17, DEPKES, 2014a: Table ; 1993; sistem kesehatan nasional: SKN 1980 Departem
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1 ASEAN 1970 Matsuno, 2009; 2010; , 2009, 2011b 2014 EPA Economic Partnership Agreement a, 2010b, 2012; 2010, 2014; 2011; 2011; 2013; Vol. 60, No. 2, April 2014
2 17, DEPKES, 2014a: Table ; 1993; sistem kesehatan nasional: SKN 1980 Departemen Kesehatan: DEPKES 1 5 Rencana Pembangunan Lima Tahun I: REPELITA I Pusat Kesehatan Masyarahat: PUSKESMAS 2 paramedis 3 BAPPENAS, 1969, 2-B : WHO Balai Kesejahteraan Ibu dan Anak: BKIA PUSKESMAS Pembantu: PUSTU 45
3 n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d n.d : WHO 2014a WHO 2014c World Bank 2014 : 1 :WHO 2014a IDN-B3 2 :WHO 2014b 3 :BAPPENAS 1994 n.d.=no data BAPPENAS, 1979, Pos Pelayanan Terpadu: POSYANDU 4 PUSKES- MAS Keliling: PUSKELING BAPPENAS, 1989, 3 ; 1994, REPELITA V, pega- wai tidak tetap: PTT 1991 Keputusan Presiden Nomor 37 Tahun 1991 tentang Pengangkatan Dokter Sebagai Pegawai Tidak Tetap Selama Masa Bakti 1994 DEPKES, 1997: Pos Bersalin Desa: POLINDES Pondok Bersalin Desa Pos Obat Desa DEPKES, 1996: 148 Undang-Undang Nomor 23 Tahun 1992 tentang Kesehatan 6 5 REPELITA VI, BAPPENAS, 1994, Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Panjang Nasional : RPJP RPJP-Kesehatan Rencana Strategis Departemen Kesehatan: RENSTRA Pos Kesehatan Desa: POSKESDES 46 Vol. 60, No. 2, April 2014
4 n.d. 1,058 5,620 n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d n.d. 1,637 5,689 n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d n.d. 2,020 6,330 n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d n.d. 2,175 6,610 n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d n.d. 2,343 6,801 n.d. 1,105 n.d. n.d. n.d n.d. 2,843 6,909 n.d. 1,267 n.d. 6,221 16, n.d. 2,843 6,909 n.d. 1,149 n.d. 7,644 17, ,679 2,744 n.d. 1,175 71,350 8,279 20, ,083 3,893 2,412 n.d. 1,214 83,091 8,977 23, ,168 4,053 2,412 n.d. 1,284 94,831 9,805 27, ,181 4,353 6,632 n.d. 1,413 96,540 10,456 31, ,208 4,553 7,342 n.d. 1,532 98,543 11,681 32, ,220 4,753 8,342 n.d. 1, ,166 12,931 36, ,232 4,953 10,342 n.d. 1, ,789 15,400 38, ,244 5,021 12,342 n.d. 1, ,412 16,000 40, ,321 5,353 13,635 n.d. 1, ,511 17,647 44, ,367 5,453 15,136 n.d. 1, ,426 18,947 48, ,408 5,553 16,636 n.d. 2, ,300 20,176 52, ,456 5,639 17,302 n.d. 2,163 n.d. 21,493 56, ,500 5,540 12,894 n.d. 2,510 n.d. 23,084 64, ,563 13,415 n.d. 2,620 n.d. 23,367 76, ,656 15,437 n.d. 2, ,387 25,752 98, ,976 15,944 n.d. 3, ,160 24, , ,224 18,264 n.d. 3, ,779 25, , ,026 6,954 19,977 n.d. 3, ,474 26, , ,039 6,984 20,466 n.d. 3, ,847 28, , ,062 7,105 20,672 n.d. 4, ,306 30, , ,074 7,177 21, ,187 5, ,083 31, , ,090 7,175 21, ,054 5, ,996 35, , ,112 7,181 21, ,006 5, ,186 34, , ,111 7,195 21, ,133 5, ,398 31, , ,145 7,237 21, ,526 6, ,507 n.d. n.d ,179 7,277 21, ,349 6, ,217 n.d. n.d ,215 7,309 21, ,190 7, ,214 n.d. n.d ,234 7,413 21, ,221 8, ,129 41, , ,246 7,550 22, ,699 8, ,231 35, , ,268 7,669 22, ,921 9, ,120 43, , ,292 8,015 22, ,202 10, ,451 43, , ,319 8,234 22, ,325 6, ,707 43, , ,371 8,548 23, ,951 10, ,538 52, , ,523 8,737 22, ,827 13, ,680 51, , ,632 9,005 23, ,633 16, ,144 42, , ,721 9,321 n.d. 268,439 16, ,656 59, , ,083 9,510 n.d. 276,392 17, ,432 76, , ,228 9,655 n.d. 280,225 17, ,450 93, ,755 :BPS DEPKES 2014a n.d. = no data : DEPKES, 1988: , , ,
5 1 :DEPKES Desa Siaga 2006 PUSKESMAS Perawatan, PUSKESMAS Rawat Inap 1 DEPKES, 2006, 2010 ASEAN % 1440 DEPSOS, 2007: Undang-Undang Nomor 36 Tahun 2009 tentang Kesehatan Undang-Undang Nomor 40 Tahun 2004 tentang Sistem Jaminan Sosial Nasional 都市部への病院の偏在 , ,655 3, , Vol. 60, No. 2, April 2014
6 503 23, ,731 DEPKES, ,994 72,944 8, DEPKES, 2009b: , ,450 33, b Indonesia Sehat 2010 DEPKES, DEPKES, 2006b DEPKES, 2009: DEPKES, 2010b: :DEPKES 2006b; 2010b : % % 49
7 : n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d n.d :DEPKES 2004, 2009b, 2011, a : DEPKES, 2014a: Table 2-1, ,098 75% 3 DEPKES, 2014b 6 DEPKES, 2014b: Table DEPKES, 2014: Table DEPKES, 2014a: Table Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan Nomor 09 Tahun 2013 tentang Penugasan Khusus Tenaga Kesehatan DEPKES, 2013: Vol. 60, No. 2, April 2014
8 :DEPKES 2014b 2. 教育と資格制度の変遷 Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 32 Tahun 1996 tentang Tenaga Kesehatan D3 2009: , 2011a: Undang-Undang Nomor 29 Tahun 2004 tentang Praktek Kedokteran Konsil Kedokteran Indonesia: KKI BPPSDMK, 2006 Persatuan Perawat Nasional Indonesia: PPNI Peraturan Menteri Kese- 51
9 hatan Nomor 161 Tahun 2010 tentang Registrasi Tenaga Kesehatan A , ,554 B A 4 175,565 Surat Tanda Registrasi: STR C 200,609 94, , , Vol. 60, No. 2, April 2014
10 A 38,210 42,189 13, , , , , , ,578 B ,767 6, , ,176 71, ,363 34, ,198 36,081 21,283 4, ,309 31,254 62, , , , ,153 1,168 42,135 46,512 46,512 36,272 42,203 12, , , , , , ,050 C 24,541 94,727 26, , , , , ,178 :DEPKES (2014a), Table 3-2, 3-4, 3-5, 3-7, 3-10; DEPKES (2014b) :
11 ,402 6,332 6,892 7,055 9, ,377 13,699 8,403 16,836 27,333 38,210 14, ,548 17,480 16,014 23,904 28,332 25,333 32,492 37,364 42,189 4,092 4, ,546 6,051 7,931 9,774 8,731 10,164 11,826 13, , , , , , , , , , , ,266 35,410 34,688 47,663 46,929 30,752 61,947 93,889 96, , , ,489 38,789 36,290 36,624 38,011 91,078 9,971 1,972 2,192 2,351 2, ,591 60,088 64, ,261 97, ,411 87,677 92,169 89,978 94,185 84,332 25, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,578 :DEPKES 1993, 1996, 1997, 2000, 2004, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014b : 1 dokter umum 1990 dokter ahli dokter spesial 2 apoteker apotheker asisten apoteker 2000 farmasi/farmasis 3 4 pharmacist tenaga teknis kefarmasian kefarmasian 1990 paramedis paramedic paramedis perawatan paramedis pembantu paramedis non perawatan perawat bidan paramedis non perawatan 2000 perawat gigi sarjana kesmas sarkes sarjana kesehatan masyarakat 2000 sanitarian ahli kesehatan lingkungan 2 2,538 2,308 3,593 3,732 3, ,473 19,953 18,022 26,274 31,223 46, Vol. 60, No. 2, April 2014
12 , D DEPKES, 2009; 2010, 2011, 2012, 移住労働ブームによる看護師送出 : : ASEAN : Keputusan Menteri Kesehatan Nomor 700a/SK/9/1988 tentang Pedoman Pengerahan Tenaga Perawat ke Luar Negeri
13 ; Buchan, 2007; 2010 TOEFL IELTS : 民主化改革と諸外国の人材獲得競争による送出拡大 Vol. 60, No. 2, April 2014
14 , ,225 2,059 1, ,235 1, : EPA DEPKES, 2012;
15 , 2010b Pusat Pemberdayaan Profesi dan Tenaga Kesehatan Luar Negeri: PUSPRONAKES 40 NCLEX-RN 2008: politeknik kesehatan 2011a: : EPA 2009: Vol. 60, No. 2, April 2014
16 2008 STKES Binawan, 2005; 2008: , 2012: ASEAN EPA Badan Nasional Penempatan dan Perlindungan Tenaga Kerja Indonesia: BNP2TKI : 174, 2009: ASEAN 2012; EPA JICWELS , 2012 EPA EPA 2010, 2013: BNP2TKI, 2009a, 2009b BNP2TKI, 2010b BNP2TKI, 2010c, 2012a EU 59
17 3. 移住労働者保護と国民福祉優先への政策転換 ASEAN Badan Pengembangan dan Pemberdayaan Sumber Daya Manusia Kesehatan: BPPSDMK Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan Nomor 317 Tahun 2010 tentang Pendayagunaan Tenaga Kesehatan Warga Negara Asing di Indonesia 1 STR DEPKES, 2012: Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan Nomor 47 Tahun 2012 tentang Pendayagunaan Perawat ke Luar Negeri IT BNP2TKI, 2014a 60 Vol. 60, No. 2, April 2014
18 : : ,259 BNP2TKI, 2010a, 2011; ,000 4, BNP2TKI, 2013a ASEAN 2014: 18 19; 2014: ,401 1, ,676 1, DEPKES, 2012, ASEAN BNP2TKI 2012b; 2013b ICN, ASEAN 61
19 : a: : Choy, a: ASEAN 2003; Vol. 60, No. 2, April 2014
20 2011; 2011a EPA 2010: 77, 2011a: 697, 701, 2012: :
21 ASEAN a: WHO PHC ; 2013 POSYANDU , ,469 DEPKES, 1992: 93, 2008: klinik Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan Nomor 28 Tahun 2011 tentang Klinik 2014 Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan Nomor 9 Tahun 2014 tentang Klinik DEPKES, 2014a: Table Surat Izin Praktik Perawat: SIPP Surat Izin Kerja Perawat: SIKP 2 Surat Tanda Registrasi: STR 5 SIPP SIKP Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan Nomor 17 Tahun 2013 tentang Perubahan atas Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan HK Nomor 148/1 Tahun 2010 tentang Izin dan Penyelenggaraan Praktik Perawat : Vol. 60, No. 2, April 2014
22 2010: ,968 28,879 Kementerian Kesihatan Malaysia, 2014: ICN, ICN, ,000 3,000 4,000 34,200 2, ICN, ; The Straits Times, 15 February, Roll Internusa Mandiri : ; 2009: Departemen Sosial: DEPSOS : b: 72, 2012: Undang-Undang Nomor 39 Tahun 2004 tentang Penempatan dan Perlindungan Tenaga Kerja Indonesia di Luar Negeri ASEAN Parkway Health Ramsey Health Care 2008: BNP2TKI, 2009c; 2009d , ,365 12, , ,708 2,259 9, , % Immigration Department, First Aid International FAI BNP2TKI, 2014b , ICN, 2011; 2012; EPA 2010b 25 EPA
23 日本語 2006 : L 2010 : : : 2009 : : a : b : a : b : 10 : :EPA : : : : Vol. 18, No : 2013a b 25 list/ html : 66 Vol. 60, No. 2, April 2014
24 2010 : : : ASEAN : : : : : EPA : : 1977 : 英語 Buchan, James (2007), International recruitment of nurses: Policy and practice in UK, Health Services Research, Vol. 42, No. 3, Part 11: Choy, Catherine Ceniza (2003), Empire of Care: Nursing and Migration in Filipino American History, Durham, NC: Duke University Press. ICN (International Council of Nurses) ( ), Nursing Workforce Profile: Database Summary ( , Annual reports), ICN; Asia Nursing Workforce Forum Immigration Department (Hong Kong) (2010), Annual Report Kingma, Mireille (2005), Nurse on the Move: Migration and the Global Health Care Economy, ILR Press. Matsuno, Ayako (2009), Nurse migration: The Asian perspective, ILO/EU Asian Programme on the Governance of Labour Migration Technical Note, pp OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) (2008), The Looming Crisis in the Health Workforce: How Can OECD Countries respond? (OECD Health Policy Studies), Paris: OECD. 67
25 STIKES Binawan (Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Keperawatan Binawan) (2005), STIKES Binawan sends 202 healthcare professionals to Australia World Bank (2014), Data, WHO (World Health Organization) (2014a), Child mortality estimates (Indonesia), (2014b), World Health Statistics (2014c), Trends in Maternal Mortality: 1990 to インドネシア語 マレーシア語 BAPPENAS (Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Nasional) ( ), Rencana Pembangunan Lima Tahun I ( ), II ( ), III ( ), IV ( ), V ( ), VI ( ), BAPPENAS. (2005), Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Panjang Nasional , BAPPENAS. BNP2TKI (Badan Nasional Penempatan dan Perlindungan Tenaga Kerja Indonesia) (2009a), Asosiasi Perawat Belanda Butuh Perawat Indonesia (21 February) (2009b), Indonesia Akan Kirim 20 Perawat ke Belanda (6 March). (2009c), Depkes Prioritaskan Standarisasi TKI Kesehatan (21 August). (2009d), Pemerintah dan DPR Didesak Segera Lahirkan UU Keperawatan (21 August). (2010a), Lulusan SMA Berpeluang Isi Perawat Lansia ke Taiwan (21 January). (2010b), Jumhur: Jerman Butuh Perawat (10 July). (2010c), BNP2TKI Fasilitasi Swasta Kirim Perawat Magang ke Eropa (20 September). (2011), Taiwan Buka Peluang Ribuan TKI Perawat (20 July). (2012a), Kepala BNP2TKI Dukung Penempatan TKI Perawat G to G ke Norwegia (15 February). (2012b), ASC ke-9 Ajang Promosi TKI Perawat ke Dunia Internasional (10 October). (2013a), Kepala BNP2TKI: Tahap Pertama, Hongkong Butuh 2000 Pengasuh Lansia (28 November). (2013b), Jumhur Optimistis TKI Siap Kompetisi di Pasar Kerja ASEAN (28 December). (2014a), BNP2TKI Gandeng TWI Tingkatkan Keahlian Profesi Las (17 June). (2014b), BNP2TKI-First Aid International Kerjasama Pemberdayaan TKI Caregiver (24 July). BPPSDMK (Badan Pengembangan dan Pemberdayaan Sumber Daya Manusia Kesehatan) (2006), Kurikulum Pendidikan D-3 Keperawatan. BPS (Biro Pusat Statistik) (2014), Sarana Kesehatan, DEPKES (Departemen Kesehatan), ( ), Profil Kesehatan Indonesia (2006b), Rencana Strategis Departemen Kesehatan (2009b), Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Panjang Nasional Kesehatan (2010b), Rencana Strategis Departemen Kesehatan (2014a), Data dan Informasi Tahun 2013 (Profil Kesehatan Indonesia). (2014b), Rekapitulasi SDM Kesehatan Yang Didayagunakan Pada Fasilitas Pelayanan Kesehatan (Fasyankes) di Indonesia, DEPSOS (Departemen Sosial), Menteri Sosial Republik Indonesia: Keputusan Menteri Sosial RI Nomor 4/ PRS-3/KPTS/2007 tentang Pedoman Pelayanan Sosial Lanjut Usia dalam Panti, Direktorat Jenderal Pelayanan dan Rehabilitasi Sosial, DEPSOS. Kementerian Kesihatan Malaysia (2014), Petunjuk Kesihatan 2013, Pusat Informatik Kesihatan Bahagian Rancangan Kementerian Kesihatan Malaysia. 中国語 [email protected] 68 Vol. 60, No. 2, April 2014
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