Nishi Amane s Military Thought: Obedience and Loyalty in the Military Force Shinko TANIGUCHI Nishi Amane (1829-1897) was one of the first Japanese philosophers to introduce European social sciences to his country. Nishi and Tsuda Mamichi were sent to Leiden, where they studied natural law, international law, constitutional law, economics, and statistics under the guidance of Simon Vissering. Their mission was to bring home knowledge of contemporary European studies that would be beneficial in building a modern state. He was also the principal author of the military criminal code of 1872 (Kairikugun keiritsu), and was engaged in compiling a dictionary of military terms in five languages. Most scholars researching Nishi s thoughts tend to disregard his career as a government administrator in the Military Department (Hyobusho) and its successor, the ministry of the Army (Rikugunsho). Few have considered his military works because he drafted the admonition to soldiers (Gunjin-kunkai) and the imperial rescript to soldiers and sailors (Gunjin-chokuyu). Both of which, as they emphasize the importance of loyalty, discipline, courtesy, thrift and saving, and bravery, have been regarded as evidence of demanding a patriotic spirit and fierce loyalty to the emperor Meiji from members of the armed forces. Historically, based on Marxism after WWII, they were criticized for impelling the nation toward ultra-nationalism. That is one of the reasons for the wide chasm between Nishi s image as the modern scholar and him as the military bureaucrat. He was already 40 years old when he experienced the climactic Meiji restoration of 1868. Only when we consider his life as a samurai serving Lord Kamei koremi in Tsuwano and the last shogun Tokugawa yoshinobu, can we precisely understand the implications of Nishi s military thought. In this article, I analyze the series on military ethics entitled Heika tokko (The Moral Conduct of Soldiers), Kokumin kifu-ron (the essay on national ethics), and a draft of Gunjin-kunkai from the perspective of obedience and loyalty in the military force. It indicates that although Nishi admitted the importance of obedience and loyalty in the modern European military mechanism, the military ethics he insisted on were based on the Japanese samurai tradition. 12 1829 43000 1868 3 177

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