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1 Abstract In this paper, I try to characterize reference and introduction as two distinct modes of making de re statements. Roughly speaking, introduction differs from reference in that an introducing utterance makes its hearer to get to know some new particular. In cases of discourse anaphora whose antecedents are indefinite descriptions, pronouns seem to have a characteristic feature, which I shall call inheritance requirement, that they must be interpreted as bearing, if any, the same particulars introduced by their antecedents. And I give a brief remark on how this feature relates to two semantics purposed to handle discourse anaphora, namely Discourse Representation Theory and E-type Pronoun Theory. Russell 1905 Donnellan 1967 referential use of definite description Kripke 1977 speaker s reference 65
2 2005 indefinite description introduction discourse anaphora Russell PL Socrates owns a dog. 1-PL x Dog x Own Socrates, x 1-1 There is a dog such that Socrates owns it. 1-PL 2 2-PL 2 A dog bites a man who beats it. 2-PL x y Dog x Bite x, y Beat y, x 2-PL 66
3 it a dog 4 discourse anaphora 5, Socrates owns a dog. Plato cherishes it. it a dog 3 3 it a dog 3-PL x Dog x Own Socrates, x Cherish Plato, x There is a dog such that Socrates owns it and Plato cherishes it it 8, 9 Evans 1977, 1980 E-type 3 3-E 10 3-E Socrates owns a dog. Plato cherishes the dog Socrates owns. 67
4 3-E 3 it the dog Socrates owns it a dog Socrates owns a dog 11 3-E a dog the dog Socrates owns 12 3-E 3-E it it Discourse Representation Theory DRT Heim 1982 Kamp 1981 discourse referent 13 DRT 3 Socrates owns a dog. Plato cherishes it 3 3-DRS1 discourse representation structure DRS 14 3-DRS1 uv Socrates owns a dog u Socrates dog (v) u owns v u v Socrates a dog DRS 3-DRS1 DRS u = Socrates dog v u owns v 68
5 u v DRS it a dog 3-DRS1 3-DRS 15 3-DRS u v w Socrates owns a dog u = Socrates dog (v) u owns v Plato cherishes it w Plato w cherishes it w cherishes v w Plato w cherishes it w cherishes v it v a dog 3 3-DRS u Socrates dog v u owns v w Plato w cherishes v u v w DRS E-type DRT 69
6 4 Donnellan The man drinking a martini over there looks happy I met a salesman yesterday. He tried to sell me an encyclopedia Donnellan de re 70
7 Kripke A 6-A A: Her husband is kind to her. 71
8 A her husband B 6-B1 6-B1 B: He is kind to her, but he isn t her husband. 6-B1 he 6-A her husband B A B A her husband Kripke B2 6-B2 B: No, he isn t. The man you re referring to isn t her husband. 6-B2he her husband he 20 Kripke A A: I met a salesman yesterday. He tried to sell me an encyclopedia. 5-B1 B: He is an outrageous anachronism. 5-B1 it 5-A a salesman he A B 6-B1 72
9 B he 6-B2 5-B2 B: He did not try to sell you an encyclopedia, but Scotch whisky. B he 5-A 5-B2 B 5-B2 he 5-B2 he 5-A a salesman a salesman B 6-B B1 5 I met a salesman yesterday. He tried to sell me an encyclopedia. 5 a salesman he he 73
10 E-type DRT 5 a d 5 I met a salesman yesterday. He tried to sell me an encyclopedia. He offered me to discount it 10 for cash. a a salesman b c a salesman d 5 S c c 5 c S 74
11 a b c d a b c d 23 5 c d c d 24, E-type DRT 2 E-type 5 5-E 5 I met a salesman yesterday. He tried to sell me an encyclopedia. 5-E I met a salesman yesterday. The salesman I met yesterday tried to sell me an encyclopedia. 75
12 the salesman I met yesterday 27 E-type 28 E-type 2 DRT DRT DRT 76
13 DRT 29 presuppositionimplicature A dog x Own Socrates, x binary quantifier many few 4. c c-command X branching node Y 77
14 X Y c Evans 1977, 1980 Kamp Every farmer who owns a donkey beats it donkey anaphora 6. Kadmon 1990 Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy anaphora J. King Evans 1977 Socrates owns many dogs. Plato cherishes them. -1 There are many dogs such that Socrates owns them and Plato cherishes them # Socrates owns no dogs. Plato cherishes them. them no dog A: Socrates owns a dog. Plato cherishes it. B: Does Xanthippe cherishes it too? 3 it 10. Evans 1977 it the dog Socrates owns Neale 1990 Kadmon 1990 E-type 78
15 11. Evans the dog Socrates owns 13. DRT DRT DRT 14. Kamp DRS 16. Donnellan 1966 p Donnellan he her husband Kripke pronouns of laziness 6-B2 he Donnellan Evans 1977, 1980 Neale 1990 Kadmon 1990 Heim 1991 accommodation 79
16 28. 5-E the salesman I met yesterday 29. DRT E-type 2005 Vol. 38, No Donnellan, Keith Reference and Definite Descriptions. Philosophical Review 75, Donnellan, Keith Putting Humpty Dumpty Together Again. Philosophical Review 77, Donnellan, Keith Speaker Reference, Descriptions, and Anaphora. In Contemporary Perspectives in the Philosophy of Language, eds. P. A. French et al., Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. Evans, Gareth Pronouns, quantifiers and relative clauses. Canadian Journal of Philosophy 7: Evans, Gareth Pronouns. Linguistic Inquiry 11: Fodor, Janet. D., and Ivan A. Sag Referential and Quantificational Indefinites. Linguistic and Philosophy 5: Heim, Irene The Semantics of Definite and Indefinite Noun Phrases, Ph. D. dissertation, Univertist of Massachusetts, reproduced by the GLSA, Linguistics Dept., University of Massachusetts, Amherst. Heim, Irene E-type Pronouns and Donkey Anaphora. Liguistics and Philosophy Kadmon, Nirit Uniqueness. Liguistics and Philosophy Kamp, Hans A Theory of Truth and Semantic Representation. In J. Groenendijk, T. Janssen and M. Stokhof (eds.), Formal Methods in the Study of Language: Proceedings of the Third Amsterdam Colloquium, Part I, Mathematical Centre, Amsterdam, Kripke, Saul Speaker s Reference and Semantic Reference. In Contemporary Perspectives in the Philosophy of Language, eds. P. A. French et al., Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. 80
17 Neale, Stephen Descriptions. Massachusetts: MIT Press. Russell, Bertrand On Denoting. Mind Strawson, Peter Frederick Introduction to Logical Theory, London: Methuen PD 81
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