Microsoft PowerPoint - 2_vision.pptx
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- まな みやくぼ
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1 人の視覚とカメラとディスプレイ -1 視覚
2 Topics Eye structure Eye sensors Depth perception Eye movement
3 Eye Structure Cornea: surface lens LASIK: Laser in Situ Keratomileusis Lens: Internal lens. Focal length is adjustable by deformation. Iris: Adjust amount of light. Retina: Light sensor
4 Comparison with Camera レンズ /Lens Camera: 1 Eye: 2 虹彩 /Iris: same センサ /Sensor Camera: Film or CCD Eye: Retina Difference = Focal length adjustment( ) Camera: Shift lens Eye: Deform lens
5 Retina = Optical Sensor Fovea: Center of vision. Very high spatial resolution. Optic nerve: Nerve from retina to brain. Optic nerve is in front of the retina. (transparent) Optic disc (blind spot): Hole that optic nerve axons exit.
6 Blind Spot 1. Close your right eye, and gaze + with your left eye. 2. Move the paper back and force, and find disappears. 3. You also find the line connected.
7 Topics Eye structure Eye sensors Depth perception Eye movement
8 Optic cells in the retina Rod Cell ( ) and Cone Cell ( ) Light to electric conversion is done at outer segment. Channels composed of protein is opened by the light. Rod cell has longer outer segment.
9 Rod cell Black and White sensor. Plays major role when dark High sensitivity (x100 cone cell) Can capture single photon One eye has 130,000,000 cells. Slow response.
10 Cone cell Color sensing Three types (L,M,S) Caused by different proteins in the channel. Play major role when bright. Has lower sensitivity. One eye has 7,000,000. Clustered at fovea ( ). Fast Response.
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13 このイメージは 現在表示できません Distribution of the cells. Cone cell = central vision ( 中心視 ) Peripheral vision is almost color blind Rod cell = peripheral vision ( 周辺視 ) You can see stars better by peripheral vision
14 Color process has very low resolution Flowers Black & white Color only
15 Color Space B Put all colors in a 3D space 3 types of cone cells 3D CIE(Commission internationale de l éclairage ) RGB color space 3 basis( ): R(700nm), G(546.1nm), B(435.8nm) Additive mixtures( ) are represented by sum of bases. Some colors requires negative R. XYZ color space Change basis from RGB to XYZ. XYZ is imaginary color Y: Luminance ( ) Avoid negative values for all colors. xyy color space Represent color by x, y. Represent Luminance by Y, YUV color space YCbCr color space Yzx JPEG, MPEG,TV uses this color space R G RGB color space y G R B CIE 1931 color space chromaticity diagram x
16 RGB and YCbCr(YUV) Mathematics tells us... ANY 3 independent vectors can be basis vectors (orthogonality not required) RGB = One type of 3 independent vectors. There are infinite ways. YCbCr (YUV): Y(blightness), Cb(color axis 1), Cr(color axis 2) Similar to brain s color perception. Y = 0.257R G B + 16 Cb = R G B Cr = 0.439R G B iary.cgi?key=ircf2007
17 Color blindness One to three types of cone cells lacks.
18 Retinal image processing Sensors: About 200,000,000 / eye Nerve axons to the brain: about 1,000,000 / eye Retinal image process: 200 cells 1 output
19 Key to the retinal process: Mach belt illusion Subjective perception Physical value
20 Lateral inhibition 1/ Σ 10 ー 0.1 (10+10)=8 Synaptic calculation Central input: +(plus) Surrouinding input: (minus) ー + ー
21 Lateral inhibition 2/ Σ
22 Lateral inhibition(3/3) Harman grid illusion 1. peripheral vision: the cross point becomes dark, due to lateral inhibition 2. central vision: No such effect The peripheral vision compress larger field.
23 Topics Eye structure Eye sensors Depth perception Eye movement
24 Depth perception cues With single eye Experience Accommodation Motion Parallax With two eyes Vergence eye movement Binocular disparity
25 Depth cue(1) Experience Perspective Near= Large, Bottom, Clear / Occlusion Occluded (shielded) objects are more distant than occluding (shielding) objects. Far = Small, Top, Blur Memory Knows the physical size Texture shadow Shade
26 Depth cue(2) Accommodation: Changing the power of the lens Automatic focus adjustment by lens deformation The adjustment itself works as depth cue. works at close range.
27 Depth cue(3) Motion Parallax When the head moves... Near: Moves in the opposite direction. Far: Does not move, or moves in the same direction.
28 Depth cue(4) Vergence eye movement The eyes converge (move inward) and diverge (move outward) by distance.
29 Vergence accomodation conflicts Accommodation & vergence are slightly coupled. Stereo display problem: Accomodation=constant Vergence = variable Severe Fatigue Accommodation Vergence
30 Tolerance of vergence accommodation conflicts Accommodation Vergence (ex) Display with 50cm away from the eyes: 25cm to 1m virtual object can be displayed. Virtual Image position (cm) True display position (cm)
31 Depth cue(5) Binocular disparity Dispality = image shift Vergence: single point. Binocular disparity: whole field of view. Most important for VR system
32 Stereogram
33 Random dot stereogram (RDS) Proof of pure disparity can be distance cue. Before the RDS, experience was thought to play major role.
34 Topics Eye structure Eye sensors Depth perception Eye movement
35 Eye movement 6 muscles (3 pairs) rotate eyes.
36 Eye movement: As an Interface
37 How to measure Eye movement Analog measurement Contact Lens Electrooculography Limbus Tracking Method Computer Vision Passive Active Methods
38 Contact Lens (Kymograph)
39 Electrooculography, EOG Horny coat( ) has ~1mV positive voltage to Retina( ) Electrodes( ) around eyes. Measured voltage is proportional to eye rotation. Has wide range (velocity, frequency) Accuracy not so good (1 deg~)
40 Limbus Tracking Method Emit IR light to the eye, measure reflected light. Received light White part > Black part Good for horizontal eye motion. PD LED PD
41 Computer Vision Capture eye image. By image processing (pattern matching), eye center is calculated. Reflesh rate = video rate.
42 Reflection at Horny Coat 右向き 前向き 左向き
43 Red eye Effect インタラクティブ技術特論
44 Eye movements Smooth Persuit Follow slow movement of small dots. Voluntary (conscious) Saccade Stepwise movement Motion start is voluntary and involuntary. During motion, You cannot stop (involuntary) Visual acuity drops. Miniature eye movement Very small vibration Hz. Reflesh the image on the retina. Anesthetisation of muscles No visual image.
45 Eye movement for stabilization Vestibulo ocular reflex(vor) Cancel head rotation. Optokinetic Response(OKR) When the whole visual field moves, the eye follows. Railroad ties
46 SUMMARY Eye structure conea, retina, fovia, blind spot Eye sensors rod cell, cone cell, color vision peripheral & central vision image processing Depth perception accommodation, vergence binocular disparity Eye movement smooth persuit, saccade, VOR, OKR
47 Mini Test 100 Answer all questions within 50 words Describe difference of distribution of cone cell and rod cell. Describe difference of color and brightness perception of cone cell and rod cell. Explain Accommodation Explain Motion Parallax Explain Vergence Eye Movement Explain Vergence Accommodation Conflict Explain Binocular Disparity Explain Vestibulo ocular reflex(vor) Explain Optokinetic Response(OKR) Explain Electroculography (EOG) Explain Limbus Tracking Method Explain Eye Capture System Using Reflection at Horny Coat
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