2014 12 19
2
3
4
5
6
100 Williamsburg Bridge George Washington Bridge The Bronx Manhattan Manhattan Bridge Queens Brooklyn Bridge Brooklyn Staten Island Queensboro Bridge Verrazano-Narrows Bridge 7
Brooklyn 1,053m 486m 1,883 26m 6 John Roebling 8
Manhattan 9
Williamsburg 10
Golden Gate 230m 1,937 345m 1,280m 1,970m 345m 11
Golden Gate MEN OF VISION Giannini asked one question: How long will this bridge last? Strauss replied, Forever! If cared for, it should have life without end. Giannini said, California needs that bridge! We ll buy the bonds. 12
13
14
15
4 7 2 1 1 5 16
17
18
19
20
21
2 CaCO 3 ph ph12 CO 2 Ca OH 2 +CO 2 +H 2 O CaCO 3 +2H 2 O ph Ca(OH) 2 +CO 2 +H 2 O CaCO 3 +2H 2 O 22
23
JIS A 1152 24
y d y d γ cb α d t mm αd mm/ t γcby d 1.15 αd α α β γ d k e c αk mm/ βe 1.0 γc βe 1.6 1.0 25
αk γ p α p α k αp / γp αp 1.0 1.3 a b W/B ( mm/ )) α p b ( ) W/B αp 3. 57 9. 0( W/B) ( mm/ ) α p W/B C p k A d Cp Ad 0.7 0.0 26
α y t α C 41 7.0 1.09 A 41 22.9 3.57 H 38 20.5 3.33 B 41 4.5 0.69 I 38 3.5 0.57 C 41 4.3 0.66 K 37 12.0 1.97 D 41 22.0 3.44 L 38 6.0 0.97 E 41 25.3 3.94 T 38 4.5 0.73 F 41 4.5 0.70 U 39 11.5 1.84 G 41 3.5 0.55 V 39 15.8 2.52 H 38 5.8 0.93 W 39 12.3 1.96 I 38 5.0 0.81 X 37 10.3 1.69 J 38 10.5 1.70 38.4 10.3 1.67 K 37 39.0 6.41 L 38 4.5 0.73 M 38 5.5 0.89 N 38 5.0 0.81 O 38 7.0 1.14 P 41 19.5 3.05 Q 41 15.8 2.46 R 41 15.8 2.46 S 40 28.3 4.47 V 39 18.3 2.92 W 39 28.3 4.52 X 37 40.5 6.66 39.5 15.2 2.43 α mm / t mm 27
b 28
29
40 25.3mm 40mm / 10mm 30mm 4.0mm / 30
31
32
14 33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
USA 41
42
43
44
LCC B A LCC B : A B 1 : : AA 45
H15 H19 H24 46
H15 H19 H24 47
H15 H20 H24 48
49
50
51
52
1000 100 Δσ 10 1.E+04 1.E+05 1.E+06 1.E+07 1.E+08 n G 53
54
55
56
57
58
G "a" "a" 59
A,AR,B,AB,C,D,E,F,S AB AR D E C S F B A 60
61
62
SP δ δ δ 63
64
65
66
67
68
No No Yes Yes 69
70
71
166 123 340 87mm 87 l=9 72
73
50mm 50mm 50mm AA A1 74
79 450 303 l =142 l =6 l =6 l =141 75
138 320 l =38 76
77
78
14 79
SP : G : : 1 80
81
82
4 MT : Magnetic Particle Testing JIS G 0565 PT : Penetrant Testing JIS Z 2343 ET : Eddy Current Testing JIS G 0568 UT: Ultrasonic Testing JIS Z 3060 83
S N 84
85
C 2012 Central Nippon Expressway Co. Ltd. All rights reserved. 86
C 2012 Central Nippon Expressway Co. Ltd. All rights reserved. 87
88
C 2012 Central Nippon Expressway Co. Ltd. All rights reserved. 89
90
91
92
SP 119 65 65 119 65 65 93
SP 94
G 95
96
97
: Be 98
99
100 100
101
102
103
RC RC etc. etc. 104
ASR 105
106
2 CaCO 3 ph ph12 CO 2 Ca OH 2 +CO 2 +H 2 O CaCO 3 +2H 2 O ph Ca(OH) 2 +CO 2 +H 2 O CaCO 3 +2H 2 O 107
Cl - Cl - Cl - Cl- Cl - Cl - Cl - Cl - Cl - Cl Cl - - Cl - Cl - Cl - Cl - Cl - Cl - Cl - Cl - Cl - Cl - Cl - Cl - Cl - 108
109
110
ASR Alkali Silica Reaction 111
ASR ASR 112
113
114
115
116
117
118
PC PC 119
PC 32 PC PC 38 4 29%( 1994) 49%(1994) PC 1973 PC 12 8 PC PC 45 5 62%( 1973) 69%(1973) 120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
1/4 132
133
134
135
136
137
138
2000 3 7 139
1994 10 13 140
1994 10 13 141
142
143
(Schmidt Hammer) t d V0 2 ( mm) V0 ( km / s) d t ( s) d 144
145
0 t t 146
d d d L L L 0 t d 0 t d 0 t d 147
148
RFID RFID Radio Frequency IDentification ID RF m Suika RFID 149
150
f f k 151
th μ th μ f(khz) f(khz) 152
2.5kHz 1,000kHz 1 500V 20 60DB 4000( 16,000 ) 78kHz 10MHz AC100V 76 PC 153
PC PC 154
Elasto-Magnetic sensor PC 155
Elasto-Magnetic sensor 156
157
158
159
160
161
162
10mm (a) (b) ( ) 163
(c) ( ) (d) 164
165
166
167
0.001 0.03A/ A/ A/ 0.5 1A/ 1 5 5 50 5 50 10 30 168
169
Cl (a) ( ) (b) 170
20 8 171
172
Na K Cl Cl 2H2O 2OH + H2 173
2OH + H2 2H2O 174
+ + 2OH + H2 2H2O 175
176
0.2mm 0.15 1mm 0.5 1mm U 0.2mm 177
0.2mm 178
0.15 1mm 179
PC 180
181
182
Ex 183
LCC LCC Supply Chain Management : SCM 184