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1 NAIST-IS-MT

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3 API ( ) 41 16, NAIST-IS-MT , i

4 Pockets Pockets Pockets Pockets Pockets ii

5 A system to support understanding of programming behavior in exploratory programming by novices Erina Makihara Abstract When the expert software developers deal with unfamiliar programming language and its APIs, they use exploratory programming technique in order to complete their software. In exploratory programming, a developer, firstly, creates a prototype of the program as a base point of development. Then, the developer modifies a part of the prototype, compiles and runs it. If compile error or runtime error occurs, the developer tries to modify his or her program based on the other strategies. This process is repeated iteratively. Existing researches are focusing on the exploratory programming for experts. On the other hand, the behavior of novice programmers on exploratory programming has not been addressed. However, the novice programmers may also modify a part of the program, compile and run it every time when the program occurs some errors without their expectation. As the first step of developing an appropriate support environment for novices, we revised the definition of exploratory programming of novices based on the existing definition, and then investigated the actual situations of the exploratory programming by novices. According to the result, sixteen out of forty-one students tend to employ exploratory programming technique. In addition, several Master s Thesis, Department of Information Science, Graduate School of Information Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, NAIST-IS-MT , February 5, iii

In exploratory programming, a developer, firstly, creates a prototype of the program as a base point of development. Then, the developer modifies a part of the prototype, compiles and runs it.

6 novices took a lot of time to revert their program to the previous working state. It is conceivable that novices cannot understand their programming process. For the second step, we developed a programming support tool, Pockets which meets the requirements extracted from the result of the investigation. Pockets supports novices to understand of programming process while novice programmer do exploratory programming. Pockets shows to novices their source code history, action history (save, compile or run) and corresponding results. Pockets also has a revert functionality. This feature allows novices to backtrack into the past source code, therefore novices are able to trace back to the previous version of source code which does not produce compile or runtime error. Novices use exploratory programming technique more efficiently by using those Pockets functions. Keywords: Programming exercise, Exploratory programming, Novice programmer, Understanding of programming process, Education support iv

Pockets supports novices to understand of programming process while novice programmer do exploratory programming.

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9 1 AZUR [1] C3PV Java [2] 12 4 C3PV Pockets Java A 1-B C Pockets Pockets vii

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10 1.,,,,,,, 21 (FOSE 2014), pages , ,, Putchong Uthayopas, Chantana Chantrapornchai, Jittat Fakcharoenphol,,,,,, volume 114, number 260, pages 47 52, Kenji Fujiwara, Hideaki Hata, Erina Makihara, Yusuke Fujihara, Naoki Nakayama, Hajimu Iida, and Ken-ichi Matsumoto, Kataribe: a Hosting Service of Historage Repositories, In 11th Working Conference on Mining Software Repositories (MSR 2014), pages , May viii

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17 DENO [12] [13] DENO DENO DENO AZUR [1] AZUR 1 AZUR [1] 7

18 1 for if-else Sheil [6]

19 Sandberg [7] Myers [14] Yoon Myers Undo [15, 16] Yoon (3)コンパイル実行失敗 (1) 編集 (2)コンパイル実行リビジョン1 (プロトタイプ) リビジョン2 (3)コンパイル実行成功コンパイラ (4) 編集リビジョン2 (プロトタイプ) リビジョン3 2 9

20 API Myers Eclipse AZURITE 3 [17, 18, 19] if for while API 3 azurite/ 10

21 [2] 1 II 41 Java II Loop String API

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23 3 C3PV Java C3PV Save Compile Run Submit Ace 4 3 C3PV ID Save Compile Run Submit Run Compile 1 Autosave 1 5 Autosave 4 C3PV OS Linux Web Apache MySQL php ZendFramework Javascript jquery Ideone 6 API Sheil Edit Compile Run Debug Autosave

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26 1 1-A 1-B Save Compile Run Autosave Total n 4 20 n Autosave 1-A 2 Autosave 1-B Compile 16

27 2 1-C Run C K-S 5% p [8] TA A API String API 17

28 3 if for while String API if for while 1 2-B 4 ID Compile Run 3 Compile Run R1 R3 R5 x x 2-C 5 S1 S2 S3 while S4 while 18

29 4 ID R1 15:45 compile 5:int x; 6:int x = (int)(math.random(*8)); 7:System.out.println(x); R2 15:48 compile 6:int x1 = (int)(math.random(*8)); x is already defined x might not have been initialised R3 15:48 run 6:int x = (int)(math.random(*8)); x is already defined R4 15:48 compile 6:int y = (int)(math.random(*8)); x might not have been initialised R5 15:49 compile 6:int x = (int)(math.random(*8)); x is already defined R6 15:50 compile 6:int x = (Math.random(*8)); x is already defined R7 15:51 compile 6:x = (Math.random(*8)); possible loss of precision R8 15:51 compile 6:x = (int)(math.random(*8)); Sandberg [7] 3.3 Undo

30 5 ID S1 18:01 compile 60:int i = this.gas; 61:while(i < 0){ cannot find symbol S2 18:03 run 60:int i = getgas(); 61:while(i < 0){ possible loss of precision S3 18:03 run 60:double i = getgas(); 61:while(i < 0){ 0km S4 18:04 run 60:double i = getgas(); 61:while(i <= 0){ 0km S5 18:05 run 60:double i = getgas(); 61:while(i = 0){ incompatible types S6 18:06 compile 60:double i = getgas(); 61:while(i == 0){ S7 18:07 run 60:double i = getgas(); 61:while(i > 0){ S8 18:09 run 60:double i = getgas(); 61:while(i > 0.0){ S9 18:12 run 60:while(double car.getgas()>0.0){ illegal start of expression S10 18:12 compile 60:while(car.getGas() > 0.0){ 300km Git 9 Subversion 10 Tamada [4]

31 3 Pockets 21

32 4. Pockets Pockets C3PV [2] 5 Pockets Java Pockets UI Pockets 3 C3PV C3PVオリジナル領領域リビジョン一覧表示領領域差分一覧表示領領域 5 Pockets Java 22

33 C3PV Save Compile Run Pockets C3PV Save Compile Run 4.2. Pockets C3PV C3PV Save Compile Run Compile Run Save Compile Run 6 23

34 Compile Run 6 Save Compile Run Compile Run リビジョンに対する動作内容手戻り機能リビジョンID ピン止め機能表示示切切切切り替ええ機機能ソースコード差分表示機能 ( 差分表示中 ) エラーメッセージ出力力結果差分表示機能 (オリジナル表示中 ) 7 24

35 Save Compile Run ID ID Source code Output (a) (b) 8 25

36 8 Save

37 5. Pockets 5.1. Pockets UI 2 41 C C 1 Pockets 2 3 Pockets 4 2 if for while 4 3 if for while [12] Tamada [4] 27

38 Pockets Pockets 1 1 Pockets Pockets Pockets Pockets Pockets Pockets 1 2 Pockets Pockets Save Compile Run 28

40 6 Pockets 7 Pockets Pockets Pockets

41 5 2 TA 2 7 Pockets 5.3. Pockets Pockets Pockets Pockets UI Save Compile Run [20] Pockets Pockets 31

42 Pockets TA Compile Run Pockets 32

43 Save Compile Run Pockets Pockets Pockets Pockets UI Pockets Pockets Pockets TA 33

44 Pockets 34

45 CloudSpiral CloudSpiral CloudSpiral Database & Software Engineering 35

46 JAXA TA IPA IPA IT3 2 I 2 OB 2013 CloudSpiral CloudSpiral I would like to have my warmest thanks to Professor. Putchong and Professor. 36

47 Chantana for all the helpful advices and comments during my internship. I greatly appreciate Professor. Jittat for all his helps to gather Thai students and his afterward supports for my experiment. I am also greatful thanks Kasetsart University students who participate in my experiment. 37

48 [1],,,. azur-. IPSJ SIG Notes, Vol. 2014, No. 5, pp. 1 8, March [2],,,,. C3PV., Vol. 54, No. 1, pp , January [3]. IT 2014., [4] Haruaki Tamada, Akihiro Ogino, and Hirotada Ueda. A Framework for Programming Process Measurement and Compile Error Interpretation for Novice Programmers. In The Joint Conference of the 21th International Workshop on Software Measurement (IWSM) and the 6th International Conference on Software Process and Product Measurement (Mensura), pp , November [5] Arto Vihavainen, Matti Luukkainen, and Jaakko Kurhila. Using students programming behavior to predict success in an introductory mathematics course. In Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Educational Data Mining, pp , [6] Beau. Sheil. Environments for exploratory programming. Datamation, Vol. 29, No. 7, pp , July [7] David W. Sandberg. Smalltalk and exploratory programming. ACM SIG- PLAN Notices, Vol. 23, pp , October [8],, Putchong Uthayopas, Chantana Chantrapornchai, Jittat Fakcharoenphol,,,. 38

49 ., 114, pp , [9] Lahtinen Essi, Ala-Mutka Kirsti, and Järvinen Hannu-Matti. A study of the difficulties of novice programmers. SIGCSE Bull., Vol. 37, No. 3, pp , [10] S. Fincher. What are we doing when we teach programming? In Frontiers in 29th Annual Education Conference, 1999., Vol. 1, pp. 12A4/1 12A4/5 vol.1, Nov. [11] Kenji Fujiwara, Kyohei Fushida, Haruaki Tamada, Hiroshi Igaki, and Norihiro Yoshida. Why novice programmers fall into a pitfall?: Coding pattern analysis in programming exercise. In Proceedings of the 2012 Fourth International Workshop on Empirical Software Engineering in Practice, pp , [12],,. DENO. CE, Vol CE-123, No. 5, pp. 1 8, [13],,,,.. :, 109, pp , [14] Variations to support exploratory programming. exploratoryprogramming.org/. [15] YoungSeok Yoon and Brad A. Myers. An exploratory study of backtracking strategies used by developers. In Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Cooperative and Human Aspects of Software Engineering, pp , June

50 [16] Brad A. Myers, Stephen Oney, Youngseok Yoon, and Joel Brandt. Creativity support in authoring and backtracking. In Workshop on Evaluation Methods for Creativity Support Environments at CHI (ECSE), pp , [17] Johannes Sametinger, Alois Stritzinger, and Johannes Kepler. Exploratory software development with class libraries. In In Proc. 7th Joint Conference of the Austrian Computer Society, [18] I. Scott MacKenzie and R. William Soukoreff. Text entry for mobile computing: Models and methods,theory and practice. Human Computer Interaction, Vol. 17, No. 2-3, pp , [19] Ko Andrew J, Aung Htet Htet, and Myers Brad A. Design requirements for more flexible structured editors from a study of programmers text editing. In CHI 05 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp ACM, [20],, , 2012, pp , aug

2 3 Pockets Pockest Java [6] API (Backtracking) 2 [7] [8] [3] i == Pockets 2.1 C3PV web [9] Pockets [10]Pockets 1 3 C

2 3 Pockets Pockest Java [6] API (Backtracking) 2 [7] [8] [3] i == Pockets 2.1 C3PV web [9] Pockets [10]Pockets 1 3 C 1,a) 2 3 1 1 API Pockets Pockets Investigating the Model of Automatically Detecting Exploratory Programming Behaviors Erina Makihara 1,a) Hiroshi Igaki 2 Norihiro Yoshida 3 Kenji Fujiwara 1 Hajimu Iida