http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/2001/38/ 2004 9 30
1781 1846 1930 50 2
3
radial velocity HDS 5m/s HD209458 HD209458+I 2 cell Subaru/HDS 4
(Mayor & Queloz 1995) 4.2 5
2 1.5% HST 4 orbits Brown et al. (2001) 6
7
8
10000 1000 100 10 1 / 1993 2004 9 astro-ph 9
Radial velocity data Radial velocity data Radial velocity 10
Josh Winn @Whipple Obs (1.2m) November 24, 2003 transit HD209458 H 11
http://hubblesite.org/ newscenter/archive/ 2001/38/ 2000 0.4g/cc 2001 11 12
HD209458 Radial velocity + transit HD209458 G0V V 7.58 ( =47pc) 6000 HD209458b 3.52474 0.00004 86.68 0.14 0.63 1.347 0.060 0.4g/cc (< ) 1400 13
(15%) Additional absorption in Lyman emission line Geocorona, not planetary Vidal-Madjar et al. Nature 422(2003)143 http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/2003/08/ 14
HD209458b 2002 10 2003 7 8 ( ) ( ) Josh Winn (Harvard Univ.) Edwin Turner, Brenda Frye (Princeton Univ.) 15
HD209458b radial velocity Subaru/HDS previous velocity curve (Wittenmyer et al. 2003) Winn et al. PASJ 56 (2004) 655 16
HDS H Winn et al. PASJ 56 2004 655 Transit radial velocity (Rossiter-McLaughlin ) McLaughlin (Ohta, Taruya & Suto 2004) St. Andrews 17
Transmission Spectroscopy 18
HD209458 19
20
21
H H HD209458 Na I (D2) Na I (D1) H H H 5889.97 5895.94 6562.81 4861.34 4340.48 H (Winn et al. 2004) H Transit 22 Transit
H 0.1 (Winn et al. 2004) 23
HD209458 H H <0.1% (Winn et al. 2004) L 15% (Vidal-Madjar et al. 2003) T ex < (0.6-1.3)eV (( 24
Rossiter-McLaughlin Blue shift Red shift 1. Doppler 2. 3. 25
Rossiter transit HD209458 26
Spectroscopic transit signature (Rossiter-McLaughlin ) out of transit in transit HD209458 radial velocity data http://exoplanets.org/ Queloz et al. (2000) A&A 359, L13 ELODIE on 193cm telescope 27
HD209458 Rossiter HD209458 (Rossiter 1924; Hosokawa 1953; Kopal 1990) (1953 Ohta et al. (2004) 28
radial velocity Subaru/HDS error-bar Subaru/HDS error-bar ε=0.64 ε=0 Limb darkening: B= 1- ε (1-cos θ) (Semi)-analytic template curves (Ohta, Taruya & Suto 2004) 29
50km/s 0.01% HDS 50000 30
Biomarker (e.g., extrasolar plant) Habitable planet Extraterrestrial life 31
Biomarker red edge 32
Red edge of (extrasolar)) plants as a biomarker in extrasolar planets 7000 5000 extrasolar planet biomarker (extrasolar plant as a biomarker in extrasolar planets) Seager, Ford & Turner astro-ph/0210277 33
Vesto Melvin Slipher (1875-1969) Red-edge as a biomarker (at least) in 1924! Discovered redshifts of spiral nebulae now known as galaxies Essential contribution for Hubble s discovery of expanding universe Observations of Mars in 1924 made at the Lowell Observatory: II spectrum observations of Mars PASP 36(1924)261 Astrobiology indeed in 1924! 34
Ford, Seager & Turner: Nature 412 (2001) 885 Assume that the earth s reflected light is completely separated from the Sun s flux! TPF (Terrestrial Planet Finder) in (10 20) years from now? Periodic change of 10% level due to different reflectivity of land, ocean, forest, and so on Cloud is the most uncertain factor: weather forecast! 35
red edge 2 Sunlight 36
a previous attempt of earthshine spectroscopy: red-edge in a pale blue dot? refectivity wavelength [ ] Woolf & Smith ApJ 574 (2002) 430 The spectrum of earthshine: A Pale Blue Dot Observed from the Ground 37
Kepler (NASA: launch 2008?) differential photometry http://www.kepler.arc.nasa.gov/ 38
infra-red space interferometry: imaging and spectroscopy http://ast.star.rl.ac.uk/darwin/ 39
Prospects in the 21 st century: from astronomy to astrobiology Gas planets: from discovery phase to characterization phase Understand origin, formation and evolution Discovery of terrestrial planets Discovery of habitable planets Liquid water Ultra-precise spectroscopy Separate the planetary emission/reflection/absorption spectra from those of stars How to convince ourselves of the presence of extra-terrestrial life simply from remote observations? Biomarker!!! 40