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1 Web (, 1998, p ;, 2000, p ) (Association of Research Libraries: ARL) SPARC (Case, 1999, p ) (, 2004, p ;, 2004, p ;, 2005, p )

2 (1) BioMed Central (BioMed Central) Public Library of Science (PLoS) (PLoS) (2) (, 2005, p ) Google Scholar PDF (Google Scholar) NIH PubMed Central 1.3 NIH (Federal Taxpayer-Access Proposal) (House of Representatives, 2004, House Report) (National Institute of Health: NIH) 2005 PubMed Central NIH 9 3 (NIH ) (NIH, 2004, Enhanced Public Access) NIH NIH ( Policy on Enhancing Public Access to Archived Publications Resulting from NIH-Funded Research ( NIH ), NIH Public Access Policy) (NIH, 2005, Policy on Enhancing Public Access) 81

3 NIH 2004 7 22 (Federal Taxpayer-Access Proposal) (House of Representatives, 2004, House Report) (National Institute of Health: NIH) 2005

3 NIH 1 NIH PubMed Central (Association of Research Libraries: ARL) Mary M. Case 1989 SPARC ARL % 1986 ARL 124% 7% ARL 29% 21% 1989 Economic Consulting Services, Inc. (ECS) ARL ECS % (Case, 1999, p ) NIH 82

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6 85 ECHO (Berlin Declaration, 2003) Chemical & Engineering News Rudy M. Baum BMW BMW BMW BMW BMW BMW BMW (Baum, 2005, p. 5)

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10 DC HighWire Press 12 NIH (Washington D. C. Principle, 2005) Rudy M. Baum NIH (NIH) Elias A. Zerhouni NIH Zerhouni (Baum, 2004, p. 7) Martin Blume Bush (Bush, 2004) 1 89

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12 (2004).., 47(9), p Baum, Rudy M. (2004). Socialized Science. Chem. Eng. News, 82(38). httpubs.acs.org/cen/editor/8238edit.html Baum, Rudy M. (2005). More Socialized Science. Chem. Eng. News, May 16, 5.. Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the Sciences and Humanities, BioMedCentral Blume, Martin (2004). Journals of the American Physical Society: Policies on Author Rights, Access, and Prices, The National Academies, Are Chemical Journals Too Expensive and Inaccessible? , Washington, D. C Budapest Open Access Initiative (BOAI) Bush, George W. (2004). The Third Bush-Kerry Presidential Debate, Blume (2004). Journals of the American Physical Society Case, Mary M., (1999), ARL SPARC,, 49(4), p Elsevier (2004). Enhanced Public Access to NIH Researc h Information: A response from Elsevier, Google Scholar. House Report Department of Labor, Health and Human Services, and Education, and Related Agencies A propriation Bill, NIH, Enhanced Public Access to NIH Research Information (accessed ) NIH, Summary Data and Examples of Comments and Questions,

13 NIH, Policy on Enhancing Public Access to Archived Publications Resulting from NIH-Funded Research Nobel Prize Winners, An Open Letter to the U.S. Congress Signed by 25 Nobel Prize Winners, PLoS (Public Library of Science), PloS(Public Library of Science), Public Library of Science Open Letter, Washington D. C. Principle, Not-for-Profit Publishers Call New NIH Rule a Missed Oportunity: Scientific societies worry about burden on researchers and waste of research dollars