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1 Chapter 6 Queens College Japanese 204, Spring (from p.285) Look at the map on the next page. You are standing at the point indicated by the circle. Complete the following sentences using words indicating direction. (the end of a street) (city hall) (corner) (bank)

2 Chapter 6 Queens College Japanese 204, Spring (gas station) (fish store) (embassy) (parking lot)

3 Chapter 6 Queens College Japanese 204, Spring (to cross ~) (to cross the light) (to cross the bridge) (to cross the intersection) (to go through/pass ~) (to go through/pass ~ the park) (to turn right at ~) (to turn right at the corner) (to turn left at ~) (to turn left at the first corner) (from p.287) Draw the following directions on the street maps on the next page. 50

4 Chapter 6 Queens College Japanese 204, Spring

5 Chapter 6 Queens College Japanese 204, Spring Look at the map below (the same map on p.2) and answer the following questions. (example): [plain form + (if ~)]

6 Chapter 6 Queens College Japanese 204, Spring

7 Chapter 6 Queens College Japanese 204, Spring (it takes 20 minutes) (it takes an hour) (it takes a lot of time) Answer the following questions. 1. (subway) by bus & subway : about 1 hour 2. NY Miami

8 Chapter 6 Queens College Japanese 204, Spring by airplane : about 3 hours 3. NY Miami by car : about 20 hours 4. NY Narita by airplane : about 12 hours 5. (bullet train) by bullet train: about 2.5 hours 6. local train local train express train limited express train (~line) e.g. (bound for~) e.g. (~ stops [intransitive]) e.g. (to stop [transitive]) e.g. (to get off ~) e.g. (to transfer from ~ to ~ at~) e.g.

9 Chapter 6 Queens College Japanese 204, Spring Answer the following questions:

10 Chapter 6 Queens College Japanese 204, Spring (close to ~) e.g. (far from ~) e.g. Q: 1-A. Expressing a route, using the particle. (I take this road/street to school every day.) (I ll swim in lane 3.) (I run in the park every day.) (It s close if you go through that parking lot.) * The particle indicates a location when movement occurs. It takes a verb of motion such as.

11 Chapter 6 Queens College Japanese 204, Spring B. Expressing a point of departure, using the particle. (out of ~, from ~) (I got off the bus and transferred to a train.) (When you leave the station, you immediately turn right.) (I graduated from college last year.) (I ll get off the subway at the next station.) * The particle here indicates a place or vehicle from which one gets off or leaves. 1-C. Expressing scope or limit, using the particle. (I will return in 10 minutes.) (We ll get to the station in 10minutes.) (Vacation starts in another week.) (Those apples are 300yen for five.) (This shirt was on sale, so I bought it for 500yen.) * When the particle is preceded by an expression for quantity, time, or amount, it indicates an extent or limit. 6 Translate the following English sentences into Japanese: 1. The class will end in 5 minutes. 2. Spring semester starts in 2 weeks. 3. We ll get to the station in another 5 minutes. 4. We ll get to the airport in another hour. 5. I m studying now, but I ll go to bed in another 30 minutes.

12 Chapter 6 Queens College Japanese 204, Spring I ll get up in 5 minutes! 7. Another 10 points and I will be able to get an A. 8. Another 15 minutes and it will be 10 o clock. 9. These pens were 5 dollars for These flowers were 10 dollars for These oranges were 3 dollars for I bought these jeans for 20 dollars. 13. I bought this jacket for 50 dollars. II-A. Expressing chronology, using the -form of the verb + (I will go after making a phone call.) (You should check the street on a map before you leave.) (What did you do after you got home?) (Let s park the car at that lot and walk.) * The -form of the verb + means after doing ~. It is similar to the plain past affirmative form of the verb +. However, the main clause cannot express an event or action beyond the control of the subject (or the speaker) when the -form of the verb + is

13 Chapter 6 Queens College Japanese 204, Spring used. e.g. (You can see a river after you cross the road.) * The subject of clauses with the -form of the verb + must be marked by the particle if it is different from the subject of the main clause. e.g. (You should cross the road after the signal turns green.) (Stop at the intersection and then turn left.) Translate the following English sentences into Japanese: 1. I found a job after graduating from college. 2. Please call me after getting off the bus. 3. Please call me after leaving the station. 4. I will go home after running in the park. 5. Let s leave after this song ends. 6. Let s go out after eating. 7. Where did you go after leaving the restaurant? 8. What were you doing after I went to bed? 9. You should go to class after doing your homework. 10. Let s take a cab after walking for another 5 minutes.

14 Chapter 6 Queens College Japanese 204, Spring II-B. Expressing conditions leading to set consequences, using the plain form + (If you turn to your left, you can see the park just ahead.) (When winter comes, it gets very cold around here.) (If you push this button, the light comes on.) (When you leave the station, you can see a bank in front of your eyes.) * The conditional can be translated as if, when, or whenever. is preceded by the plain non-past form of verbs, adjectives, and the copula verb. Noun + copula -adjectives -adjectives Verbs * The interpretation of a sentence with depends on the tense of the main clause. If the sentence ends in the present tense, indicates a condition for which the event in the main clause is the natural or automatic consequence. Therefore, this usage tends to be for facts or statements of habit. When or whenever is the closest in meaning. * A sequence of two events connected by expresses an inevitable or habitual cause-and-effect relationship. On the other hand, a sentence with the conditional expresses a temporal, accidental cause-end-effect relationship. In this sense, conveys a general statement of fact rather than any specific event. For example, the sentence indicates that the speaker always goes skiing in winter. In contrast, means that the speaker plans to go skiing this winter. * The other difference between and is that the main clause in sentences containing the conditional cannot express intention, desire, or a request, invitation, or command made by the speaker. e.g.

15 Chapter 6 Queens College Japanese 204, Spring (You will see the school on your left immediately after you cross the bridge.) (Upon crossing the bridge, you will see the school on your left.) (Please call me when you get off the subway.) (Let s go as soon as Yamada comes.) * When the main clause is in the past tense, it expresses an unexpected or surprising event resulting from the condition. In this case, and are interchangeable. e.g. Translate the following English sentences into Japanese: 1. I get lonely () when it gets dark. 2. Cherry blossoms bloom when spring comes. 3. I eat a lot when it becomes cold. 4. You ll catch a cold if you don t wear a jacket. 5. That professor gets angry whenever I make a mistake. 6. If you click here, you can go to the page that you are looking for. 7. When you get off the bus, you ll see the hospital right in front of your eyes

16 Chapter 6 Queens College Japanese 204, Spring You ll get well if you take this medicine. 9. Whenever I eat at this restaurant, I get sick. 10. If you turn left, you ll see my house. Look at the map below (the same map on p.2). Describe what will be visible right after you perform the following activities.

17 Chapter 6 Queens College Japanese 204, Spring III. Expressing possibility, using the dictionary form of the verb + (Is it possible to get to Yamada s house without changing trains?) (No, it isn t.) (Can I pull into this street?) (No, you cannot because this is a one-way street.) (Since Tanaka s house is near here, you can get there on foot.) * The dictionary form of the verb + means can or be able to ~ in English. It is similar to the potential form, indicating possibility or capability depending on the context, but it is usually a little more formal than the potential form and tends to be used to make objective statements about whether doing something is possible or not.

18 Chapter 6 Queens College Japanese 204, Spring Answer the following questions IV. Expressing limited degree, using ~affirmative or ~negative. 1. Using ~affirmative (just, only) (Only Yamada came.) (Do we still have to walk?) (Just a little more. It s only a hundred meters more.) (The limited express comes to Track 1 only.) (I was tired yesterday, so I just did my homework and went to bed right away.) * The word must follow a noun or a quantity expression. * When is used with a noun, particles such as and may be placed either before or after it. Exceptions are particles and, which must be placed after or not used at all. e.g.

19 Chapter 6 Queens College Japanese 204, Spring or I study only at libraries. or It is on large streets only. or I bought only books. or Only Yamada came. B. Using ~ negative (only) (Only Yamada came: Other than Yamada, no one else came.) (You can turn only to the right here.) (The Yamanote Line has only local trains.) 5 (It takes only five minutes to walk to the city hall from here.) * Like, means only, but it must be used in sentences with negative endings. Also like, is used with nouns and quantity expressions. * When is used with a noun, the particle associated with it must precede it. The particles and are omitted, but other particles remain except from the of location, which may be omitted. e.g. (Only Yamada is here.) (I eat only meat.) (It exists only here.) (I meet Yamada only on campus.) * implies only~ and nothing else, and sounds more emphatic than. Therefore,

20 Chapter 6 Queens College Japanese 204, Spring is often used when the speaker finds less than expected. e.g. I have only 10000yen, and that is all. (I have only 10000yen.) Translate the following English sentences into Japanese. Write both the version and the version unless otherwise noted. 1. You can only transfer to L line from 4 line at Union Square station. 2. Can I borrow just one pen? (Write only the version.) 3. We are going to walk only for 5 minutes. 4. I have a day off only on Sunday. 5. You can have this beer only at this bar. 6. You can only have beer at this bar. 7. There is only a post office around here. 8. Only 3 students came to the party. 9. I buy shoes only from this store. 10. I only buy shoes from this store. 11. It s only 5 more minutes. (Write only the version.) 12. I went to only supermarket yesterday.

21 Chapter 6 Queens College Japanese 204, Spring V. Expressing presuppositions, using the plain form +. (I expect that ~, it is expected that ~, be supposed to~, should~, must have~) (This train is supposed to/should stop at Shinjuku station.) (The day off was not supposed to have been yesterday.) (That person should still be a student.) (The party must have begun by now.) (The package must have arrived by now.) * indicates the speaker s judgment about the likelihood of an action or event happening, and can be translated as I expect that ~, it is expected that ~, ought to ~, or ~ is supposed to~. The judgment is based on some objective information or knowledge. That is, the speaker thinks that the event or action ought to take place, if his or her interpretation of the information or knowledge is correct. In this sense, is very different from, which expreses a subjective speculation. * is grammatically a noun, but it never stands on its own. Therefore, the preceding verb and adjective forms must be identical to those in other instances where verbs and adjectives are used to modify nouns. Copula verbs -adjectives -adjectives Verbs * The subject of a sentence containing cannot be the speaker. Although it is possible to say I m supposed to do ~ in English, cannot be used in this sense. Use instead.

22 Chapter 6 Queens College Japanese 204, Spring (I must go to Tokyo tomorrow.) (Tanaka must go to Tokyo tomorrow.) (I m supposed to go to Tokyo tomorrow.) (Tanaka is supposed to go to Tokyo tomorrow.) Answer the following questions using Translate the following English sentences into Japanese: 1. He should return home by 5 o clock. 2. He should be arriving in 15 minutes.

23 Chapter 6 Queens College Japanese 204, Spring She should be good at cooking. 4. She should be able to drive. 5. This movie is supposed to be interesting. 6. Tanaka must have been here. 7. This train is not supposed be express. Manhattan Subway Map (taken

24 Chapter 6 Queens College Japanese 204, Spring

Answers Practice 08 JFD1

Answers Practice 08 JFD1 Practice 8 Sentence Connectors 1) I / went / to Japan / for the first time last year. At first, I didn t understand / Japanese / *at all. [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] * 2) I m / not hungry / because I *already ate