2 X-ray 6 gamma-ray :38m 0:77m nm 17.2 Hz Hz 1 E p E E = h = ch= (17.2) p = E=c = h=c = h= (17.3) continuum continuous spectrum line spectru

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あいりしのしま
9 years ago
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1 1 17 object 1 observation 17.1 X electromagnetic wave photon 1 = c (17.1) c = ms ;1 m mm = 10 ;3 m m =10 ;6 m nm = 10 ;9 m 1 Hz 17.1 spectrum radio 2 infrared 3 visual light optical light 4 ultraviolet 5 X 2 10km 1km 10km 100m 1km 10m 100m 1m 10m 1cm 1m 1mm 1cm 0.1mm 1mm 3 1mm 0.77 m 770nm IR 4 400nm 770nm 5 400nm 10nm 400nm 320nm UVA 320nm 290nm UVB 290nm 190nm UVC

1 spectrum radio 2 infrared 3 visual light optical light 4 ultraviolet 5 X 2 10km 1km 10km

2 2 X-ray 6 gamma-ray :38m 0:77m nm 17.2 Hz Hz 1 E p E E = h = ch= (17.2) p = E=c = h=c = h= (17.3) continuum continuous spectrum line spectrum emission line absorption line h = 6:62610 ;34 J s ev = 1: ;19 J kev =10 3 ev MeV 10 6 ev X X 2keV 20 kev nm X 7 X 0.01nm 0.001nm 17.3

3 C273 NASA 17.5 power law spectrum ; 17.6

4 4 thermal spectrum optically thick blackbody radiation optically thin bremsstrahlung nonthermal spectrum synchrotron radiation inverse Compton scattering X atomic spectrum transition CO molecular spectrum 21 cm X cyclotron line annihilation line

radiation inverse Compton scattering X atomic spectrum

5 HII X 21 cm

6 6 radio FM 15cm infrared 1800 visual light optical light 1666 ultraviolet 1801 X X-ray 1885 X X X X X X gamma-ray X

7 temperature thermodynamic equilibrium Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution Planck distribution blackbody radiation B B (T ) blackbody B erg s ;1 cm ;2 sr ;1 Hz ;1 B (T ) T B (T )= 2h c 2 3 e h=kt ; 1 (18.1) c = 2: ms ;1 h = 6: ;27 erg s k = 1: ;16 erg K ; K K 18.1 T B (T ) K 300K 6000K K

distribution blackbody radiation B B (T ) blackbody B erg s ;1 cm ;2 sr ;1 Hz ;1 B (T

8 B (T ) = (2h=c 2 )T 3 (=T) 3 =(e h=kt ; 1) max =5: T [Hz] (18.2) max =2: =T [m] (18.3) K 300K 6000K K 18.1 h kt 2kT 2 B (T ) c 2 (18.4) h kt B (T ) 2h3 c 2 e ;h=kt (18.5) B (T ) R B (T )d B ( T ) erg s ;1 cm ;2 sr ;1 B(T )= T 4 (18.6) Stefan- Boltzmann law = 25 k 4 15c 2 h 3 = 5: ;5 erg cm ;2 deg ;4 (18.7) s ; R 18.6 [x 3 =(e x ;1)]dx = 4 = R F F L F = F = Z Z B cos d =B (18.8) B cos d =B = T 4 (18.9) L =4R 2 T 4 (18.10) B B erg s ;1 cm ;2 sr ;1 Hz ; B erg s ;1 cm ;2 sr ;1 cm ;1 B (T )= 2hc2 5 1 e hc=kt ; 1 (18.11)

6) Stefan- Boltzmann law = 25 k 4 15c 2 h 3 = 5:6705 10 ;5 erg cm ;2 deg ;4 (18.7) s ;1 18.6 4 18.6 R 18.6 [x 3 =(e x ;1)]dx = 4 =15 18.

9 X 6000K 12 I I I nm 0.77nm 3000K 6000K 10000K data/planets/ solarrad.gif photosphere 9 cosmic background radiation 3K 3K

10 particleadventure. org/ K 3K T 0 T T 0 z 1+z = T=T 0 (18.12) T 0 = 4000K COBE WMAP

11 thermal emission T emissivity Z n i n e () j () cgs () = 4j () = 6:8 10 ;38 g X Z Z 2 n e n i T ;1=2 e ;h=kt (19.1) erg cm ;3 s ;1 Hz ;1 g thermal bremsstrahlung free-free emission 19.2 () =4j () =7:810 ;38 g n 2 e T ;1=2 e ;h=kt (19.2) erg cm ;3 s ;1 Hz ; e ;h=kt

12 12 h kt h kt 1 ;2 2 cgs 4j = =1:6 10 ;27 g B n 2 e T 1=2 (19.3) erg cm ;3 s ;1 g B H II interstellar gas 19.3 nebula interstellar cloud

13 K K 1 K 100K 10K neutral state 21cm VLT ESO K molecular state O B 91.2nm ionize ionized state HII HII HII region 100

14 14 HII M HII cm X NASA/STScI 30MHz 10m 30000MHz 0.01m 19.3 X X X X X X X-ray binary 19.7 X

15 15 X X X X X 21 X X X X X X X X X-ray burster X 19.8 X X 19.9 X X

16 16 X X X X X-ray pulsar X Cen X-3 X X 6.4keV X X d = ds X X X X X X X X X X

17 power law spectrum synchrotron radiation magnetic bremsstrahlung 20.2 ; log log S log S = ; log + (20.1) S = ; (20.2) ; spectral index 20.1 S = S 0 ; 1 2

18 main sequence star red giant 20.5 NASA/STScI brown dwarf B NASA/STScI 229A white dwarf planetary nebula

19 SN1987A Anglo-Australian Observatory images/captions/aat050.html 20.6 M57 NASA/STScI 4 8 K K supernova 8 8 neutron star black hole 10km 1 5 supernova explosion supernova remnant Crab Nebula M ( ) ( ) ( )

1 100 K supernova 8 8 neutron star black hole 10km 1 5 supernova

20 N.A.Sharp/NOAO/AURA/NSF X Jy

21 M87 NASA/STScI NGC A A 7 radio galaxy J 1944 A A A A 1949 A A M87 A NGC M A VLA A A Cygnus A A

22 22 A A A 0 at spectrum radio sources steep spectrum radio sources A A 20.4 Jy 10 ;26 Wm ;2 Hz ;1 A W/m 2 A A W ; log log S log S = ; log + (20.3) S = ; (20.4) ; spectral index

23 23 hypernova J 10 45;46 J I Ia gamma-ray burst SN1997ef SN1998bw SN2002ap supernova super hypernova hyper hyper super supermarket hypermarket super hyper super s h hyper nova supernova hypernova 2

24 Thomson scattering electron scattering inverse Compton process inverse Compton scattering Compton process Compton scattering X ; log log S log S = ; log + (21.1) S = ; (21.2)

25 25 ; spectral index 21.3 X X BH accretion disk BH X X 19 X X 21.4 BH 21.5 X-1 X X

26 26 X X-1 X X 21.6 X-1 HD X-1 X 1970 X X-1 HD kpc O9 X 5.6 X HD X-1 X X-1 X X 2 high state X X X low state X X X X X 21.7 X-1 heasarc. gsfc. nasa.gov/ 21.2 X-1

27 27 X X 1000 X X two-temperature model ADAF advection-dominated accretion ow disk corona model 6000 X X X X 21.8 X X 2 2 X T =1000 K kt kev 21.3 Sgr A ; Sgr A A X

28 28 Sgr Sgr A 10 Sgr A Sgr A West Sgr A East Sgr A 2m 10m Sgr A IRS Sgr A IRS 16 Sgr A =IRS 16= Sgr A IRS 16 1 IRS 16 Sgr A IRS 16 Sgr A 10 6 {10 7 M MASS cm NRAO

29 Sgr A A X ADAF XDAF ADAF BDAF CDAF XDAF

atomic line spectrum emission line absorption line atom proton neutron nuclei electron Z atomic number A mass number neutral atom ion energy

1 22 22.1 atomic line spectrum emission line absorption line atom proton neutronnuclei electron Z atomic number A mass number neutral atom ion energy level ground stateexcited state ionized state 22.2