Title 日本語の謝罪表現 ごめんなさい と ごめん について : ポライトネス理論からのアプローチ Author(s) 日髙, 慶美 国際広報メディア 観光学ジャーナル = The Journal of International Med Citation24: 39-55 Issue Date 2017-03-24 Doc URL http://hdl.handle.net/2115/64761 Type bulletin (article) File Information 39.pdf Instructions for use Hokkaido University Collection of Scholarly and Aca
日髙慶美HIDAKA Yoshimi On the Expressions of Apology in Japanese, gomen nasai and gomen An Approach from Politeness Theory HIDAKA Yoshimi abstract The aim of this paper is to elucidate the underlying principle governing the use of the two conventional expressions of apology in Japanese, gomen nasai and gomen, within the politeness theory proposed by Brown and Levinson (1987). Based on the politeness theory, this paper proposes a hypothesis that the relation between gomen nasai and its reduced form gomen is characterized as a shift from a negative politeness strategy to a positive politeness strategy. Given Brown and Levinson's idea that positive politeness strategies are used for FTAs smaller than those for which negative politeness strategies are used, this hypothesis predicts that gomen is used for FTAs smaller than those for which gomen nasai is used. It is shown that an analysis of data collected from a Japanese TV drama scenario confirms the prediction. This result indicates that the hypothesis is empirically supported. The Journal of International Media, Communication, and Tourism Studies No.24 039
日髙 1 慶美HIDAKA Yoshimi Brown & Levinson 1987 B&L B&L 1987 2 1 1 B&L 1987 2 B&L 1987 2 B&L 1987 2 B&L 1987 3 4 B&L 1987 5 2 6 2 B&L 1987 B&L 1987 FTA 040 国際広報メディア 観光学ジャーナル No.24
日髙慶美HIDAKA Yoshimi 1 2011 2.1 B&L 1987 1 B&L 1987 2 1 negative face 1 positive face 2 1 a. negative face: the want of every competent adult member that his actions be unimpeded by others. b. positive face: the want of every member that his wants be desirable to at least some others. B&L 1987, 62 2 B&L 1987: 129-211 10 Apologize 6 3 Be pessimistic 1 1a 1b B&L 1987: 61 B&L 1987 B&L 1987 avoidance-basedb&l 1987, 70 approach-basedb&l 1987, 70 2 3 2 Excuse me, would you by any chance have the time? 3 Got the time, mate? B&L 1987, 80 2 2 3 The Journal of International Media, Communication, and Tourism Studies No.24 041
日髙 3 2 2.2 3 B&L 1987: 101-129 15 use in-group identity markers 4 2.2 FTA B&L 1987 face-threatening act FTA 慶美HIDAKA Yoshimi B&L 1987: 68-71 FTA FTA 5 4 5 1 without redress action, baldly 2 positive politeness 3 negative politeness 4 4 B&L 1987: 85 off record 5 FTA Don't do the FTA B&L 1987 5 FTA 1 1 FTA B&L 1987, 60 1 FTA redressive action FTA 1 FTA 4 FTA B&L 1987: 74 FTA 3 042 国際広報メディア 観光学ジャーナル No.24
日髙慶美HIDAKA Yoshimi social distance: D power: P ranking of imposition: R 3 FTA 4 Wx D S, H P H, S Rx B&L 1987, 76 5 B&L 1987: 80 2 3 R R B&L 1987: 77-78 4 Wx x FTA FTAx S H D P FTAx R FTA 3 2 3 FTA 1 FTA 4 2 3 2 P R D B&L 1987: 80 5 B&L 1987: 80 2 Excuse me, would you by any chance have the time? D 3 Got the time, mate? D D FTA B&L 1987 2 FTA 2 B&L 1987: 358 2 B&L 1987: 270 B&L 1987 2.3 B&L 1987 B&L The Journal of International Media, Communication, and Tourism Studies No.24 043
日髙 1987: 271 in-group member-ship B&L 1987: 271 5 a. I want to a'. I wanna b. Do you want to b'. Wanna c. Do you need a c'. Needa d. Do you mind if I d'. Mind if I B&L 1987, 271 慶美HIDAKA Yoshimi 5a 5b 5a' 5d' B&L 1987 6 6 6 4 3 3 1960 Austin 1962, Searle 1969 1980 García 1989, Holmes, 1990 6 B&L 1987 crosses over into positive politeness B&L 1987, 111-112 extends beyond its negative politeness limits and has positive politeness usage too. B&L 1987, 270 B&L 1987: 269-271 you ought to oughta FTA FTA 2 B&L 1987: 271 044 国際広報メディア 観光学ジャーナル No.24
日髙慶美HIDAKA Yoshimi 7 apology strategies 7 Olshtain and Cohen 1983 5 7 a. An expression of an apology (e.g. I'm sorry., forgive me. ) b. An explanation or account of the situation (e.g. The bus was delayed. ) c. An acknowledgment of responsibility (e.g. It is my fault. ) d. An offer of repair (e.g. I'll pay for the broken vase. ) e. A promise of forbearance (e.g. It won't happen again. ) Olshtain and Cohen 1983, 22-23 8 7d 7e 9 situation-specific García 1989 2 Deutschmann 2003 2009: 5 BL PPS NPS FTA FTA PPS PF-FTA BL Brown & Levinson PPS Positive Politeness Strategy NPS Negative Politeness Strategy PF Positive Face 2009 B&L 1987 7 García 1989 7a 7c 7b 8 1980 Coulmas 1981 1988 1992 1983 1992 1993 Yamazaki 2000 2005 2007 2011 7a García 1989 Yamazaki 2000 2007 2011 9 2007 3.1 3 2008: 117 The Journal of International Media, Communication, and Tourism Studies No.24 045
日髙 慶美HIDAKA Yoshimi 3 2007 2 B&L 1987 3 D P R R D P 2008: 117 2007 D P D P 10 2008 3 D P 1983 6 11 2 3.2 2011 2012 Sandu 2011, 2013 2012 Sandu 2013 2 1 D P 1 R Sandu 2013 Sandu 2013: 758 10 2008 2008 11 1983 1992 046 国際広報メディア 観光学ジャーナル No.24
日髙慶美HIDAKA Yoshimi Sandu 2013, 758 R 2012 Sandu 2013 2008 2007 R 2012 R2012: 102 R Sandu 2013: 763 2 B&L 1987 4 2 B&L 1987 2 1 1 FTA 1 The Journal of International Media, Communication, and Tourism Studies No.24 047
日髙 慶美HIDAKA Yoshimi 4.1 1 1999: 134 2008 1999: 134 1999: 134 2008 1999 1999 2008 B&L 1987 B&L 1987 2008 2008 2 B&L 1987 12 4.2 12 B&L 1987 1 B&L 1987 1987 2006 Matsumoto 1988 2001 4 Fukuda Asato 2004 P W x 2001 Fukuda Asato 2004 048 国際広報メディア 観光学ジャーナル No.24
日髙慶美HIDAKA Yoshimi 8 8 8 FTA 2 B&L 1987 FTA FTA 5 13 2003 2 FTA 13 5.1 2000 1 16 3 26 11 TBS Beautiful life 2000 3 Sandu 2013 2012 FTA The Journal of International Media, Communication, and Tourism Studies No.24 049
日髙 慶美HIDAKA Yoshimi 5.2 5 3 2 Sandu 2013 D P 2012 Sandu 2013 R D P 5.2.1 D P D P D P P P D P 9 10 9 9 2000 152-153 B&L 1987: 66 1 FTA R B&L 1987: 78 pain 050 国際広報メディア 観光学ジャーナル No.24
日髙慶美HIDAKA Yoshimi 9 2 1 10 10 2000 154 B&L 1987: 66 1 10 R 9 10 2 R 9 10 D P 5.2.2 R 2012 Sandu 2013 R 2 1 11 The Journal of International Media, Communication, and Tourism Studies No.24 051
日髙 11 3 2000 316 慶美HIDAKA Yoshimi 11 B&L 1987: 67 14 R D P 9 9 D P R 1 2 15 11 R R D P R 16 5.3 8 D P R 17 9 D P R 11 D P R 10 D P R 14 R Sandu 2013 15 16 D P FTA FTA 17 FTA Sandu 2013 052 国際広報メディア 観光学ジャーナル No.24
日髙慶美HIDAKA Yoshimi FTAFTA 6 1 B&L 1987 B&L 1987 2 B&L 1987 3 2 1 8 2 FTA 謝辞 2016 The Journal of International Media, Communication, and Tourism Studies No.24 053
日髙 2 慶美HIDAKA Yoshimi 参考文献 Austin, John. L. 1962. How to Do Things with Words. Oxford: Clarendon. 2005 7 31-44 Brown, Penelope and Stephen C. Levinson. 1987. Politeness: Some Universals in Language Usage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2011 2007 2012 49 124-98 Coulmas, Florisan. 1981. Poison to Your Soul Thanks and Apologies Contrastively Viewed. In Florian Coulmas (ed.) Conversational Routine: Explorations in Standardized Communication Situations and Prepatterned Speech, 69-91. The Hague: Mouton de Gruyter. Deutschmann, Mats. 2003. Apologizing in British English. Umeå: Univeå Universitet. Fukuda, Atsushi and Noriko Asato. 2004. Universal Politeness Theory: Application to the Use of Japanese Honorifics. Journal of Pragmatics 36, 1991-2002. García, Carmen. 1989. Apologizing in English: Politeness Strategies Used by Native and Nonnative Speakers. Multilingua 8 (1), 3-20. Holmes, J. 1990. Apologizing in New Zealand English. Language in Society 19, 155-199. 1987 16 8 26-31 2006 1993 face 12 11 13-21 2011 17 95-112 2000 2003 22 2 6-14 1988 2 37 223-234 1992 79 26-40 Matsumoto, Yoshiko. 1988. Reexamination of the Universality of Face: Politeness Phenomena in Japanese. Journal of Pragmatics 12, 403-426. 2008 11 1 76-90 Olshtain, Elite and Andrew D. Cohen. 1983. Apology: A Speech Act Set. In Nessa Wolfson and Elliot Judd (eds), Sociolinguistics and Language Acquisition, 18-35. Rowley, MA: Newbury House Publishers, Inc. 1983 54-66 Sandu, Roxana. 2011. The Pragmatics of Japanese Apologies: On the (Non) Apologetic Fanctions of Gomen, Gomen Nasai, Sumimasen. 054 国際広報メディア 観光学ジャーナル No.24
日髙慶美HIDAKA Yoshimi Sandu, Roxana. 2013. Su(m)imasen and Gomen Nasai: Beyond Apologetic Function in Japanese. Pragmatics 23 (4), 743-767. 2011 20 21-38 1999 44 6 126-138 Searle, John R. 1969. Speech Acts: An Essay in Philosophy of Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1992 28 235-243 2001 30 12 26-31 2008 2009 4 1-15 Yamazaki, Tomoko. 2000. Politeness: How it is Realized in A Speech Act. 60 2 19-34 28 10 24 29 1 13 The Journal of International Media, Communication, and Tourism Studies No.24 055