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1 Vol., No., pp. 6, RHEED GaAs RHEED Studies of GaAs Surface Structure Akihiro OHTAKE National Institute for Materials Science, Nanomaterial Laboratory Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 5 7 (Received December 6, ) Rocking-curve analysis of reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED) based on dynamical diffraction theory is a powerful method to study atomic structures of solid surfaces. Also, the grazing-angle geometry of the RHEED electron gun makes itself suitable for in-situ monitoring of molecular-beam epitaxy (MBE). This is of great advantage in evaluating the real surface structure of GaAs using RHEED rocking-curve analysis, because the experimental data can be analyzed without considering the effect of the adsorption and or desorption of As, which might occur while the sample is transferred from an MBE chamber. This paper briefly reviews recent RHEED studies on the atomic structures of GaAs() surfaces. Results for the As-stabilized c( ) and Ga-stabilized c(8 ) surfaces, and the adsorption structure of Zn on the ( ) surface are presented. reflection high-energy electron diffraction: RHEED GaAs molecular beam epitaxy: MBE RHEED RHEED MBE RHEED low-energy electron diffraction: LEED X x-ray diffraction: XRD GaAs MBE RHEED GaAs GaAs RHEED OHTAKE.Akihiro@nims.go.jp GaAs -c c 8 GaAs - Zn RHEED GaAs As Ga c 6 6 c 8 MBE As As Ga As Ga As MBE As As As

2 7 As MBE RHEED MBE GaAs RHEED. Fig. MBE scanning tunneling microscopy: STM X x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy: XPS MBE II RHEED MBE GaAs RHEED X total-reflectionangle x-ray spectroscope; TRAXS reflectance difference spectroscope; RDS. epi-ready GaAs MBE I 6 Torr As ML s As GaAs - MBE II As RHEED Staib EK-5-R 7 RHEED multislice RHEED 5 GaAs. GaAs -c GaAs β As c As-As Fig. a STM XPS Load Lock AFM TRAXS RHEED Pre-Heat beam-rocking RHEED m MBE (II) RDS MBE (I) Fig. Dual-chamber MBE system.

3 8 (a) three As-dimer model (b) two As-dimer model (c) Ga-As dimer model : As : Ga Fig. Surface reconstruction models for GaAs () - c( ). Fig. -rod intensity (arb. units) (a) 5 C (with As) (b) C (with As) (c) 5 C (with As) (d) 5 C (without As) RHEED rocking curve measured from the GaAs() surfaces at incidence. 8 GaAs -c XRD As-As As-As Fig. b STM 8 9 LEED Fig. Filled state STM images obtained from the GaAs ()-c( ) surface with a tunneling current of. na and a sample voltage of V.Image dimensions are 6 55 (a) and 8 5 (b). The solid lines in (b) show the c( ) lattice mesh. c As 9 c c As MBE RHEED c GaAs -c As.5 7 Torr RHEED Fig c RHEED 5 As 5 5 Torr

4 大 竹 晃 浩 9 (a) (g) (b) (f) (c) (d) (h) (i) (e) (j) Fig. 5 RHEED rocking curves (solid curves) measured from the GaAs ()-c( ) surface at 5. The dashed and dotted curves are calculated from the Ga-As dimer and As-As dimer models, respectively. が RHEED パターンおよびロッキングカーブ形状に変 (y) 化は見られなかった したがって この時点で試料を成 (x) 長室から取り出せば As の脱離も吸着も起こさずに As c 表 面 を 保 存 で き る 以 上 の 手 順 で 作 製 し た c 表面の STM 像 占有状態像 を Fig. a と b に示す 広いテラス上に長方形の輝点が c 周期で並んでいる様子が見てとれる また 複数の相の 存在は確認できない ここで Fig. b における拡大 像を注意深く観察すると 輝点の位置が および 方向にずれていることがわかる Fig. の STM Fig. 6 像は占有状態像であるため As 原子が輝点として現れ ているはずである したがって Fig. a の As-As ダ Optimized structure model of the GaAs()-c( ) surface. イマーを Ga-As ダイマーに置き換えたモデル Fig. c を仮定すれば Fig. b の STM 像に一応の説明がつ す Ga-As ダイマーモデルからの計算結果は実験データ くことになる そこで このモデルの妥当性を検証する の特徴をほぼ再現しているのに対し R 因子 5 As- ために RHEED 解析を行うこととした As ダイマーモデルの計算結果は実験結果と大きく異な Fig. 5 は c 表面に対するロッキングカーブの測 っている R 因子 また Table および Fig. 6 定結果 実線 と 最適化後の Ga-As ダイマーモデル から明らかなように 最表面の Ga はバルク側へ大きく Fig. 6 から計算された結果 破線 を示す また図中 変位しており これがこの構造の安定化の鍵を握ってい の点線は As-As ダイマーモデルに対する計算結果を示 る また RHEED 解析と第一原理計算から求めた原

5 Table As Ga As Ga As As As As Atomic displacements from bulk positions in the optimized structure model for the GaAs()- c( ) surface (in ). RHEED analysis First-principles calculations x y z x y z (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) : As : Ga Fig. 7 Surface reconstruction models for GaAs()-c(8 ). Ga-As Table As-As Ga-As. GaAs -c 8 Ga GaAs -c 8 As β Ga As β Fig. 7 a Ga β Fig. 7 b 5 Ga ζ Fig. 7 d 6 LEED STM XRD 6 7 XRD Fig. 7 e 8 Ga c c 8 Ga As c c c 8 c STM XRD Fig. 8 6 ζ Fig. 7 d Fig. 8 R. Kumpf Fig. 7 e Ga Ga Ga Ga R 8.9 Fig. 8 Table Fig. 9

6 (a) 6 (g) (b) 7 (h) (c) (d) (e) (i) (j) (k) 5 (f) (l) Fig. 8 RHEED rocking curves (solid curves) measured from the GaAs()- c(8 ) surface at 6. Thedashed and dotted curves are calculated from the optimized structures based on the models proposed by Kumpf et al. 8 and Lee et al. 6,respectively. Table Ga() As() Ga() Ga() Ga() As() As() Ga(5) Ga(6) Atomic coordinates of the optimized structure model for the GaAs()-c(8 ) surface. The atomic coordinates x and yaregivenasfractionofunit cells along the and, directions in Fig. 9. The z coordinates refers to the [] direction with magnitude equal to the bulk () spacing of 5.658,theorigin of which is at the fifth atomic layer. This study Kumpf et al. (ref. 8) x y z θ x y z θ ζ Fig. 7 d 9 Fig. 7 e Ga ζ Ga XRD RHEED Fig. 7 d c c 8 5

7 表面科学 第 巻 第 号 り 余剰および欠損 Ga 原子の存在と矛盾しないように GaAs 表面上での Zn 原子吸着. も思われる しかしながら 高温でのみ c 8 構造 代表的な II-VI 族半導体である ZnSe を GaAs 上 が安定に存在するメカニズムは未だ不明であり 局所構 に成長させる際に 表面上への Zn 分子線の照 造の評価も含めて今後の研究が待たれる 射から成長を開始させると 最も欠陥の少ない膜ができ ることが知られている そのメカニズムを知るために は 表面上での Zn の吸着サイトおよび吸着量 に関する知見が不可欠であり これまでに STM や XPS 5 などを用いた研究がなされてきた ところが Zn 6 照射後の 表面から測定した XPS スペクトル中 As には Zn の存在が確認されたものの 同じ条件で作 製した STM 像中にはそれに相当するコントラストは観 6 6 性がある そこで ZnSe 成長直前の Zn 吸着量を正確に 見積もるために 表面上への Zn 照射中に RHEED Optimized structure model of the GaAs()-c(8 ) surface. (a) GaAs() (5 C) ロッキングカーブ測定を行った (b) Zn/GaAs() (5 C) 5 Fig. (c) Zn/GaAs() ( C) 5 脱離しやすいため 成長温度 で Zn を照 射した後のサンプル搬送中に Zn が脱離してしまう可能 5 Fig. 9 測されない また 表面上の Zn は非常に 5 5 (a) RHEED rocking curves (solid curves) measured from the GaAs()( ) surface. The dashed curves are calculated for the optimized structure based on the β ( ) model. (b) and (c) are same as in Fig. (a), but for the surfaces exposed to the Zn beam at 5 and, respectively. 6

8 Fig. Zn Zn RHEED Zn β Fig. a 5 Zn Fig. bc Fig. β As As 6 A D Zn Zn Table 5 Zn C D Ga A B C D A B Zn As-As Table A C (x) (y) As D B A,B A,B [] (z) C,D (y) Zn TRAXS STM Zn Zn Ga STM Zn Zn II STM Zn 5 RHEED GaAs RHEED InSb InAs RHEED 5 7 MBE RHEED MBE 8 Zn GaAs RHEED Fig. Surface reconstruction model for GaAs()-( ). Adsorption sites of Zn are indicated by the letters A, B, C, and D. RHEED Table The atomic coordinates (x, y, and z) and the site occupancies (θ )ofznatoms on the GaAs()-( ) surface. Notations 5 in Fig. 8 x y z θ x y z θ A B C D (..77). (.5.6). (.7.).99 (.6.) (..). (..).59 (..8).9 (.8.79) 7

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