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Agatsuma Farm and Agatsuma Railway Two Horse-related Businesses that Supported the Upper and Lower Regions of Naganohara Isao Ogawa Agatsuma County in Gunma Prefecture was once viewed as having two regions: a plateau area called the Upper Area at the base of Mount Asama and a mountain valley called the Lower Area along the Agatsuma River. These regions present considerable differences in elevation and development. The plateau was a quiet area with vast but empty highlands and the privately-owned Agatsuma Farm, which was granted to business interests by the Imperial Family in 1907. The mountain valley was located along a bustling tourist route where people travelling to the ancient and famous Kusatsu Hot Spring passed through. The area still has some well-known hot springs, such as Shima and Kawarayu, and small and mediumsized villages. Between the Taisho and the early Showa periods, visitors to the Kusatsu Hot Spring began to spurn the long-established route of riding the Agatsuma train line after passing Takasaki and Shibukawa and then taking public horse carriages. Instead, the new and comfortable mountain train operated by the Kusatsu Light Railway became the preferred mode of transportation. This paper will focus on two private businesses, the Agatsuma Farm and the Agatsuma Railway, which represented the two major regions of the county and were deeply involved in horse-related businesses, by looking at the closed real estate registries to reveal their previously unknown roles and limitations. The Agatsuma Farm was originally established by the Imperial Family for raising cavalry horses. Four risk-taking investors who were granted the farm tried to turn it into a racetrack, a trend at the time, but legal changes forced them to give up their attempt. Faced with financial troubles, they abandoned the horse business and started looking into building second homes on the land, with a plan to develop a resort area. They partnered with accommodation owners from the remote Kusatsu Hot Spring and founded the Kusatsu Light Railway, anticipating that some means of transportation would be essential for their resort business. The Agatsuma Horse Tramway was a modest business in which horses played a significant role, and the Agatsuma Hot Spring Horse Tramway offered a transportation service that carried tourists to the hot spring as the name indicates. The steep mountain slopes tormented both the company and its horses. Prompted by other horse tramways in the vicinity that were switching to electric trains, the tramway finally abandoned its horses and decided to electrify its tram line in 1917. Yet, the changes they made to the facilities were not wellthought-out. They continued to use old horsecar rails and simply replaced the horses with small trains. A plan was proposed to extend the train line to Kusatsu at a general meeting, but it failed to materialize. However, the Upper Area that was once considered bar- 078 THE HIKONE RONSO Winter / Dec. 2017 / No.414
ren land flourished and bustled with tourists journeying to Kusatsu and second-home owners from Tokyo after the light railway opened, while the Kawarayu Hot Spring in the Lower Area outside the tourist route was forgotten and the entire region eventually became deserted. Agatsuma Farm and Agatsuma Railway Isao Ogawa 079