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1 Modeling the Effect of Task and Graphical Representation on Response Latency in a Graph Reading Task Peebles, David & Cheng, Peter C-H.(2003).Modeling the Effect of Task and Graphical Representation on Response Latency in a Graph Reading Task. Human Factors, 45(1), pp Introduction 3 GBR=graph-based reasoning 3 Cartesian X Y GBR Peebles & Cheng, 2001, 2002; Peebles, Cheng & Shadbolt, 1999 HCI Cognition-artifact-task Gray & Altmann, 2001 Embodied cognition-artifact-task Byrne, 2001; Gray, 2000; Gray & Boehm-Davis, 2000 Fig Argument Variable AV time in years Quantity Variable QV oil and gas AV QV Function graphs X Y Parametric graphs X gas parameterized Y oil 2 Larkin & Simon, 1987 informationally equivalent If no information can be inferred from one that cannot be inferred from the other and if each can be constructed from the information in the other. computationally equivalent If they are informationally equivalent and if any inferences that can be drawn quickly and easily from the explicit information in one can be similarly drawn from the explicit information in the other, and vice versa

2 2 2 Kosslyn, 1989; Pinker, 1990 Carpenter & Shah, 1998; Gattis & Holyoak, 1996; Shah & Carpenter, Peebles & Cheng, 2001, 2002; Peebles et al., 1999 GBR GBR suboptimal GBR Lohse s (1993) understanding cognitive information engineering (UCIE) model Fig. oil gas Function locate the associated point on the oil line graphs identify the corresponding point on the gas line at the same x coordinate Parametric graphs identify the required value of gas on the y axis. locate the point on the year line at y=3 identify the corresponding value of gas on the x axis. GBR - 2 -

3 response time Goals, Operators, Methods, and Selection rules (GOMS) Card, Moran, & Newell, 1983; John & Kieras, 1994; Olson & Olson, 1990 UCIE model graph-based reasoning Lohse, 1993 John & Kieras, 1994 embodied cognition Kieras & Meyer, 1997 executive process/interactive control EPIC Kieras & Meyer, 1997 EPIC-Soar Chong & Laird, 1997 ACT rational perceptual motor ACT-R/PM Byrne & Anderson, 1998 Cognitive Architecture ACT-R Adaptive Control of Thought--Rational -- R ACT-R ACT-R (cognitive neuroscience) ACT-R

4 GBR 2 function graphs parametric graphs GBR GBR GBR ACT-R/PM Experiment given location target locatoin Peebles et al., 1999 Method function parametric 3 AV QV 1970's 1980's PC 17-inch an SMI iview eye tracker a RED II desktop pupil/corneal reflectance tracker(sensomotoric Instruments GmbH, Teltow/Berlin. Germany) 50Hz 20-ms - 4 -

5 Fig. AV year QV oil gas given location target locatoin 3 given variables X 2 required variables X 10 variable value X 2 graphs given Target QV-QV QV QV gas = 2, oil =? QV-AV QV AV gas = 6, year = 197? oil = 3, year = 198? AV-QV AV QV year = 1978, gas =? s 1980 s 120 Fig. Answer 0 9 Results Participants' graph familiarity 2 encounter frequency 2 Familiarity 2 9 Familiarity F(1, 42)=14.16, p<.001 function > parametric encounter frequency function > parametric function < parametric - 5 -

6 Fig. 2 F(1, 80)=14.51, p<.001 function < parametric 1st function < 1st parametric 2.4s 2nd fucntion < 2nc parametric 4.2s parametric Response accuracy and latency data F(2, 239)=28.187, p<.01 2 AV-QV > QV-AV > QV-QV F(2, 239) = , p < s function graphs function graphs parametric graphs AV-QV 1980 s >1970 s 1970 s 1980 s 1980 s F(1, 239) = 5.76, p<.05 F(2, 239) = , p<.01 F(2, 239) =3.913, p<.05 GBR ACT-R/PM Y Fig.3 Carpenter & Shah, 1998 subgoals Given variable start Given location Given location target location Target variable - 6 -

7 function graphs parametric graphs start location given location QV-QV AV-QV X Y QV-AV QV-QV X Y AV-QV QV-AV X Y QV-QV RT function > parametric parametric question, x/y axis, graph, x/y axis, answer function question, y axis, graph, graph, y axis, answer QV-AV RT function > parametric parametric question, x/y axis, graph, answerx x= 0 function question, y axis, graph, x axis, answer AV-QV RT AV-QV < QV-AV < QV-QV function question, x axis, graph, y axis, answer parametric question, graph, x/y axis, answer Eye movement data Carpenter & Shah, 1998 term gaze to refer to a sequence of consecutive fixations on a display region that is unbroken by fixations in other regions 100ms GBR % 48.0% one further transition 11.9% two additional transitions 2.8% three or more transitions - 7 -

8 3 Peebles & Cheng, given variable given location required variable target location Given variable X Y ACT-R/PM Byrne & Anderson, 1998 ACT-R Anderson, 1993; Anderson & Lebiere, 1998 EPIC Kieras & Meyer, 1997 ACT-R5.0 ACT-R 2 2 ACT-R ; chunks 2 : ACT-R 2 D.C. 2+3=5 "Q" ACT-R - 8 -

9 ACT-R 1 ACT-R ACT-R/PM models of the experiment A description of the models Read the question Identify the start location Identify the given location Identify the target location Identify the target value the enter the answer How learning affects the models' behaviour over time required variable RT Comparing the models to the experiment data GBR RT ACT-R/PM 60 function parametric 20 Modeling task completion times Fig. base-level learning parameter default =.5.93 parametric graph models 87% R 2 =.868, RMSE=.123 function graph models 66% R 2 =.664, RMSE =.199 AV-QV Explaining eye movement data Fig. Fig. Answer region Given value(fixation 1) Given variable(fixation 2) Check the axis(fixation 3) Given value(fixation 4) Given location(fixation 5) Require variable(fixation 6) Return to given location(fixation 7) Require value(fixation 8) Answer button(fixation 9) - 9 -

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25 II :30 16:00 (1),. Do not open this problem booklet until the start of the examination is announced. (2) 3.. Answer the following 3 proble

25 II :30 16:00 (1),. Do not open this problem booklet until the start of the examination is announced. (2) 3.. Answer the following 3 proble 25 II 25 2 6 13:30 16:00 (1),. Do not open this problem boolet until the start of the examination is announced. (2) 3.. Answer the following 3 problems. Use the designated answer sheet for each problem.