium campestre Schreb. INM INM Trifolium dubium Sibth. INM Trifolium pratense L. INM Trifolium repens L.

83 81 INM Vicia angustifolia L. (INM )(INM ) Vicia hirsuta (L.) S. F. Gray INM (INM )(INM ) Vicia pseudo-orobus Fisch. et Mey. INM (INM ) Vicia tetrasperma (L.) Schreb. INM (INM ) Wisteria floribunda (Willd.) DC. INM OXALIDACEAE Oxalis stricta L. INM INM GERANIACEAE Geranium carolinianum L. (INM ) Geranium nepalense Sweet subsp. thunbergii (Sieb. et Zucc.) Hara (INM )(INM ) LINACEAE Linum virginianum L. INM (INM ) EUPHORBIACEAE Acalypha australis L. INM Aleurites cordata (Thunb.) R. Br. ex Steud INM Euphorbia helioscopia L. INM Euphorbia maculata L. INM Euphorbia pekinensis Rupr. INM Euphorbia supina Rafin. INM Idesia polycarpa Maxim. INM Mallotus japonicus (Thunb. ex Murr.) Muell.-Arg. INM Phyllanthus matsumurae Hayata (INM ) RUTACEAE Orixa japonica Thunb. INM INM (INM )(INM )(INM )(INM ) Zanthoxylum piperitum (L.) DC. INM INM (INM )(INM ) Zanthoxylum schinifolium Sieb. et Zucc. INM SIMAROUBACEAE

84 82 Ailanthus altissima Swingle INM Picrasma quassioides (D. Don) Benn. INM INM ANACARDIACEAE Rhus ambigua Lavall. ex Dippel INM INM Rhus javanica L. var. roxburghii (DC.) Rehd. et Wils. INM Rhus sylvestris Sieb. et Zucc. (INM )(INM )(INM ) Rhus trichocarpa Miq. (INM )(INM ) ACERACEAE Acer palmatum Thunb. INM BALSAMINACEAE Impatiens textori Miq. (INM )(INM )(INM ) AQUIFOLIACEAE Ilex crenata Thunb. (INM ) Ilex integra Thunb. (INM ) CELASTRACEAE Celastrus orbiculatus Thunb. INM Euonymus alatus (Thunb.) Sieb. form. striatus (Thunb.) Makino (INM )(INM ) Euonymus fortunei (Turcz.) Hand.-Mazz. (INM ) Euonymus jaonicus Thunb. INM Euonymus sieboldianus Blume (INM ) STAPHYLEACEAE Euscaphis japonica (Thunb.) Kanitz (INM )(INM )(INM ) RHAMNACEAE Berchemia racemosa Sieb. et Zucc. INM VITACEAE Ampelopsis brevipedunculata (Maxim.) Trautv. var. heterophylla (Thunb.) Hara INM Cayratia japonica (Thunb.) Gagn. INM Parthenocissus tricuspidata (Sieb. et Zucc.) Planch. INM Vitis thunbergii Sieb. et Zucc. INM ELAEAGNACEAE Elaeagnus multiflora Thunb.

85 83 INM INM (INM ) VIOLACEAE Viola confusa Champ. ex Bentham subsp. nagasakiensis (W. Becker) F. Maek. et Hashimoto INM Viola grypoceras A. Gray INM INM INM INM INM INM INM (INM )(INM )(INM )(INM )(INM ) Viola japonica Langsd. INM INM INM (INM )(INM ) Viola keiskei Miq. INM (INM )(INM ) Viola mandshurica W. Becker INM (INM ) Viola obtusa (Makino) Makino INM INM INM Viola phalacrocarpa Maxim. INM INM INM INM INM Viola verecunda A. Gray INM (INM )(INM ) Viola yezoensis Maxim. (INM )(INM ) BEGONIACEAE Begonia grandis INM CUCURBITACEAE Actinostemma lobatum Maxim. ex Franch. et Savat. INM Gynostemma pentaphylla (Thunb.) Makino (INM )(INM )(INM ) Melothria japonica (Thunb.) Maxim. ex Cogn. (INM )(INM ) Sicyos angulatus L. INM INM Trichosanthes cucumeroides (Ser.) Maxim. INM TRAPACEAE Trapa japonica Flerov INM ONAGRACEAE Circaea mollis Sieb. et Zucc. INM (INM ) Epilobium pyrricholophum Franch. et Savat. INM INM INM Ludwigia decurrens Walt.

86 84 (INM )(INM ) Ludwigia epilobioides Maxim. INM (INM ) Ludwigia ovalis Miq. INM INM (INM ) Oenothera biennis L. INM INM Oenothera laciniata Hill INM Oenothera rosea Ait. INM INM HALORAGACEAE Myriophyllum brasiliense Cambess. INM CORNACEAE Aucuba japonica Thunb. INM INM Helwingia japonica (Thunb.) F. G. Dietrich (INM )(INM ) ARALIACEAE Acanthopanax spinosus (L. fil.) Miq. INM Aralia cordata Thunb. INM Aralia elata (Miq.) Seemann INM Dendropanax trifidus (Thunb.) Makino INM (INM ) Fatsia japonica (Thunb.) Decne. et Planch. INM Hedera rhombea (Miq.) Bean INM INM Kalopanax pictus (Thunb.) Nakai (INM ) Panax japonicus C. A. Meyer INM UMBELLIFERAE Angelica decursiva (Miq.) Franch. et Savat. (INM ) Centella asiatica (L.) Urban INM INM Chamaele decumbens (Thunb.) Makino INM (INM )(INM )(INM ) Cicuta virosa L. (INM ) Cryptotaenia japonica Hassk. INM Hydrocotyle matirima Honda

87 85 (INM )(INM )(INM ) Hydrocotyle ramiflora Maxim. (INM ) Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam. INM INM Oenanthe javanica DC. (INM ) Osmorhiza aristata (Thunb.) Rydb. INM INM (INM )(INM ) Sanicula chinensis Bunge INM Spuriopimpinella calycina (Maxim.) Kitag. INM INM (INM ) Torilis japonica (Houtt.) DC. (INM )(INM ) PYROLACEAE Chimaphila japonica Miq. (INM ) Pyrola japonica Klenze INM MYRSINACEAE Ardisia crenata Sims INM Ardisia crispa (Thunb.) DC. INM INM Ardisia japonica (Thunb.) Blume (INM ) PRIMULACEAE Lysimachia clethroides Duby INM Lysimachia japonica Thunb. INM Lysimachia vulgaris L. var. davurica (Ledeb.) R. Kunth INM (INM )(INM ) (INM ) STYRACACEAE Styrax japonica Sieb. et Zucc. (INM )(INM ) SYMPLOCACEAE Symplocos chinensis (Lour.) Druce var. leucocarpa (Nakai) Ohwi form. pilosa (Nakai) Ohwi (INM )(INM )(INM ) OLEACEAE Ligustrum japonicum Thunb. (INM ) Ligustrum obtusifolium Sieb. et Zucc. (INM )(INM ) Osmanthus heterophyllus (G. Don) P. S. Green (INM ) GENTIANACEAE Gentiana zollingeri Fawcett

88 86 INM Swertia japonica (Schult.) Makino INM APOCYNACEAE Trachelospermum asiaticum (Sieb. et Zucc.) Nakai INM ASCLEPIADACEAE Cynanchum sublanceolatum (Miq.) Matsum. INM INM INM INM Metaplexis japonica (Thunb.) Makino INM RUBIACEAE Diodia teres Walt. (INM )(INM ) Galium gracilens (A. Gray) Makino (INM ) Galium pseudo-asprellum Makino INM INM INM Galium spurium L. var. echinospermon (Wallr.) Hayek (INM ) Galium trachyspermum A. Gray INM (INM )(INM ) Galium trifidum L. var. brevipedunculatum Regel INM (INM )(INM ) Hedyotis diffusa Willd. (INM ) Hedyotis lindleyana Hook. var. hirsuta (L. fil.) Hara (INM ) Paederia scandens (Lour.) Merr. INM Rubia argyi (Lév.) Hara INM CONVOLVULACEAE Calystegia hederacea Wall. INM Calystegia japonica Choisy INM Cuscuta australis R. Br. (INM ) Ipomoea purpurea (L.) Roth INM Quamoclit sloteri House. INM BORAGINACEAE Bothriospermum tenellum (Hornem.) Fisch. et C. A. Mey. INM Lithospermum zollingeri DC. INM Trigonotis peduncularis (Trevir.) Benth. (INM ) VERBENACEAE

89 87 Callicarpa japonica Thunb. (INM ) Clerodendrum trichotomum Thunb. INM Phryma leptostachya L. var. asiatica Hara INM LABIATAE Ajuga decumbens Thunb. INM INM INM Ajuga nipponensis Makino (INM ) Ajuga mixta Makino INM INM Clinopodium gracile (Benth.) O. Kuntze INM INM (INM ) Clinopodium micranthum (Regel) Hara INM INM Glechoma hederacea L. subsp. grandis (A. Gray) Hara INM Lamium album L. var. barbatum (Sieb. et Zucc.) Franch. et Savat. INM Lamium amplexicaule L. INM Lamium purpureum L. INM Lycopus lucidus Turcz. INM Lycopus maackianus (Maxim.) Makino INM INM Lycopus ramosissimus Makino INM INM Mentha arvensis L. var. piperascens Malinv. INM INM Mosla dianthera (Hamilt.) Maxim. INM (INM )(INM ) Mosla punctulata (J. F. Gmel.) Nakai INM INM Prunella vulgaris L. subsp. asiatica (Nakai) Hara INM (INM ) Rabdosia inflexa (Thunb.) Hara INM INM Salvia japonica Thunb. INM INM INM Scutellaria dependens Maxim.

90 88 (INM ) Stachys riederi Chamisso var. intermedia (Kudo) Kitam. (INM )(INM ) Teucrium viscidum Blume var. miquelianum (Maxim.) Hara INM INM SOLANACEAE Lycium chinense Miller INM Solanum americanum Mill INM INM Solanum carolinense L. INM Solanum lyratum Thunb. (INM )(INM ) Solanum megacarpum Koidz. (INM )(INM ) Solanum nigrum L. INM (INM )(INM ) Tubocapsicum anomalum (Franch. et Savat.) Makino INM INM SCROPHULARIACEAE Limnophila aromatica (Lam.) Merr. INM Limnophila sessiliflora Blume INM (INM ) Linaria canadensis (L.) Dum. INM Lindernia angustifolia (Benth.) Wettst. INM (INM ) Lindernia crustacea (L.) F. V. Muell. INM INM Lindernia dubia (L.) Pennell (INM ) Mazus miquelii Makino (INM )(INM )(INM )(INM ) Mazus pumilus (Burm. fil.) van Steenis INM Parentucellia viscosa (L.) Caruel INM Phtheirospermum japonicum (Thunb.) Kanitz INM INM Siphonostegia chinensis Benth. (INM ) Veronica arvensis L. (INM ) Veronica persica Poir. (INM ) ACANTHACEAE Justicia procumbens L.

91 89 (INM )(INM ) OROBANCHACEAE Aeginetia indica L. INM (INM ) Orobanche minor Sutton INM PLANTAGINACEAE Plantago asiatica L. INM Plantago lanceolata L. INM Plantago virginica L. INM CAPRIFOLIACEAE Lonicera gracilipes Miq. INM Lonicera japonica Thunb. INM Sambucus chinensis Lindl. INM Sambucus racemosa L. subsp. sieboldiana (Miq.) Hara INM Viburnum dilatatum Thunb. ex Murr. (INM )(INM ) ADOXACEAE Adoxa moschatellina L. INM INM INM INM INM VALERIANACEAE Patrinia scabiosaefolia Fisch. INM Patrinia villosa (Thunb.) Juss. INM (INM )(INM ) CAMPANULACEAE Adenophora triphylla (Thunb.) A. DC. var. japonica (Regel) Hara INM Codonopsis lanceolata (Sieb. et Zucc.) Trautv. INM INM (INM )(INM ) Codonopsis ussuriensis (Rupr. et Maxim.) Hemsley (INM ) Lobelia chinensis Lour. INM Peracarpa carnosa (Wall.) Hook. fil. et Thomson var. circaeoides (Fr. Schm.) Makino INM (INM )(INM )(INM ) COMPOSITAE Ainsliaea apiculata Sch. Bip. INM Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. var. elatior (L.) Descurtilz (INM )

92 90 Artemisia japonica Thunb. INM INM Artemisia princeps Pamp. INM Aster ageratoides Turcz. subsp. ovatus (Franch. et Savat.) Kitam. (INM )(INM ) Aster scaber Thunb. INM Aster subulatus Michx. (INM ) Aster subulatus Michx. var. sandwicensis (A. Gray) A. G. Jones INM INM Atractylodes japonica Koidz. ex Kitam. INM Bidens frondosa L. INM INM Bidens pilosa L. var. pilosa INM (INM )(INM ) Bidens tripartita L. INM INM (INM )(INM ) (INM ) Carpesium divaricatum Sieb. et Zucc. INM INM Centipeda minima (L.) A. Br. et Aschers. (INM ) Cirsium japonicum DC. INM INM Cirsium nipponicum (Maxim.) Makino var. incomptum (Franch. et Savat.) Kitam. (INM )(INM ) Cirsium oligophyllum (Franch. et Savat.) Matsum. INM (INM )(INM ) Cirsium pendulum Fisch. (INM )(INM ) Conyza sumatrensis (Retz.) Walker INM INM Crassocephalum crepidioides (Bentham) S. Moore INM (INM )(INM ) Dendranthema boreale (Makino) Kitam. (INM ) Eclipta alba (L.) Hassk. INM Eclipta thermalis Bunge (INM ) Erechtites hieracifolia (L.) Raf. (INM )(INM ) Erigeron canadensis L. INM (INM )(INM )(INM ) Erigeron philadelphicus L. INM

93 91 Eupatorium chinense L. INM Galinsoga ciliata (Raf.) Blake (INM ) Gnaphalium affine D. Don INM Gnaphalium calviceps Fern INM Gnaphalium japonicum Thunb. INM (INM ) Gnaphalium pensylvanicum Willd. INM Gnaphalium spicatum Lam. INM Helianthus tuberosus L. INM INM INM Hemistepta lyrata Bunge INM Hypochoeris radicata L. INM Ixeris debilis A. Gray INM INM INM (INM ) Ixeris dentata (Thunb.) Nakai (INM )(INM ) Kalimeris pinnatifida (Maxim.) Kitam. (INM )(INM ) Kalimeris pseudo-yomena Kitam. (INM )(INM )(INM ) Lactuca indica L. (INM )(INM ) Lactuca sororia Miq. (INM ) Lapsana humilis (Thunb.) Makino INM Parasenecio farfarifolius (Siebold et Zucc.) H.Koyama var. bulbifer (Maxim.) H.Koyama INM INM INM Pertya scandens (Thunb.) Sch. Bip. (INM )(INM ) Petasites japonicus (Sieb. et Zucc.) Maxim. INM Picris hieracioides L. subsp. japonica (Thunb.) Krylov INM Rudbeckia hirta L. var. pulcherrima Farwell INM Senecio vulgaris L. INM Serratula coronata L. subsp. insularis (Iljin) Kitam. INM Sigesbeckia orientalis L. subsp. glabrescens (Makino) Kitam.

94 92 (INM ) Sigesbeckia orientalis L. subsp. pubescens (Makino) Kitam. INM Solidago altissima L. INM Solidago virgaurea L. subsp. asiatica Kitam. INM (INM ) Sonchus asper (L.) Hill. INM INM Sonchus oleraceus L. INM Stenactis annuus (L.) Cass. (INM )(INM ) Syneilesis palmata (Thunb.) Maxim. INM Taraxacum hondoense Nakai (INM )(INM ) Taraxacum officinale Weber INM Taraxacum platycarpum Dahlst. INM Xanthium occidentale Bertoloni INM INM Youngia denticulata (Houtt.) Kitam. INM Youngia japonica (L.) DC. INM ALISMATACEAE Alisma plantago-aquatica L. var. orientale Samuels. INM (INM ) Sagittaria pygmaea Miq. (INM )(INM ) Sagittaria trifolia L. INM INM HYDROCHARITACEAE Elodea densa (Planch.) Casp. INM INM INM Elodea nuttallii (Planch.) St. John (INM )(INM ) Hydrocharis dubia (Blume) Backer (INM )(INM ) POTAMOGETONACEAE Potamogeton malaianus Miq. INM INM LILIACEAE Allium grayi Regel (INM )(INM ) Allium thunbergii G. Don (INM )

95 93 Cardiocrinum cordatum (Thunb.) Makino INM (INM )(INM ) Disporum sessile Don INM Hemerocallis fulva L. var. kwanso Regel INM Hosta albo-marginata (Hooker) Ohwi INM Lilium auratum Lindl. INM Liriope minor (Maxim.) Makino INM (INM ) Liriope platyphylla Wang et Tang INM (INM ) Lycoris radiata Herb. INM Ophiopogon japonicus (L. fil.) Ker-Gawl. INM INM Polygonatum falcatum A. Gray INM Polygonatum involucratum (Franch. et Savat.) Maxim. INM INM INM INM Polygonatum odoratum (Mill.) Druce var. pluriflorum (Miq.) Ohwi INM Scilla scilloides (Lindl.) Druce INM Smilax china L. INM Smilax riparia A. DC. var. ussuriensis (Regel) Hara et T. Koyama INM AMARYLLIDACEAE Lycoris sanguinea Maxim. (INM ) DIOSCOREACEAE Dioscorea japonica Thunb. INM Dioscorea tokoro Makino INM INM INM PONTEDERIACEAE Eichhornia crassipes Solms-Laub. INM INM Monochoria korsakowii Regel et Maack INM Monochoria vaginalis (Burm. f.) Kunth INM IRIDACEAE Iris japonica Thunb. INM Iris laevigata Fisch.

96 94 INM (INM ) Iris pseudoacorus L. INM Sisyrinchium atlanticum Bicknell INM Tritonia crocosmaeflora Lemoine INM JUNCACEAE Juncus alatus Franch. et Savat. (INM ) Juncus effusus L. var. decipiens Buchen. (INM )(INM ) Juncus leschenaultii Gay INM INM INM INM INM INM INM Juncus setchuensis Buchen. var. effusoides Buchen. (INM ) Juncus tenuis Willden. (INM )(INM ) Juncus wallichianus Laharpe INM Luzula capitata (Miq.) Miq. INM (INM ) COMMELINACEAE Commelina communis L. INM Murdannia keisak (Hassk.) Hand.-Mazz. INM INM Pollia japonica Thunb. INM POACEAE Agropyron tsukushiense (Honda) Ohwi var. transiens (Hack.) Ohwi (INM ) Agrostis alba L. INM INM Agrostis clavata Trin. subsp. matsumurae (Hack. ex Honda) T. Tateoka INM (INM )(INM ) Alopecurus aequalis Sobol. (INM )(INM ) Andropogon brevifolius Sw. INM Andropogon virginicus L. (INM ) Anthoxanthum odoratum L. INM (INM ) Arthraxon hispidus (Thunb.) Makino INM (INM ) Arundinella hirta (Thunb.) C. Tanaka INM INM INM (INM )(INM )

97 95 Avena fatua L. INM Beckmannia syzigachne (Steud.) Fernald INM (INM )(INM ) Briza maxima L. INM Briza minor L. INM Bromus catharticus Vahl INM INM Calamagrostis arundinacea (L.) Roth. var. brachytricha (Steud.) Hack. INM INM INM INM (INM ) Coix lacryma-jobi L. INM Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. (INM ) Dactylis glomerata L. INM (INM ) Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler (INM )(INM )(INM ) Digitaria timorensis (Kunth) Balansa (INM ) Digitaria violascens Link (INM ) Eccoilopus cotulifer (Thunb.) A. Camus INM (INM )(INM ) Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv. var. caudata (Roshev.) Kitag. INM Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv. var. echinata (Willd.) Honda INM Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertner (INM ) Eragrostis ferruginea (Thunb.) Beauv. INM INM (INM )(INM )(INM ) Eragrostis poaeoides Beauv. (INM ) Festuca arundinacea Schreb. INM INM Festuca myuros L. (INM )(INM ) Festuca parvigluma Steud. INM INM (INM ) Imperata cylindrica (L.) Beauv. INM Isachne globosa (Thunb.) O. Kuntze INM (INM ) Leersia japonica Makino (INM ) Leersia sayanuka Ohwi

98 96 INM INM Lolium multiflorum Lam. INM INM (INM ) Lolium perenne L. (INM ) Microstegium japonicum (Miq.) Koidz. INM (INM )(INM ) Microstegium vimineum (Trin.) A. Camus (INM )(INM )(INM )(INM )(INM ) Miscanthus sacchariflorus (Maxim.) Benth. (INM ) Miscanthus sinensis Anderss. INM Muhlenbergia japonica Steud. INM (INM ) Oplismenus undulatifolius (Arduino) Roem. et Schult. INM Panicum bisulcatum Thunb. INM (INM )(INM )(INM ) (INM )(INM ) Panicum dichotomiflorum Michx. INM (INM )(INM ) Paspalum dilatatum Poiret INM (INM ) Paspalum distichum L. (INM ) Paspalum thunbergii Kunth INM Pennisetum alopeculoides (L.) Spreng. INM Phalaris arundinacea L. INM INM INM Phleum pratense L. INM Phragmites communis Trin. (INM )(INM )(INM ) Phyllostachys bambusoides Sieb. et Zucc. INM Phyllostachys heterocycla (Carr.) Mitf. INM INM Pleioblastus simonii (Carr.) Nakai INM Poa acroleuca Steud. INM INM (INM )(INM )(INM ) Poa annua L. INM INM INM Poa compressa L. INM

99 97 Poa nipponica Koidz. INM (INM )(INM ) Poa pratensis L. INM Poa sphondylodes Trin. INM INM Sacciolepis indica (L.) Chase INM INM Sacciolepis indica (L.) Chase var. oryzetorum (Makino) Ohwi INM Sasa veitchii (Carr.) Rehd. INM INM Setaria faberi Herrm. (INM ) Setaria glauca (L.) Beauv. INM INM INM INM Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv. INM (INM )(INM ) Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. var. propinquum (Hitchc.) Ohwi INM INM Sporobolus fertilis (Steud.) W. Clayton INM INM (INM ) Trisetum bifidum (Thunb.) Ohwi (INM )(INM ) Zizania latifolia Turcz. (INM ) PALMAE Trachycarpus fortunei (Hook.) H. Wendl. INM ARACEAE Acorus calamus L. (INM ) Arisaema serratum (Thunb.) Schott INM INM (INM )(INM ) Arisaema thunbergii Blume subsp. urashima (Hara) Ohashi INM (INM )(INM ) Pinellia ternata (Thunb.) Breit. INM LEMNACEAE Lemna perpusilla Torrey INM Spirodela polyrhiza (L.) Schleid. (INM ) SPARGANIACEAE Sparganium erectum L. INM INM TYPHACEAE Typha angustifolia L.

100 98 INM Typha latifolia L. INM Typha orientaris Presl (INM ) CYPERACEAE Carex biwensis Franch. (INM ) Carex breviculmis R. Br. (INM ) Carex capricornis Meinsh. B (INM )(INM ) Carex dickinsii Franch. et Savat. (INM )(INM ) Carex dimorpholepis Steud. INM (INM )(INM )(INM )(INM ) Carex dispalata Boott INM INM INM (INM )(INM )(INM )(INM ) Carex gibba Wahlenb. INM INM Carex idzuroei Franch. et Savat. INM INM Carex incisa Boott INM INM INM Carex ischnostachya Steud. INM Carex japonica Thunb. (INM ) Carex lenta D. Don INM INM INM INM (INM )(INM ) Carex maximowiczii Miq. INM (INM )(INM ) Carex meurocarpa Maxim. INM INM (INM ) Carex parciflora Boott var. macroglossa (Franch. et Savat.) Ohwi INM INM INM INM INM INM (INM ) Carex thunbergii Steud. INM INM INM INM Cyperus brevifolius (Rottb.) Hassk. var. leiolepis (Franch. et Savat.) T. Koyama (INM )(INM )

101 99 Cyperus difformis L. INM INM Cyperus flaccidus R. Br. INM (INM ) Cyperus flavidus Retz. INM Cyperus haspan L. INM INM Cyperus iria L. INM INM INM INM (INM ) Cyperus microiria Steud. INM (INM )(INM ) Cyperus nipponicus Franch. et Savat. (INM ) Cyperus odoratus L. INM INM INM Cyperus orthostachyus Franch. et Savat. INM Cyperus polystachyos Rottb. (INM ) Cyperus sanguinolentus Vahl INM Eleocharis wichurae Boecklr. INM Fimbristylis autumnalis (L.) Roem. et Schult. INM Fimbristylis complanata (Retz.) Link INM Fimbristylis diphylloides Makino INM Fimbristylis miliacea (L.) Vahl INM INM (INM ) Fimbristylis squarrosa Vahl INM INM Fimbristylis subbispicata Nees et Mey. INM INM (INM ) Rhynchospora rugosa Gale INM Scirpus fluviatilis (Torr.) A. Gray (INM ) Scirpus juncoides (Roxb.) Palla subsp. juncoides INM INM INM INM Scirpus mitsukurianus Makino INM INM INM

102 100 Scirpus tabernaemontani Gmel. (INM )(INM ) Scirpus triangulatus Roxb. (INM ) Scirpus triqueter L. INM Scirpus wichurae Boecklr. INM ZINGIBERACEAE Zingiber mioga (Thunb.) Roscoe INM ORCHIDACEAE Cephalanthera erecta (Thunb.) Blume INM Cephalanthera falcata (Thunb.) Blume INM Cephalanthera longibracteata Blume INM INM Cymbidium goeringii (Reichb. fil.) Reichb. fil. INM Liparis nervosa (Thunb.) Lindl. INM Platanthera minor (Miq.) Reichb. fil. INM (INM ) Spiranthes sinensis (Pers.) Ames var. amoena (M. Bieberson) Hara INM INM-2-

103 Bull. Ibaraki Nat. Mus., (10): (2007) The Vascular Plant Flora of the Kokai River in Ibaraki Prefecture Kazuo OBATA Accepted March 18, 2007 Abstract The vascular plant flora survey of the Kokai River area in Ibaraki Prefecture was conducted during the years from 2003 to As a result, 374 native species including 22 endangered species and 80 alien species were recorded from the area. Key words: vascular plant, flora, Kokai River, endangered species, alien species m 112 km76 km1,032 km /4, * Ibaraki Nature Museum, 700 Osaki, Bando, Ibaraki , Japan

104 km ,217 mm , m 3 4 m

105 103 Table 1. Locations and dates of surveys. Fig. 1. Locations of surveys.

106

107 8km

108 m 300 m m km km km 15 Table 2. Vascular plant species found along the Kokai River, Kinu River and Tone River.

109 Fig. 2. Native species found along the Kokai River, Kinu River and Tone River. Fig. 3. Alien species found along the Kokai River, Kinu River and Tone River

110 Table 3. Endangered species found along the Kokai River, Kinu River and Tone River. Ophioglossum namegatae Persicaria trigonocarpa Viola raddeana Apodicarpum ikenoi Pterygopleurum neurophyllum Galium tokyoense Gagea japonica Persicaria foliosa var. paludicola Rumex nipponicus Rumex longifolius Ranunculus extorris Thalictrum simplex var. brevipes Penthorum chinense Euphorbia adenochlora Nymphoides peltata Amsonia elliptica Aster tripolium Eupatorium fortunei Arisaema heterophyllum Cyperus exaltatus var. iwasakii Rorippa cantoniensis Salvia plebeia Veronica undulata Sparganium erectum

111 /4, Table 4. A list of endangered species that grows at each location in Kokai River. Ophioglossum namegatae Persicaria trigonocarpa Viola raddeana Apodicarpum ikenoi Pterygopleurum neurophyllum Galium tokyoense Gagea japonica Persicaria foliosa var. paludicola Rumex longifolius Ranunculus extorris Thalictrum simplex var. brevipes Penthorum chinense Euphorbia adenochlora Nymphoides peltata Amsonia elliptica Eupatorium fortunei Arisaema heterophyllum Cyperus exaltatus var. iwasakii Rorippa cantoniensis Salvia plebeia Veronica undulata Sparganium erectum

112 110 3 a pp., pp ,3: pp., pp., pp.+cd-rom : pp., pp pp 1999 : pp., : : : a : : : pp pp., 1996 pp

113

114 112 Appendix. A list of vascular plant specimens of the Kokai River area. SELAGINELLACEAE Selaginella remotifolia Spring INM INM INM EQUISETACEAE Equisetum arvense L. INM INM INM Equisetum hyemale L. INM INM INM INM INM Equisetum ramosissimum Desf. INM INM OPHIOGLOSSACEAE Botrychium japonicum (Prantl) Underw. INM INM INM INM INM INM Botrychium ternatum (Thunb.) Sw. INM INM INM INM INM Ophioglossum namegatae Nishida et Kurita B INM SCHIZAEACEAE Lygodium japonicus (Thunb.) Sw. INM INM INM INM PARKERIACEAE Ceratopteris thalictroides (L.) Brongn. INM THELYPTERIDACEAE Thelypteris palustris (Salisb.) Schott INM INM INM Thelypteris torresiana (Gaud.) Alston var. calvata (Bak.) Holtt. INM INM INM Thelypteris viridifrons Tagawa INM INM WOODSIACEAE Athyrium niponicum (Mett.) Hance INM Deparia japonica (Thunb.) M. Kato INM INM INM INM INM INM INM INM INM INM INM Onoclea sensibilis L. var. interrupta Maxim. INM INM INM INM INM POLYPODIACEAE

115 113 Lepisorus thuncergianus (Kaulf.) Ching INM TAXODIACEAE Cryptomeria japonica (L. fil.) D. Don INM CUPRESSACEAE Chamaecyparis obtusa (Sieb. et Zucc.) Endl. INM INM Chamaecyparis pisifera (Sieb. et Zucc.) Endl. INM JUGLANDACEAE Juglans mandshurica Maxim. var. sachalinensis (Miyabe et Kudo) Kitam. INM INM INM INM SALICACEAE Salix chaenomeloides Kimura INM INM INM INM INM Salix eriocarpa Franch. et Savat. INM INM INM INM INM INM INM INM INM INM INM INM INM INM INM Salix gilgiana Seemen INM INM Salix koriyanagi Kimura INM INM INM Salix sachalinensis Fr. Schmidt INM INM INM Salix serissaefolia Kimura INM INM INM Salix subfragilis Andersson INM INM INM INM INM INM INM BETULACEAE Alnus japonica (Thunb.) Steud. INM INM INM INM FAGACEAE Castanea crenata Sieb. et Zucc. INM Quercus acutissima Carrutherus INM INM INM INM INM INM INM Quercus myrsinaefolia Blume INM Quercus serrata Thunb. ex Muuray INM INM INM ULMACEAE Aphananthe aspera (Thunb.) Planchon

116 114 INM INM INM Celtis sinensis Persoon var. japonica (Planch.) Nakai INM INM INM Zelkova serrata (Thunb.) Makino INM MORACEAE Broussonetia kazinoki Sieb. INM INM INM Humulus japonicus Sieb. et Zucc. INM INM INM INM Morus alba L. INM INM INM INM INM URTICACEAE Boehmeria longispica Steud. INM INM Boehmeria platanifolia Franch. et Savat. INM INM Boehmeria sieboldiana Blume INM INM INM INM INM Pilea hamaoi Makino INM INM Pilea mongolica Weddell INM INM SANTALACEAE Thesium chinense Turcz. INM INM INM POLYGONACEAE Antenoron filiforme (Thunb.) Roberty et Vautier INM Persicaria conspicua (Nakai) Nakai INM INM INM Persicaria foliosa (H. Lindb.) Kitag. var. paludicola (Makino) Hara INM Persicaria hydropiper (L.) Spach INM INM INM INM Persicaria japonica (Meisn.) H. Gross INM INM Persicaria lapathifoliua (L.) S. F. Gray INM INM Persicaria longiseta (De Bruyn) Kitag. INM INM INM INM INM INM Persicaria maackianum (Regel) Nakai INM INM INM Persicaria perfoliata (L.) H. Gross INM INM Persicaria pilosa (Roxb.) Kitag. INM INM

117 115 Persicaria sieboldii (Meisn.) Ohki INM INM Persicaria thunbergii (Sieb. et Zucc.) H. Gross INM INM INM Persicaria trigonocarpa (Makino) Nakai B INM INM INM INM INM INM INM INM INM INM INM INM Persicaria viscosa (Hamilt.) H. Gross INM INM INM INM Persicaria vulgaris Webb. et Miq. INM INM INM INM Persicaria yokusaniana (Makino) Nakai INM Polygonum aviculare L. INM Reynoutria japonica Houtt. INM INM Rumex acetosa L. INM INM INM INM INM INM Rumex conglomeratus Murr. INM INM Rumex crispus L. INM Rumex japonicus Houtt. INM Rumex longifolius DC. INM INM INM Rumex obtusifolius L. INM INM PHYTOLACCACEAE Phytolacca americana L. INM INM MOLLUGINACEAE Mollugo pentaphylla L. INM PORTULACACEAE Portulaca oleracea L. INM INM CARYOPHYLLACEAE Cerastium glomeratum Thuill. INM INM Myosoton aquaticum (L.) Moench INM INM Sagina japonica (Sw.) Ohwi INM INM INM Stellaria alsine Grimm var. undulata (Thunb.) Ohwi INM INM INM

118 INM INM INM Stellaria media (L.) Villars INM INM INM INM INM INM Stellaria neglecta Weihe INM INM INM CHENOPODIACEAE Ambrina ambrosioides (L.) Spach var. pubescens Makino INM INM INM INM INM Atriplex hastata L. INM INM INM Chenopodium album L. INM INM AMARANTHACEAE Achyranthes bidentata Blume var. japonica Miq. INM INM Achyranthes longifolia (Makino) Makino INM Amaranthus patulus Bertoloni INM INM INM INM INM MAGNOLIACEAE Magnolia praecoccisima Koidz. INM INM LAURACEAE Lindera glauca (Sieb. et Zucc.) Blume INM INM Neolitsea sericea (Bl.) Koidzumi INM INM INM INM RANUNCULACEAE Clematis terniflora DC. INM INM INM INM INM Ranunculus cantoniensis DC. INM INM INM INM Ranunculus extorris Hance INM INM Ranunculus japonicus Thunb. INM INM INM Thalictrum minus L. var. hypoleucum (Sieb. et Zucc.) Miq. INM INM INM INM Thalictrum simplex L. var. brevipes Hara INM INM INM INM BERBERIDACEAE Nandina domestica Thunb. INM LARDIZABALACEAE

119 117 Akebia quinata (Thunb.) Decaisne INM INM INM INM INM INM INM MENISPERMACEAE Cocculus trilobus (Thunb.) DC. INM INM NYMPHAEACEAE Cabomba caroliniana A. Gray INM INM INM INM INM SAURURACEAE Houttuynia cordata Thunb. INM Saururus chinensis (Lour.) Baill. INM INM INM ARISTOLOCHIACEAE Aristolochia debilis Sieb. et Zucc. INM THEACEAE Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze INM INM INM INM GUTTIFERAE Hypericum erectum Thunb. INM INM INM Hypericum perforatum L. var. angustifolium DC. INM INM Sarothra laxa (Blume) Y. Kimura INM PAPAVERACEAE Corydalis decumbens (Thunb.) Pers. INM INM INM INM INM Corydalis incisa (Thunb.) Pers. INM INM INM INM INM CRUCIFERAE Arabis hirsuta (L.) Scopoli INM Brassica juncea Czern. INM INM INM Brassica napus L. INM INM Capsella bursa-pastoris Medicus INM INM INM Cardamine flexuosa With. INM Cardamine parviflora L. INM INM INM INM INM INM INM INM INM INM INM

120 Draba nemorosa L. INM INM INM Lepidium virginicum L. INM INM Rorippa cantoniensis (Lour.) Ohwi INM INM INM Rorippa indica (L.) Hiern INM INM Rorippa islandica (Oeder) Borbas INM Thlaspi arvense L. INM INM INM CRASSULACEAE Sedum bulbiferum Makino INM INM Sedum makinoi Maxim. INM Sedum sarmentosum Bunge INM SAXIFRAGACEAE Deutzia crenata Sieb. et Zucc. INM INM INM Penthorum chinense Pursh INM INM INM ROSACEAE Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb. var. japonica (Miq.) Nakai INM INM INM INM Chaenomeles japonica (Thunb.) Lindl. ex Sprach INM INM INM Duchesnea chrysantha (Zoll. et Mor.) Miq. INM INM INM Duchesnea indica (Andr.) Focke INM Malus toringo (Sieb.) Sieb. ex Vriese INM INM Potentilla amurensis Maxim. INM Potentilla freyniana Bornm. INM INM INM Potentilla sundaica (Bl.) O. Kuntze var. robusta (Franch. et Savat.) Kitag. INM INM Pourthiaea vilosa (Thunb.) Decaisne var. laevis (Thunb.) Stapf. INM INM INM INM Prunus buergeriana Miq. INM INM Prunus grayana Maxim. INM INM

121 119 Rosa multiflora Thunb. INM INM INM INM Rubus parvifolius L. INM INM Sanguisorba officinalis L. INM INM LEGMINOSAE Aeschynomene indica L. INM INM Albizia julibrissin Durazz. INM INM INM Amphicarpaea bractaeta (L.) Felnald subsp. edgeworthii (Benth.) Ohashi var. japonica (Oliver) Ohashi INM INM INM INM INM Astragalus sinicus L. INM INM INM Desmodium paniculatum (L.) DC. INM INM Desmodium podocarpum DC. subsp. oxyphyllum (DC.) Ohashi INM INM Gleditsia japonica Miq. INM INM Glycine max (L.) Merr. subsp. soja (Sieb. et Zucc.) Ohashi INM INM INM INM INM Lespedeza juncea (L. fil.) Pers. var. subsessilis Miq. INM INM Lespedeza pilosa (Thunb.) Sieb. et Zucc. INM INM Lespedeza stipulacea Maxim. INM INM Lespedeza striata (Thunb.) Hook. et Arn. INM INM Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi INM INM Robinia pseudoacacia L. INM INM Trifolium dubium Sibth. INM INM INM Trifolium pratense L. INM INM INM Trifolium repens L. INM INM Vicia amoena Fisch. INM INM Vicia angustifolia L. INM INM INM Vicia cracca L. INM INM

122 120 Vicia tetrasperma (L.) Schreb. INM INM Vicia villosa Roth. subsp. varia (Host) Corb. INM INM Wisteria floribunda (Willd.) DC. INM INM INM OXALIDACEAE Oxalis corniculata L. INM INM GERANIACEAE Geranium carolinianum L. INM INM INM INM INM INM Geranium nepalense Sweet subsp. thunbergii (Sieb. et Zucc.) Hara INM INM EUPHORBIACEAE Acalypha australis L. INM INM Euphorbia adenochlora Morr. et Decne. INM INM INM INM INM Euphorbia helioscopia L. INM INM Euphorbia maculata L. INM INM Euphorbia supina Rafin. INM INM INM Mallotus japonicus (Thunb. ex Murray) Mueller-Arg. INM INM RUTACEAE Zanthoxylum piperitum (L.) DC. INM SIMAROUBACEAE Picrasma quassioides (D. Don) Benn. INM MELIACEAE Melia azedarach L. var. subtripinnata Miq. INM INM ANACARDIACEAE Rhus javanica L. var. roxburghii (DC.) Rehd. et Wils. INM INM ACERACEAE Acer ginnala Maxim. INM INM INM INM INM AQUIFOLIACEAE Ilex crenata Thunb. INM CELASTRACEAE Celastrus orbiculatus Thunb. INM INM INM INM INM INM Euonymus alatus (Thunb.) Sieb.

123 121 INM Euonymus alatus (Thunb.) Sieb. form. striatus (Thunb.) Makino INM INM INM INM INM Euonymus jaonicus Thunb. INM Euonymus sieboldianus Blume INM INM INM INM INM STAPHYLEACEAE Euscaphis japonica (Thunb.) Kanitz INM INM RHAMNACEAE Berchemia racemosa Sieb. et Zucc. INM INM Rhamnus japonica Maxim. var. decipiens Maxim. INM INM INM INM INM INM INM INM INM VITACEAE Ampelopsis brevipedunculata (Maxim.) Trautv. var. heterophylla (Thunb.) Hara INM INM Cayratia japonica (Thunb.) Gagn. INM INM Parthenocissus tricuspidata (Sieb. et Zucc.) Planch. INM INM Vitis thunbergii Sieb. et Zucc. INM INM ELAEAGNACEAE Elaeagnus glabra Thunb. INM Elaeagnus multiflora Thunb. INM INM Elaeagnus umbellata Thunb. INM VIOLACEAE Viola betonicifolia Smith var. albescens (Nakai) F. Maek. INM INM INM Viola confusa Champ. ex Bentham subsp. nagasakiensis (W. Becker) F. Maek. et Hashimoto INM INM Viola mandshurica W. Becker INM Viola odorata L. INM Viola raddeana Regel B INM INM INM INM INM Viola verecunda A. Gray INM INM INM INM INM CUCURBITACEAE Actinostemma lobatum Maxim. ex Franch. et Savat. INM INM

124 122 Gynostemma pentaphylla (Thunb.) Makino INM INM INM INM Melothria japonica (Thunb.) Maxim. ex Cogn. INM INM Sicyos angulatus L. INM INM INM INM INM Trichosanthes cucumeroides (Ser.) Maxim. INM INM INM INM LYTHRACEAE Ammannia coccinea Rottb. INM Lythrum anceps (Koehne) Makino INM INM TRAPACEAE Trapa japonica Flerov INM INM INM INM INM ONAGRACEAE Circaea mollis Sieb. et Zucc. INM INM Ludwigia epilobioides Maxim. INM Oenothera biennis L. INM INM Oenothera perennis L. INM INM HALORAGACEAE Myriophyllum brasiliense Cambess. INM INM CORNACEAE Aucuba japonica Thunb. INM INM INM ARALIACEAE Acanthopanax spinosus (L. fil.) Miq. INM INM Hedera rhombea (Miq.) Bean INM INM INM UMBELLIFERAE Apodicarpum ikenoi Makino B INM INM Heracleum nipponicum Kitag. INM Hydrocotyle matirima Honda INM INM INM Oenanthe javanica DC. INM INM INM Osmorhiza aristata (Thunb.) Rydb. INM INM INM INM INM

125 Pterygopleurum neurophyllum (Maxim.) Kitag. B INM INM INM INM Torilis scabra (Thunb.) DC. INM INM INM INM MYRSINACEAE Ardisia crenata Sims INM PRIMULACEAE Lysimachia clethroides Duby INM INM Lysimachia fortunei Maxim. INM INM Lysimachia japonica Thunb. INM EBENACEAE Diospyros kaki Thunb. INM STYRACACEAE Styrax japonica Sieb. et Zucc. INM INM INM INM INM SYMPLOCACEAE Symplocos chinensis (Lour.) Druce var. leucocarpa (Nakai) Ohwi form. pilosa (Nakai) Ohwi INM INM OLEACEAE Ligustrum obtusifolium Sieb. et Zucc. INM INM INM INM INM INM INM INM INM MENYANTHACEAE Nymphoides peltata (Gmel.) O. Kuntze INM INM INM INM INM INM INM INM APOCYNACEAE Amsonia elliptica Roem. et Schult. INM INM INM INM INM INM INM INM INM ASCLEPIADACEAE Cynanchum sublanceolatum (Miq.) Matsum. INM INM Metaplexis japonica (Thunb.) Makino INM INM INM INM INM RUBIACEAE Galium spurium L. var. echinospermon (Wallr.) Hayek INM INM Galium tokyoense Makino B INM INM Galium trachyspermum A. Gray

126 124 INM INM INM Hedyotis lindleyana Hook. var. hirsuta (L. fil.) Hara INM INM INM INM Paederia scandens (Lour.) Merr. INM INM Rubia argyi (Lév.) Hara INM INM INM INM CONVOLVULACEAE Calystegia hederacea Wall. INM INM Calystegia japonica Choisy INM INM Cuscuta pentagona Engelm. INM INM INM INM INM Quamoclit coccinea (L.) Moench INM INM INM INM INM BORAGINACEAE Bothriospermum tenellum (Hornem.) Fisch. et C. A. Mey. INM INM INM INM Trigonotis peduncularis (Trevir.) Benth. INM INM INM VERBENACEAE Phryma leptostachya L. var. asiatica Hara INM CALLITRICHACEAE Callitriche palustris L. INM INM INM LABIATAE Ajuga decumbens Thunb. INM Clinopodium gracile (Benth.) O. Kuntze INM Glechoma hederacea L. subsp. grandis (A. Gray) Hara INM INM Lamium album L. var. barbatum (Sieb. et Zucc.) Franch. et Savat. INM INM INM Lamium amplexicaule L. INM INM INM Lamium purpureum L. INM INM INM Lycopus lucidus Turcz. INM INM Lycopus ramosissimus Makino INM INM Lycopus ramosissimus Makino var. japonicus (Matsum. et Kudo) Kitam. INM INM INM

127 125 Mentha arvensis L. var. piperascens Malinv. INM INM Mosla dianthera (Hamilt.) Maxim. INM INM INM Mosla punctulata (J. F. Gmel.) Nakai INM INM INM Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton var. crispa (Thunb.) Decne. INM Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton var. frutescens INM INM INM INM INM INM INM INM INM Salvia plebeia R. Br. INM INM INM INM INM Stachys riederi Chamisso var. intermedia (Kudo) Kitam. INM INM INM INM INM INM INM Teucrium japonicum Houtt. INM INM INM INM SOLANACEAE Lycium chinense Miller INM INM INM Solanum americanum Mill INM INM Solanum carolinense L. INM INM INM INM Solanum lyratum Thunb. INM INM SCROPHULARIACEAE Lindernia antipoda (L.) Alston INM Lindernia dubia (L.) Pennell INM INM INM Mazus miquelii Makino INM INM INM Mazus pumilus (Burm. fil.) van Steenis INM INM Scrophularia buergeriana Miq. INM INM INM INM INM Veronica arvensis L. INM INM Veronica peregrina L. INM INM INM Veronica persica Poir. INM INM

128 126 Veronica undulata Wall. INM INM INM ACANTHACEAE Justicia procumbens L. INM INM PLANTAGINACEAE Plantago asiatica L. INM INM INM INM CAPRIFOLIACEAE Lonicera gracilipes Miq. var. glabra Miq. INM INM INM Lonicera gracilipes Miquel INM INM Lonicera japonica Thunberg INM Sambucus racemosa L. subsp. sieboldiana (Miq.) Hara INM INM INM Viburnum dilatatum Thunb. ex Murray INM INM INM INM Viburnum sieboldii Miquel INM INM INM INM INM VALERIANACEAE Valerianella locusta (L.) Betcke INM INM INM INM INM CAMPANULACEAE Codonopsis lanceolata (Sieb. et Zucc.) Trautv. INM INM Codonopsis ussuriensis (Rupr. et Maxim.) Hemsley INM INM INM Lobelia chinensis Lour. INM INM COMPOSITAE Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. var. elatior (L.) Descurtilz INM Ambrosia trifida L. INM INM INM INM Artemisia feddei Lév. et Vaniot INM INM Artemisia princeps Pamp. INM INM INM INM Aster ageratoides Turcz. subsp. ovatus (Franch. et Savat.) Kitam. INM INM Aster subulatus Michx. var. sandwicensis (A. Gray) A. G. Jones INM INM INM INM INM INM INM-2-

129 Bidens frondosa L. INM INM Bidens pilosa L. var. pilosa INM INM Bidens tripartita L. INM INM Centipeda minima (L.) A. Br. et Aschers. INM INM Cirsium japonicum DC. INM INM Cirsium pendulum Fisch. INM INM INM INM INM Conyza sumatrensis (Retz.) Walker INM INM Eclipta alba (L.) Hasskarl INM INM Eclipta thermalis Bunge INM INM Erigeron canadensis L. INM INM Erigeron philadelphicus L. INM INM Eupatorium fortunei Turcz. INM INM Galinsoga ciliata (Raf.) Blake INM Gnaphalium affine D. Don INM Gnaphalium pensylvanicum Willd. INM INM INM Gnaphalium spicatum Lam. INM INM Helianthus tuberosus L. INM INM Hemistepta lyrata Bunge INM INM Ixeris debilis A. Gray INM INM INM INM INM Ixeris dentata (Thunb.) Nakai INM INM Ixeris polycephala Cass. INM INM INM Kalimeris pinnatifida (Maxim.) Kitam. INM INM INM INM Kalimeris pseudo-yomena Kitam. INM INM Lactuca indica L. INM INM

130 128 Lapsana apogonoides Maxim. INM INM Lapsana humilis (Thunb.) Makino INM INM INM INM Picris hieracioides L. subsp. japonica (Thunb.) Krylov INM INM Senecio vulgaris L. INM Solidago altissima L. INM INM Sonchus asper (L.) Hill. INM Sonchus oleraceus L. INM INM INM Stenactis annuus (L.) Cass. INM INM INM Taraxacum officinale Weber INM INM Taraxacum platycarpum Dahlst. INM INM INM Xanthium occidentale Bertoloni INM INM Youngia japonica (L.) DC. INM INM HYDROCHARITACEAE Egeria densa Planch. INM Elodea nuttallii (Planch.) St. John INM INM INM Vallisneria denseserrulata (Makino) Makino INM INM INM POTAMOGETONACEAE Potamogeton crispus L. INM INM INM INM INM Potamogeton malaianus Miq. INM INM INM INM INM INM INM LILIACEAE Allium grayi Regel INM INM INM Amana edulis (Miq.) Honda INM INM INM Gagea japonica Pascher B INM INM INM Hosta albo-marginata (Hooker) Ohwi INM INM Lilium lancifolium Thunb. INM Liriope platyphylla Wang et Tang

131 129 INM INM INM INM Ophiopogon japonicus (L. fil.) Ker-Gawl. INM Ophiopogon japonicus (L. fil.) Ker-Gawl. var. umbrosus Maxim. INM INM Polygonatum odoratum (Mill.) Druce var. pluriflorum (Miq.) Ohwi INM Rohdea japonica (Thunb.) Roth INM INM Scilla scilloides (Lindl.) Druce INM INM Smilax china L. INM Smilax riparia A. DC. var. ussuriensis (Regel) Hara et T. Koyama INM INM INM INM INM AMARYLLIDACEAE Lycoris radiata Herb. INM INM INM DIOSCOREACEAE Dioscorea japonica Thunb. INM Dioscorea tokoro Makino INM IRIDACEAE Iris pseudoacorus L. INM INM Sisyrinchium atlanticum Bicknell INM JUNCACEAE Juncus effusus L. var. decipiens Buchen. INM Juncus leschenaultii Gay INM Juncus tenuis Willden. INM INM Juncus wallichianus Laharpe INM INM Luzula capitata (Miq.) Miq. INM INM INM COMMELINACEAE Commelina communis L. INM INM Murdannia keisak (Hassk.) Hand.-Mazz. INM INM POACEAE Agropyron ciliare (Trin.) Franch. var. minus (Miq.) Ohwi INM INM INM Agropyron tsukushiense (Honda) Ohwi var. transiens (Hack.) Ohwi INM INM Agrostis alba L.

132 130 INM Agrostis clavata Trin. var. nukabo Ohwi INM INM INM INM Alopecurus aequalis Sobol. var. amurensis (Komar.) Ohwi INM INM Arthraxon hispidus (Thunb.) Makino INM INM Arundinella hirta (Thunb.) C. Tanaka INM INM INM Avena fatua L. INM INM Beckmannia syzigachne (Steud.) Fernald INM INM INM Bromus catharticus Vahl INM INM Bromus japonicus Thunb. INM INM INM INM INM Bromus pauciflorus (Thunb.) Hack. INM INM Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler INM Digitaria violascens Link INM INM INM INM Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv. var. caudata (Roshev.) Kitag. INM INM Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv. var. echinata (Willd.) Honda INM INM Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertner INM INM Eragrostis curvula (Schrad.) Nees INM INM Eragrostis ferruginea (Thunb.) Beauv. INM INM Festuca elatior L. INM INM Festuca myuros L. INM INM Festuca parvigluma Steud. INM INM INM INM INM INM INM INM INM INM INM INM Glyceria ischyroneura Steudel INM INM INM Hemarthria sibirica (Gandog.) Ohwi INM INM INM Imperata cylindrica (L.) Beauv. INM INM INM

133 131 Isachne globosa (Thunb.) O. Kuntze INM INM Leersia japonica Makino INM INM Lolium multiflorum Lam. INM Lolium perenne L. INM Microstegium vimineum (Trin.) A. Camus INM INM Miscanthus sacchariflorus (Maxim.) Benth. INM INM Miscanthus sinensis Anderss. INM INM Oplismenus undulatifolius (Arduino) Roem. et Schult. INM INM Panicum bisulcatum Thunb. INM INM INM INM Panicum dichotomiflorum Michx. INM INM INM INM Paspalum dilatatum Poiret INM INM INM Paspalum distichum L. var. indutum Shinners INM INM INM INM Paspalum thunbergii Kunth INM INM Pennisetum alopecuroides (L.) Spreng. INM INM Phalaris arundinacea L. INM INM Phragmites communis Trin. INM INM INM Phragmites japonica Steud. INM INM INM INM INM INM Phyllostachys bambusoides Sieb. et Zucc. INM Pleioblastus chino (Franch. et Savat.) Makino INM Pleioblastus simonii (Carr.) Nakai INM Poa acroleuca Steud. INM INM INM INM INM INM Poa acroleuca Steud. var. submoniliformis Makino INM INM INM Poa annua L. INM

134 132 Poa nipponica Koidz. INM INM INM Poa sphondylodes Trin. INM INM INM INM INM INM INM INM INM INM Setaria faberi Herrm. INM INM INM Setaria glauca (L.) Beauv. INM INM Sorghum bicolor Moench INM INM Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. var. propinquum (Hitchc.) Ohwi INM INM Trisetum bifidum (Thunb.) Ohwi INM INM INM INM INM INM Zizania latifolia Turcz. INM INM INM Zoysia japonica Steud. INM PALMAE Trachycarpus fortunei (Hook.) H. Wendl. INM ARACEAE Arisaema heterophyllum Blume INM INM INM INM Pinellia ternata (Thunb.) Breit. INM SPARGANIACEAE Sparganium erectum L. INM INM TYPHACEAE Typha angustifolia L. INM INM Typha orientaris Presl INM INM CYPERACEAE Carex aphanolepsis Franch. et Savat. INM INM INM INM INM INM INM INM INM INM INM INM INM Carex breviculmis R. Br. INM INM INM INM INM INM Carex dimorpholepis Steud. INM INM Carex dispalata Boott INM INM INM Carex doniana Spreng.

135 133 INM INM INM INM Carex gibba Wahlenb. INM INM INM INM INM Carex idzuroei Franch. et Savat. INM INM INM INM INM INM INM INM INM INM INM INM INM INM INM INM INM INM INM INM INM INM INM Carex japonica Thunb. INM INM INM INM INM Carex kiotensis Franch. et Savat. INM INM Carex maaskii Maxim. INM INM INM INM INM INM Carex meurocarpa Maxim. INM INM INM INM INM Carex parciflora Boott var. macroglossa (Franch. et Savat.) Ohwi INM INM Carex thunbergii Steud. INM INM INM INM INM INM INM INM INM INM INM Carex transversa Boott INM INM INM INM INM INM INM INM Cyperus brevifolius (Rottb.) Hassk. var. leiolepis (Franch. et Savat.) T. Koyama INM INM Cyperus difformis L. INM INM Cyperus exaltatus Retz. var. iwasakii (Makino) T. Koyama INM INM Cyperus flaccidus R. Br. INM INM Cyperus flavidus Retz. INM INM Cyperus iria L. INM INM Cyperus microiria Steud. INM INM Cyperus odoratus L. INM INM INM Cyperus sanguinolentus Vahl INM INM Cyperus serotinus Rottb. INM INM INM INM INM

136 134 Eleocharis acicularis (L.) Roem. et Schult. var. longiseta Svenson INM INM Fimbristylis dichotoma (L.) Vahl INM INM INM INM Fimbristylis diphylloides Makino INM INM Fimbristylis miliacea (L.) Vahl INM Scirpus fluviatilis (Torr.) A. Gray INM INM Scirpus mitsukurianus Makino INM INM Scirpus tabernaemontani Gmel. INM Scirpus triqueter L. INM INM ORCHIDACEAE Spiranthes sinensis (Pers.) Ames var. amoena (M. Bieberson) Hara INM INM INM-2-

137 Bull. Ibaraki Nat. Mus., (10): (2007) The Inspection Report of the New Educational Facilities of the Natural History Museum, London Darwin Centre, Clore Education Centre, and Earth Lab Hideo TAKIMOTO Accepted March 15, 2007 Abstract This paper deals with the new educational facilities of the Natural History Museum, London after a visit in December The new educational facilities include the Darwin Centre, the Clore Education Centre, and Earth Lab. The Darwin Centre is an especially revolutionary facility which is a storage area for the museum s specimens. However, unlike most storage areas, it is open to visitors. It will radically change perceptions of what a museum is and can be. Key words: the Natural History Museum, the Darwin Centre, storage area, education The British Museum The Natural History MuseumNHM * Ibaraki Nature Museum, 700 Osaki, Bando, Ibaraki , Japan

138 136 Fig. 1. The Central Hall of the Natural History Museum, London. The Central Hall is home to the awe-inspiring skeleton of Diplodocus. Fig. 2. The Entrance Hall of the Darwin Centre. Visitors can see specimens in the storage area and watch scientists perform studies through glass Geological Museum 3 The Natural History Museum, London, 2004, The Natural History Museum Souvenir Guide Seventh edition NHM The Natural History Museum, London, 2004, Annual Review , , Phase1, Phase1 Phase DNA 4 20 Taxonomic Systematic

139 Taxonomy Workshop A 1618 BiodiversityConservation Ecological Fig. 3. Darwin Centre Explore Tour. Scientists show visitors specimens in the storage area. In this picture, a scientist shows her favorite specimen Coelacanth to the visitors. Fig. 4. Taxonomy Workshop in the Darwin Centre. Students are classifying shells on the table into several groups while having a discussion. Taxonomy BBC2 NHK NHM

140 138 Fig. 5. Darwin Centre Live. The informal, open studio environment is designed to engage visitors and is situated on the ground floor. These events are also archived online for use in homes and schools. Feature is Wild DVD NHM 3 25 Fig. 6. The Clore Education Centre. The activity called Investigate encourages students to make observations, look for relationships and draw their own conclusions

141 Fig. 7. Systematic exhibit of the Earth Lab. In the Earth Lab visitors can see a comprehensive display of British rocks, fossils, and minerals. Fig. 8. Workshop at the Earth Lab. Scientists assist and inspire the visitors, to examine their rock and fossil specimens Excellence and Equity American Association of Museums, Common Wealth Anderson, 1997

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