Microsoft Word - 事前配布資料表紙_難波先生

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1 三井住友 Pre-EMP プログラム事前配布資料植物医科学生命科学の基礎講師 : 難波成任 2016 年 9 月 21 日

2 東京大学EMP GMO 植物の健康事前資料東京大学大学院農学生命科学研究科難波成任 EMP Executive Management Program 生物人間植物器官動物昆虫菌類生物の細胞数細胞細菌組織 1 ヒト約60兆個線虫 1,000個細菌 1個

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4 ! ①好気性細菌ミトコンドリアを獲得し ②さらに光合成細菌葉緑体を獲得しエネルギーの大量生産が可能になった光合成能を獲得した細胞は植物へと進化ミトコンドリア葉緑体植物の斑入りは葉緑体の欠陥により引き起こされる動物植物はいずれも真核生物植物細胞液胞細胞壁細胞膜動物細胞細胞膜葉緑体小胞体ゴルジ体小胞体核核ゴルジ体ミトコンドリアミトコンドリア青文字植物特有の細胞内小器官 3

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6 モデル生物ゲノムが小さく実験に扱いやすい生物ゲノムの大きさは生物種ごとに大きく異なる線虫ショウジョウバエナズナ! 核 5 ヒトの全ゲノム情報 22対44本の常染色体と 1対2本の性染色体に分割された状態で核の中にある

細胞を持たない核酸 DNA RNA とタンパク質のみで構成タバコモザイクウイルス世界で最初に発見されたのは植物に感染するウイルスだった 1/1000 タンパク質 RNA ウイルスは非常に微小であり電子顕微鏡でなければ観察できない!

com/naturegenetics 大きさ systems for nucleosides, nucleotides or NADP/NADPH were identified in the phytoplasma genome, although they are probably present.

The F0F1-type ATP-synthase subunits necessary for ATP-proton motive force interconversion are essential in Mycoplasma genitalium8,12, and all ATP-synthase subunits are members of the proposed minimal

Unexpectedly, none of the eight ATP-synthase subunits was identified in the phytoplasma genome. Phytoplasma is the first living organism found to lack them all13. C.

Alternatively, a 遺伝子数 100 1000 nm 860 ATP synthesis in phytoplasma might be strongly dependent on the glycolysis pathway, as glycolysis turnover is increased in B.

7 細胞を持たない核酸 DNA RNA とタンパク質のみで構成タバコモザイクウイルス世界で最初に発見されたのは植物に感染するウイルスだった 1/1000 タンパク質 RNA ウイルスは非常に微小であり電子顕微鏡でなければ観察できない! ファイトプラズマ生物ミミウイルス無生物 B R I E F C O M M U N I C AT I O N S ゲノム 2004 Nature Publishing Group 大きさ systems for nucleosides, nucleotides or NADP/NADPH were identified in the phytoplasma genome, although they are probably present. Most bacteria, including reduced-genome bacteria8 10, produce F0F1-type ATP synthase and synthesize ATP through a reverse proton discharge reaction. The F0F1-type ATP-synthase subunits necessary for ATP-proton motive force interconversion are essential in Mycoplasma genitalium8,12, and all ATP-synthase subunits are members of the proposed minimal gene set indispensable for life13. Chlamydia trachomatis lacks these genes but contains the archaeal A0A1-type ATP synthase14. Unexpectedly, none of the eight ATP-synthase subunits was identified in the phytoplasma genome. Phytoplasma is the first living organism found to lack them all13. C. trachomatis has an ATP/ADP translocase and imports host ATP14, but the phytoplasma genome does not encode similar genes, suggesting that it imports host ATP by an unknown mechanism. Alternatively, a 遺伝子数 nm 860 ATP synthesis in phytoplasma might be strongly dependent on the glycolysis pathway, as glycolysis turnover is increased in B. subtilis strains in which the atp operon has been deleted15. The phytoplasma chromosome includes a gene encoding sucrose phosphorylase, which cleaves sucrose into glucose and fructose. But evidence that its ORF is incomplete and the absence of sucrose phosphorylase activity suggest that this gene is nonfunctioning; an ancestral phytoplasma may have had a functional copy of this gene (data not shown). Sucrose concentration is much lower in insect cells, which might explain why phytoplasmas no longer require this gene. Analysis of the phytoplasma genome identified glucanase and hemolysin-like proteins as possible virulence factors. No other known virulence genes were found in the phytoplasma genome, suggesting that new mechanisms govern their virulence. Although metabolic genes are scarce, the phytoplasma genome contains as many as 27 genes encoding transporter systems, such as malate, metal-ion and amino-acid transporters, some of which have multiple copies (Fig. 1b; Supplementary Table 5 online), suggesting that phytoplasmas aggressively import many metabolites from the host cell. The consumption of these metabolites with phytoplasma infection may greatly disturb the metabolic balance of the host cell, causing disease symptoms. In addition to many transporter genes, there are multiple redundant copies of the genes uvrd, hflb, tmk, dam and ssb (18% of the total genes), which are present as single genes in many bacteria (Fig. 1a). This might explain why the phytoplasma genome is larger than that of M. genitalium (which is!580 kb) despite the loss of many metabolic genes. 103 塩基 754個 b Figure 1 Schematic representation of the chromosome and metabolic pathways of phytoplasma. (a) Circular representation of the phytoplasma chromosome. The outer circle shows predicted protein-coding regions on the plus strand classified by function using the color code at the bottom of the figure. The second circle shows predicted protein-coding regions on the minus strand. The third and fourth circles show the multiple redundant genes on the plus and minus strands, respectively (see Supplementary Note online). The fifth circle shows the GC-skew value ((G C)/(G + C)). The sixth circle shows the G + C content (higher values outward). The seventh and eighth circles show trnas (blue) and rrnas (red) on the plus and minus strands, respectively. The scale in kb is indicated (numbers on the outside of the chromosome). (b) An overview of phytoplasma metabolism and transport. Shown are transporters and the main elements of metabolic pathways, deduced from the set of genes with predicted functions. Red arrows: pathways or transporters found in the M. genitalium genome but not in the phytoplasma genome. Blue arrows: pathways or transporters found in the phytoplasma genome but not in the M. genitalium genome. Detailed information about abbreviated names is given in Supplementary Note online. 生物に必須なエネルギー合成遺伝子をもたない 28 VOLUME 36 NUMBER 1 JANUARY 2004 NATURE GENETICS nm 1, 塩基 1262個細胞に似た構造をもち生物と同じ遺伝子を多数もつ

8 DNAは含まれる塩基の種類によって A T G Cの4種類があるポリマーポリヌクレオチドを形成するポリヌクレオチドは塩基の相補性により二本鎖になり二重らせんの状態で存在している塩基の相補性 AとT GとCはそれぞれ水素結合により引かれ合う A T G C 正確に複製するためであると考えられる細胞が分裂するとき DNAの複製がおこなわれるがその様式は半保存的複製と呼ばれる半保存的複製二重鎖の片方を鋳型としもう片方を新たに作り上げることで複製が行われもとのDNAが半分だけ保存されることを意味する 7

9 DNAの遺伝情報は RNAを介してタンパク質に翻訳されるタンパク質は20種類のアミノ酸がポリマーとなったもの DNA 4種類 A T G C RNA 4種類 A U G C タンパク質 20種類 Ala Cys 遺伝情報の伝達は一方通行であり生命のセントラルドグマ中心教義と呼ばれる 20種類のアミノ酸 3つのRNA 43=64通りで 1つのアミノ酸を指定しているコドン暗号表 3つのRNA単位をコドンと呼ぶゲノムDNAを解読すればタンパク質の情報も明らかにできる 8

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A Nutritional Study of Anemia in Pregnancy Hematologic Characteristics in Pregnancy (Part 1) Keizo Shiraki, Fumiko Hisaoka Department of Nutrition, Sc

A Nutritional Study of Anemia in Pregnancy Hematologic Characteristics in Pregnancy (Part 1) Keizo Shiraki, Fumiko Hisaoka Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Tokushima University, Tokushima Fetal