J. Psy. Sci., 36(1): (2017)

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1 The Japanese Journal of Psychonomic Science , Vol. 36, No. 1, DOI: a, b a UEC b Volume perception in binocular stereo vision and motion stereo vision Masanori Idesawa a, b a The University of Electro-Communications, UEC Museum of Communications b Meiji University, Meiji Institute for Advance Study of Mathematical Science When we look at an object such as a sphere or a cylinder, we often perceive a solid object as being three-dimensional and filled with a medium, even if we can only see its frontal surface. This is known as volume perception, which was originally discovered by observing illusory object perception associated with binocular viewing. Following this investigation, binocularly unpaired regions or gradually appearing and disappearing parts were found to play important roles in volume perception. In addition, transparent volumetric illusory object perception in which an enclosed partial space is filled with a transparent medium was also discovered; however, the perceptual mechanisms are not yet clear. This article describes the volume perception research that has been conducted to date. Keywords: volume perception, illusory solid, binocularly unpaired parts, appearing and disappearing parts, transparent illusory solid, motion vision 3 volume perception Iwamoto & Idesawa, Corresponding address: The University of Electro-Communications, Emeritus Professor and Academic staff of UEC Museum of Communications, Chofugaoka, Chofu, Tokyo , Japan. idesawa@is.uec.ac.jp J-STAGE First published online: October 31, 2017 Idesawa, 1991a, 1997 Idesawa, 1991b Copyright The Japanese Psychonomic Society. All rights reserved.

2 67 Figure 1. Illusory object perception with binocular viewing L: left eye view, R: right eye view. a Illusory surface. b Spherical top like illusory solid object. c Spherical illusory solid object. Idesawa, 1991a Figure 1 a 8 1 b a b Figure 1 c Idesawa, Ramachandran,1986; Carman & Welch, 1992 Mather, Idesawa s Spiky Sphere Lehar, 2003 Figure 1 c Tse, 1999 Figure 1 b 1995

68 36 1 Figure 2. Stereogram of the physical models of cylindrical object with and without binocularly unpaired parts L: left eye view, R: right eye view.

3 Figure 2. Stereogram of the physical models of cylindrical object with and without binocularly unpaired parts L: left eye view, R: right eye view. a Stereogram of cylindrical models with and without the binocularly unpaired parts. b Photograph of the model from upper position. Idesawa, Iwamoto, Hara & Sakaguch, 1997; 1998 Figure 5 Watanabe & Idesawa, Figure 3. Conceptual diagram showing the unpaired parts of cylindrical object and the experimental configuration. Iwamoto & Idesawa, 1997 Figure 2 a Figure 2 b Figure 3 Figure 4 Idesawa, 1991b Figure 6 a Idesawa, 1991b Figure 6 b a 6 a

Random dot stereogram of the cylindrical surface with and without the binocularly unpaired parts with the

4 69 Figure 4. Results of the experiment. Perception of intersecting position of object and probe P.P and the experimental standard deviation Figure 5. Random dot stereogram of the cylindrical surface with and without the binocularly unpaired parts with the conceptual diagram showing their perception L: left eye view, R: right eye view. a Random dot stereogram with binocularly unpaired parts. b Random dot stereogram without binocularly unpaired parts 2016.

5 Figure 6. Transparent illusory object perception with binocular viewing L: left eye view, R: right eye view. a Transparent illusory object. b Just a hole? c Spherical transparent solid object. Grossberg & Mingolla, Idesawa, 1991b Figure 6 a Idesawa, 1991b Figure 6 c Idesawa & Zhang, 1999; Zhang, Idesawa, & Sakaguchi,

6 71 Figure 7. Conceptual figures showing the appearing and disappearing parts ADPs of rotating objects and their perception. a Rotating cylindrical object. b Rotating polyhedral object fmri Zhang, Mogi, & Idesawa, 2003; Zhang & Mogi, Gibson, Gibson, Smith, & Flock, 1959 X from Motion Ullman, 1976 Cornileau-Peres & Droulez, Jiang & Idesawa, 2006; Wang & Idesawa, 2008 Cheng, Idesawa, & Wang, 2010 Figure 7 a Figure 7 b Figure 7 a ADP: gradually Appearing and Disappearing Parts Figure 7 b shuttle mode motion rolling rotation Cheng et al., 2010 Figure 8

7 Figure 8. Experimental results on volume perception for three types of shuttle motion, rotation, translation and rolling, in different six orientations. Average volume perception rates for 10 subjects are shown; error bars show the deviation between subjects. Volume perception rates for three motion patterns rotation, translation and rolling and for six motion orientations are shown separately with and without the appearing and disappearing parts ADPs. Cheng, Idesawa, & Wang, 2010 Figure 9. Volumetric spherical illusory transparent object perception from motion. a Coherently aligned cones. b Incoherently aligned cones Idesawa, Uchida, & Moe, Cheng & Idesawa, 2011 Mather, 2006 Cheng & Idesawa, 2014 TV

8 73 Card board a, b 2 Figure 9 Idesawa, Uchida, & Moe, 2004 Carman, G. J., & Welch, L. (1992). Three-dimensional illusory contours and surfaces. Nature, 360, Cheng, X., Idesawa, M., & Wang, Q. (2010). Volume perception from motion, Optical Review, 17, Cheng, X., & Idesawa, M. (2011). With occlusion by proximal surfaces, even without self-occlusion, continuously appearing and disappearing parts bring volume perception from motion. Optical Review, 18, Cheng, X., & Idesawa, M. (2014). Volume perception in the cyclic display of one stroke apparent motion and ISI (Inter Stimulus Interval). Psychology Research, 4, Cornileau-Peres, V., & Droulez, J. (1994). The visual perception of three-dimensional shape from self-motion and object motion. Vision Research, 34, D p. 93 Gibson, E. J., Gibson, J. J., Smith, O. W., & Flock, H. (1959). Motion parallax as a determinant of perceived depth. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 8, Grossberg, S., & Mingolla, E. (1985). Neural dynanics of form perception: Boundary completion, illusory figure, and neon color spreading. Psychological Review, 92, IS Sensing and Perception Idesawa, M. (1991a). Perception of 3-D illusory surface with binocular viewing. Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, 30, L Idesawa, M. (1991b). Perception of 3-D transparent illusory surface in binocular fusion. Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, 30, L Idesawa, M. (1993). Two types of occlusion cues for the perception of 3-D illusory objects in binocular fusion. Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, 32, L Idesawa, M. (1997). A Study on visual mechanism with optical illusions. Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics, 9, Idesawa, M., Iwamoto, T., Hara, Y., & Sakaguchi, Y. (1997). Volume perception with binocular viewing. Perception, 26, ECVP Abstract Supplement D 21, Idesawa, M., Uchida, M., & Moe, T. H. (2004). 3D structure and volume perception from motion. Proceeding of the 11th International Display Workshops, Idesawa, M., & Zhang, Q. (1999). Newly found Visual illusions and 3D display. IEICE Transactions of Electronics, E82-C-10, Iwamoto, T., & Idesawa, M. (1997). Volume perception and a processing method of unpaired region in stereo vision. Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics, 9, Jiang, J., & Idesawa, M D structure and surface perception from 2D random dots motion.

9 IS Sensing and Perception IS Sensing and Perception Lehar, S. (2003). Gestalt isomorphism and the primacy of subjective conscious experience: A gestalt bubble model. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 26, Mather, G. (1989). The role of subjective contours in capture of stereopsis. Vision Research, 29, Mather, G. (2006). Two-stroke: A new illusion of visual motion based on the time course of neural responses in the human visual system. Vision Research, 46, IS Sensing and Perception Ramachandran, V. S. (1986). Capture of stereopsis and apparent motion by illusory contours. Perception & Psychophysics, 39, p. 72, p IS Sensing and Perception Tse, P. U. (1999). Volume completion. Cognitive Psychology, 39, a 3 16, b 26, 5 8. Ullman, S. (1976) The interpretation of structure from motion. Massachusetts Institute of Technology Artificial Intelligence Laboratory A.I. MEMO, 476. Wang, Q., & Idesawa, M. (2008). A Probing method of Surface Perception. Applied Physics Express, 1, Watanabe, O., & Idesawa, M. (2001). Effect of an occluding contour on the volume perception in binocular stereopsis. Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, 40, Zhang, Q., Idesawa, M., & Sakaguchi, Y. (1998). Pantomime effect in the perception of volumetrical transparent illusory object with binocular viewing. Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, 37, L329 L332. Zhang, Q., & Mogi, K. (2007) Representation of 3-D volumetric object from the pantomime effect and shading cues in human brain. International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence, 21, Zhang, Q., Mogi, K., & Idesawa, M. (2003). Activity in human prefrontal cortex for volume perception with binocular viewing. Perception, 32, ECVP Abstract Supplement

24 Depth scaling of binocular stereopsis by observer s own movements

24 Depth scaling of binocular stereopsis by observer s own movements 1130313 2013 3 1 3D 3D 3D 2 2 i Abstract Depth scaling of binocular stereopsis by observer s own movements It will become more usual