1-1 1 1-2 6 1-3 11 2-1 13 2-3 20 3-1 30 3-2 31 3-3 41 3-4 46 3-5 52 3-6 56 3-7 60 4-1 67 4-2 67
(1) 2000 GWP 13 3,200 1990 HFCsPFCs SF 6 1995 12 3,300 8.0 0.2 CO2 CH41990 N2O HFCs PFCs1995 1-1 1
1 GWPGlobal Warming Potential IPCC 1995 2 HFCs 1995 3 1996 IPCC (2) CO 2 2000 12 3,700 9.75 1990 10.5 7.6 0.4 0.2 1-2 1990 0.9 0.2 2
2000 1990 20.6 2.1 2000 1990 20.4 4.1 1990 22.2 1.7 1-3 3
2000 105 17.4 2.3 2000 11 9,000 5.0 8.5 1990 1999 2000 HFCs 1,830 1995 8.4 6.2 HCFC-22 PFCs 1,150 1995 0.1 3.8 SF6 570 1995 65.7 31.3 4
100 1-42000 5
(1) 2002 2003 20 106 43.9 2003 90 [1]55 [2] 1990 55 1-51990 6
(2) 2008 2012 1990 : HFC PFC SF6 : : HFCPFCSF6 1995 : 5 1990 : (3) 2002 19 1998 2004 2007 7
8 1990 100 HFCPFCSF6 2004 2007 1-22010 6 HFCPFCSF6
9 1-6 CO 2
(4) 2000 2010 5 210 2003 2005 a. 2002 1 b. 2002 6 2003 4 RPSRenewables Portfolio Sta ndard RPS RPS 10
1990 1-2 1990 ( t-co 2 ) 2000 ( t-co 2 ) 1990 490 495 40.0 0.9 138 166 13.5 20.4 124 152 12.3 22.2 212 256 20.7 20.6 2000 12 (1) (2) (3) (4) 11
(5) 12
2010 2010 14 3 CO 2 13 7 2010 2-1 13
14 2-1 HEMS BEMS TDM ITS *2 *1 *1 *1 CO 2 *1 *1 *1 ITS *1 *1 *1 *1 *1 *1 *1 *1 *1 *1 *1 *1 *2
2-2 15
16 2-2 1530 CO 2 CO 2 70 / 40 / 10 HEMS BEMS 2001 10 54 75 60 20 35 /kw 2001 1002 463.8 kw 149
17 1kW 2004 DME LPG 50 / 2000 3 70 50200kW 60 80 /kw 10 100 2003 CO 2 CO2 8 34kW 2000 21 kw 7080 CO2 /kw 8 kw( ) 90 / 30 / 1999 370 2
18 0.51kW 5001,000W 40 120 / CO2 2003 9 TDM ITS ETCVICS CO 2 VICS 317 2001 6 PTPS 12
BDF; Bio Diesel Fuel BDF 1990 80 /L 2000 12,915 35 5 4 15 60 19 2002 15,000 100ppm 2005 50ppm
(1) 2010 2-1 2-1 2-2 20
2 3 2-2 2010 2010 2-2 1 CO 2 CO 2 CO 2 2010 21
2-2 2 2-2 3 (2) 2-3 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) 22
23 2-3 2002 HEMS BEMS. BEMS
24
25 CO 2 CO 2 CO 2 CO 2 CO 2 CO 2 CO 2
26 TDM ITS
27 CO 2 CO 2 CNG
2-4 2-4 2-3 28
2-4 29 CO 2 CO 2 100 10ppm 0.51kW CO 2
2010 (1) CO 2 (2) (3) (2) (4) (5) 2010 CO 2 30
(1) 10 10 CNG CO 2 7 1980 10 E10 3-1 31
3-1 1990 MTBE 10 1998 530 kl 1970 2025 2000 950 kl 10 ETBE 15 1999 9 t ETBE 10 25 5 2001 5 2002 8 5 10 10 EU EU 2005 2 2010 5.75 IEA IEA-AMF IEA 2020 8 *1 NEF News Vol.9,No.3 2001 *2 NEDO,2002 *3 2002 CO 2 2 CO 2 3-2 32
3-2 [MJ/ha] 2,878 4,492 5,396 528 938 633 1,816 613 17,294 978 512 1,105 2,872 5,467 22,761 133,155 13,661 146,816 / 6.45 Energy Analysis Crop of Used for Producing Ethanol and CO2 Emissions (1996,Marco Aur ' elio dos Santos) (2) E10 E10 E10 15 E10 5 33
(3) E10 E10 3-3 3-3 Honda,Acura 10% 10% 10% Nissan,Infiniti 10% 10% 10% Toyota,Lexus 10% 2000 Auto Manufacturer Fuel Recommendations(Vehicle Owner's Manual Statements) E10 E10 10 5 E10 E10 E10 10 10 E10 E10 E10 E10 2008 2012 E10 5 34
E10 E10 2003 2004 E10 E10 E10 2 8 8 E10 E10 2 E10 3-4 10 23 MTBE 23 2 3-4 ( ) ( ) ( ) JIS JIS89 JIS96 9091 98100 93 102 35
1,100 kl 700 kl 290 kl 170 120 kl EU 200 kl *1 *2 1,550 kl *1 34 6,000 kl E10 600 kl 300 kl 3,000 t 840 kl *3 *1 World Production and Trade: Reforms and Subsidies. World Ethanol 2000 ConferenceBerg, Christoph *2 NEDO,2002 *3 NEDO,2001 3-5 36
(4) ( ) 10 ORVR 2006 3 NEDO NEDO 37
2030 E10 E10 COHC NOx NOx 1 30 2535 /L 30 10 /L 2 27.2 2006 (5) CO 2 E10 2003 1/4 10 2004 2005 3/42006 10 2010 E10 2003 2010 E10 3-1 3-2 2004 2010 3 8 2010 E10 E10 E10 E10 CO 2 2010 573 t-co 2 1990 CO 2 21,200 t-co 2 2.7 E10 E10 2 2010 CO 2 1,163 t-co 2 1990 CO 2 5.5 CO 2 111,930 t-co 2 1.0 38
( 13 7 ) ) 3-1E10 E10 ( 13 7 ) ) 3-2E10 E10 39
40
(1) 3 3-3 CO 2 CO 2 CO 2 20 12 CO 2 6 13 3-3 1 30 NOx (2) 41
42 (3) a. b. c. 3-4 1020 P P P P P P
43 3-6 (4) 27.2
( ) (5) CO 2 20 1/20 1990 20 2010 CO2 178 t-co 2 1990 CO 2 12,400 t-co 2 1.4 2010 CO 2 418 t-co 2 1990 CO 2 3.4 2010 CO 2 2010 1t/h *1 11,542 2010 A *1 1,256 kl/ 2010 1t/h *2 4,905 2010 A *2 534 kl/ 20 39.1MJ/L *3 21.183MJ/L CO 2 21.183MJ/L20 (39.1MJ/L(100 20)+21.183 MJ/L 20)0.119 CO 2 71.6g-CO 2 /MJ *4 CO 2 534 kl/ 0.11971.6g-CO 2 /MJ39.1MJ/L178 t- CO 2 1990 CO 2 12,400 t-co 2 1990 CO 2 1.4 *1 3-7 *2 3-8 *3 13 *4 14 14 8 44
3-7 CO 2 2000 62,095 ( 14 ) / 41,422 313,195 / 27,231 / 1999 197,914 / 14,191 / 115,281 0.813 11,542 / 93,761 1,750 / 10m 2 100 /m2 / 90.0 14 45591 56055 ( 13 ) 250 / 1,750 / A 39.1 MJ/ 13 1,256k/ 2692.67(MJ/ ) 39.1MJ/L CO 2 71.6 CO 2 /MJ 14 8 CO 2 35.2 CO 2 / A CO 2 3-8 CO 2 4,905 / 15 20 1/20 39,848 1990 1,750 250 / 1,750 / 90.0 A 39.1 MJ/ 13 534k/ 2692.67(MJ/ ) 39.1MJ/L 20 CO 2 0.119 21.183MJ/L CO 2 8.52CO 2 /MJ 71.6CO 2 /MJCO 2 CO 2 1.78 CO 2 / A CO 2 3-9 CO 2 11,542 / 93,761 1,750 250 / 1,750 / 90.0 A 39.1 MJ/ 13 1,256k/ 2692.67(MJ/ ) 39.1MJ/L 20 CO 2 0.119 21.183MJ/L CO 2 8.52CO 2 /MJ 71.6CO 2 /MJCO 2 CO 2 4.18 CO 2 / A CO 2 45
(1) 1990 2000 1.24 1.39 3-5 2001 3-5 100V 95110V 100V 102 103V 3-6 100V 3-6 46
100V CO 2 3-10 3-10 7.17% 1100V 320W 6.74% 1100V 130W 1200W 6.63% 1100V 135W 5.64% 1100V 100W 5.62% 1100V 100W 4.16% 1100V 1,200W 1,950W 3.71% 1200V 1,720W 2,150W 2.80% 1100V 18W 4W 2.19% 1100V 100W 4 2 2 103V 100V 5.7 103[V] 2-100[V] 2 103[V] 2 100=5.7[] 100V 3-7 100V 105V 15 105V 47
Vol.202() 3-7 3040 (2) (3) 2003 50100 2005 2003 48
3-11 (4) VCCI B 99 100V 96V 200V 100V 20ms 49
15 (5) CO 2 2005 2010 2010 CO 2 147 282 t-co 2 1990 CO 2 13,800 t-co 2 1.12.0 2010 CO 2 262 502 t-co 2 1990 CO 2 1.93.6 2010 CO 2 2010 *1 100 2005 2010 600 2010 *1 4,914 5,630kWh/ 2000 *2 265,166GWh2000 *3 4,706 148kWh/ 3-12 *1 CO 2 0.36kg-CO 2 /kwh *1 0.69kg-CO 2 /kwh 600 4,914 600 0.5 148kWh0.360.69kg-CO 2 /kwh 147 282 t- CO 2 1990 13,800 t-co 2 1990 1.12.0 *1 ( 13 7 ) *2 13 *3 12 50
3-12. *2 *1 [kwh/ [kwh/ ] ] 16.8% 946 2.19% 925 3-7 10.4% 586 2.19% 573 13.2% 743 3.71% 715 3-7 2.6% 146 6.74% 136 3-7 3.9% 220 5.74% 207 103V100V 3.1% 175 5.74% 165 103V100V 1.0% 56 7.17% 52 3-7 9.4% 529 529 24.1% 1,356 1,356 15.5% 873 5.64% 824 3-7 100.0% 5,630 5,482 148 2.6% *1 2001 *2 12 2000 51
(1) NO PM NO NO DeNOx DeNOx DeNOx DeNOx CO 2 2002 WWFC 3 4 510ppm EU 2009 10ppm 10ppm 50ppm 3 CO 2 500ppm 10ppm 4 The Costs and Benefits of Lowering the Sulphur Content of Petrol & Diesel to Less Than 10ppm 2001 DIRECTORATE-GENERAL ENVIRONMENT Sustainable Development Unit and Air and Noise Unit (2) DeNOx DPF 52
(3) 2009 10ppm 2009 NOx DeNOx 2009 2006 3-13 53
(4) DeNOx DeNOx CO 2 (5) 10ppm (6) CO 2 2009 2010 CO 2 2010 76 t-co 2 1990 CO 2 21,200 t-co 2 0.4 2010 CO 2 425 t-co 2 1990 CO 2 2.0 CO 2 54
2010 CO 2 2010 ( () 13,850( ) 1,548(PJ) CO 2 10,627( -CO ) 2010 DeNOx 2,448 (2009 17.7) 278(PJ) CO 2 1,909( -CO ) 4 CO 2 76( -CO ) 1990 CO 2 21,200( -CO ) 1990 CO 2 0.4 2001 7 55
(1) kw 56m/s W 0.51kW 3-8 NTT 3-9 56
23/s 3-10 3-10 12 (2) (3) 2004 57
2004 2003 3-14 (4) W 0.51kW 58
(5) CO 2 2004 2010 6 2,948 2 590 500 15 2010 CO 2 140 267 t-co 2 1990 CO 2 13,800 t-co 2 1.01.9 2004 2010 590 85 2010 85 2010 6 2,948 CO 2 7321,336 t-co 2 1990 CO 2 5.19.7 2010 CO 2 2010 1 100 2004 2010 700 2010 *1 4,914 60 *2 2,948 0.5 0.15 8,760 657kWh *1 CO 2 0.36kg-CO 2 /kwh *1 0.69kg-CO 2 /kwh 590 657kWh0.360.69kg-CO 2 /kwh=140 267 t- CO 2 295 kw 1990 CO 2 13,800 t-co 2 1990 CO 2 1.01.9 *1 ( 13 7 ) *2 12 4,569 2,675 59
(1) CO 2 CO 2 3-15 173,000kW 7,270kW 4kW 1020kW 550kW 2050kW 5,720kW 2050kW 3,750kW 8,600kW 50 4,200kW 25 2010 482kW 12 1 3-16 10 1/2 10kW 1/21/3100kW 1/3 100kW 1/2 100kW 3-17 1913 20 /kw 111.73.59 8 1.92.8 NEF () 14 4 34 60
NEF NEDO 3-11 3-18 *1 PV PV 100 19972010 3025MW 2000 EU UPVG/TEAM-UP PV4U FEMP/ THRMIE19951998 317MW 138MW ALTENER1993 PV 19972010 PV 2005 1,000 PV 19901998 10PV 19992003 300MW 10,000 19992003,2003 :50MW 19992003 113MW 19MW FACE 11MW 20002000 50MW PV PV Scolar 100 PV 1996 15MW 12MW *1 *2 Trends in Photovoltaic Application(TASK1Report IEA/PVPS,2001 9 ) 61
(2) 70 /kw 30 10 45 /kw () 3-12 62
(3) 1/3 1/3 2/3 1/3 1/3 + + 3-13 () 3-14 13 63
1/3 1/3 2/3 1/3 3-14 10 20 1 /kwh CO 2 CO 2 64
(4) 1/3 2/3 1 /kwh 3-19 3-19 20032005 [ ] 2003 2004 2005 [ /kw] 67.6 60.0 52.0 [ /kw] 60.8 54.0 46.8 10 [//kw] 41,713 37,024 32,087 3 17 [//kw] 41,713 37,024 32,087 = 0 [kwh//kw] 1,051 1,051 1,051 12 [/kwh] 39.68 35.22 30.52 [/kw] 10.50 10.50 10.50 11.5 /kwh 1 /kwh [/kw] 29.18 24.72 20.02 [/kw/] 30,674 25,986 21,045 [ /kw] 40.4 34.2 27.7 [] 0.66 0.63 0.59 (5) CO 2 2003 20 5 3-20 1 3.7kW 12 2010 CO 2 134 258 t-co 2 1990 CO 2 13,800 t-co 2 1.01.9 2010 2,948 6 5 CO 2 2,0643,956 t-co 2 1990 CO 2 15.028.7 65
2010 CO 2 2003 2010 96 3-20 2003 2010 79 kw 3-20 79 0.12 8,760 3,735GWh CO 2 0.36kg-CO 2 /kwh 0.69kg-CO 2 /kwh 3,735kWh0.360.69kg-CO 2 /kwh=134 258 t- CO 2 1990 CO 2 13,800 t-co 2 1990 CO 2 1.01.9 ( 13 7 ) 3-20 [ ] 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 [ ] 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 698 *1 [ ] 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 2,543 *1 [ ] 13,960 27,920 41,880 55,840 69,800 83,760 97,720 111,680 [ ] 12,715 25,430 38,145 50,860 63,575 76,290 89,005 101,720 [ ] 26,675 53,350 80,025 106,700 133,375 160,050 186,725 213,400 [ ] 26,675 80,025 160,050 266,750 400,125 560,175 746,900 960,300 kw 99 197 296 395 493 592 691 790 3.7kW *2 kw 99 296 592 987 1,480 2,073 2,764 3,553 GWh 104 311 623 1,038 1,556 2,179 2,905 3,735 12 CO 2 [tco 2 ] 4 11 22 37 56 78 105 134 0.36kg-CO 2 /kwh*3 [tco 2 ] 7 21 43 72 107 150 200 258 0.69kg-CO 2 /kwh*3 *1 14 *2 *3 ( 13 7 ) 66
4-1 573 t-co 2 1,163 t-co 2 178 t-co 2 418 t-co 2 147 282 t-co 2 262 502 t-co 2 76 t-co 2 425 t-co 2 140 267 t-co 2 7321,336 t-co 2 134 258 t-co 2 2,0643,956 t-co 2 1,2481,634 t-co 2 5,0647,800 t-co 2 1,223 t-co 2 1.01.3 4.16.4 67