trill lateral
syntax prosody syntaxprosody Stockwell
liquid, liquide liquidus /m,n/ /l,r,m,n/ obstruent sonorant /l/ /r/ /l/ /r/ Ladefoged liquid l w,j approximant liquid D.Crystal, A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics lateral /r/ IPA trill Ben Jonson R is the dog s letter, and hurreth in the sound, the tongue striking the inner palate, with a trembling about the teeth. Ben Jonson, English Grammar.
IPA Dauzat /r/ /r/ IPAl IPA allophone l /r/ /l/ /r/ /r/ rolled r, r IPA /r/
orthography
r /r/ kata /k/kita /k/ /k/ /k/ r,, /r/ allophone r /p/ /t/ /k/ vocalic consonantal /r/ Jakobson tome : Bloomfield :
/l/ /r/ /r/ /r/ /l/ /l/ Ladefoged, : Dictionnaire Linguistique,liquide Ladefoged
Jakobson M.Grammont M.Menzerath Jakobson, tome :, /m/ /n/ /m/ /n/ UCLA Phonological Segment Inventory Database UPSIDMaddieson
. %. % UPSIDMaddieson. %. %. %. %. %. %. % /n/ /r/ /n/ /m/ /r/ /l//n/ /m/ / / /r/ /l/ / / /r/ /l/ /r/ /l/. % /m/ /n/ / / /r/ /l/ /r/ /l/ /r/ /l/ allophone /r/ /l/
Maddieson /r//l/ /r/ /r/ MaddiesonMaddieson : /r/ trill tapflap trill tapflap. % tap flap Maddieson Maddieson Ladefoged,Cochran and Disner trill Malmberg, r /l/ /r/. % /l/ /l//r/ trill tap flap Maddieson trill /l/ /r/ trill/r/ trill tapflap trill r
/r/ /l/ /r/trill trill /r/ /r/ r Jakobson Jakobson, tome : /r/ /r/ allophone /l/ /r/
: /r/ /r/ r
flap p,
ra,ri,ru,re,ro la,li,lu,le,lo
flap n d t d t n d n n t t d n tap flap :,, :
Ladefoged :, t Handbook of the IPA: sleeting t sh Fujimura & Erickson: pudding butter /d/ /t/ t ts sd dz z z r rhotacism : Heffner n flap tap trill, n Ladefoged: latter, ladder, tanner /t, d, n/
tap perro pero pero pe o : : flaptap trill lateral tap flap flap flap a,e,o tap flap Blevins: - coronal
p b, m,φ β t d,n,s z k g,,χ γ Ueda & Davis : d d d d t,d,n t
t d,n sonority Saussure l Mémoire sur le systeme primitif des voyelles dans les langues indo-européennes, Paris, - : :
flap tap l trill n j i l Hayata :: l
Crystal, David A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics. Oxford: BLACKWELL. Dubois, J., Giacomo, M., Guespin, L., Marcellesi, C., Marcellesi, J.-B., Mevel, J.-P. Dictionnaire de Linguistique. Paris : Librairie Larousse. Blevins, Juliette Evolutionary Phonology The Emergence of Sound Patterns. Cambridge: Camabridge University Press. Bloomfield, Leonard Language. London: GEORGE ALLEN&UNWIN LTD. Dauzat, Albert Les Èapes de la langue française, Collection Que sais je?, Paris : Presses Universitaires de France. Hayata, Teruhiro The Liquid and Stem-final Vowel Alternations of Verbs in Ancient Japanese. Gengo Kenkyu. Jakobson, Roman Essais de Linguistique Générale. Paris :Les Éditions de Minuit. Ladefoged, Peter Vowels and Consonants. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishers Inc. A Course in Phonetics. Orlando, Florida: Hartcourt Brace&Company. Maddieson, Ian Patterns of Sound. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Malmberg, Bertil La Phonétique. Paris: Collection Que sais je? Paris : Presses Universitaires de France. L R Saussure, Ferdinand de Mémoire sur le système des voyelles dans les langues indo-européennes. Recueil des Publications scientifiques de Ferdinand de Saussure. Genève : Slatkine Reprints Stockwell, Robert P. The place of intonation in a generative grammar of English. Language : - Ueda, Isao and Stuart Davis The acquisition of Japanese r. Gengo Kenkyu.