33 * Middle East 1992 1948 1973 4 3 3 Geography of the World s Major Regions 1996

34 1 1 km 2 1,960,582 27,019,731 17,820 2,418,393 620 698,515 11,437 885,359 82,880 2,602,713 212,460 3,102,229 527,970 21,456,188 1,648,000 68,688,433 437,072 26,783,383 185,180 18,881,361 10,400 3,874,050 92,300 5,906,760 20,770 6,352,117 6,156 3,830,000 5,213,647 192,500,000 CIA Factbook 2006 imidas 2 100 m 3

35 5,671 m 4,432 m 1,000 m 1,232 m 2,100 m 2,579 m 2,600m 3,133 m 612 m 3,048 m 2 3,086 m 2,814 m

36 Empty Quarter 250 mm 1,000 m 81 mm 103 mm 240 mm 873 mm 1 2004 2 2 2001 2

37 250 mm 61 mm 2 34 m 300 m 500 m 2 60 km 40 km 400 km 1 417 m 940 km 2 321 m 738 m 300 g/l 115 km 1 1/4 209 m

38 1 BRN IRN IRQ ISR JDN KWT LEB OMN QTR SAR SYR UAE YEM A B D K 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 1 46

39 1 3 mm 2 20 mm 3 23 mm 4 25 mm 5 10 mm 6 12 81 mm 1,600 mm 1,400 mm 1,700 mm 2001 2003 1,854 mm 61 mm 130 mm 122 mm 140 mm 187 mm 193 mm 190 mm 81 mm 116 mm 103 mm 107 mm 100 mm 110 mm 47 mm 89 mm 200 mm 29 mm 0 mm 95 mm 18 mm 1,232 m 1,486 m 989 m 1,860 m 2 250 mm 2 1 46 mm 81 mm 28 mm 34 mm 2 38 44 33 28 3 46 49 56 34 4 36 31 47 21 5 13 8 28 12 6 3 0 6 1 7 3 2 1 4 8 3 0 0 1 9 3 0 1 2 10 8 3 10 1 11 20 22 15 6 12 31 32 18 22 250 272 243 166

40 3 2003 61 mm 1,340 m 310 mm 1 191 mm 2 158 mm 3 94 mm 4 56 mm 5 18 mm 6 3 mm 7 0 mm 8 0 mm 9 5 mm 10 51 mm 11 132 mm 12 185 mm 893 mm 616 mm 662 mm 100 km / 1 21/8 2 23/9 3 28/ 13 4 32/18 5 38/22 6 42/25 7 42/26 8 42/24 9 39/22 10 34/16 11 29/13 12 21/9 21 18 8 30 1 8 22 8 22 1 2 24 3 3 42 21 21 26 8 18 37 29 8 26 18 8 40 16 24 30 9 21 43 16 27 24 4 20 40 18 22 27 7 20 45 17 28 28 7 21 37 12 25 18 2 16 41 24 17 29 14 15 39 23 16 28 12 16 38 20 18 31 19 12 37 28 9 29 23 6 30 8 22 22 2 24 31 9 22 23 2 21

41 7 1 37 7 30 22 3 25 32 17 15 23 5 18 2 5 2005 1 8 1 2000 10

42 BBC EXTREME 6 9 5 10 2001 2005 BP Energy Statistics 4 30 40 12 2005 13.6 4 1,000 / 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 9,263 8,970 10,222 10,588 11,035 3,730 3,414 3,999 4,081 4,049 2,534 2,324 2,611 2,656 2,751 2,070 1,995 2,229 2,481 2,643 2,376 2,035 1,339 2,010 2,643 854 783 917 990 1,097 961 900 823 785 780 581 545 562 529 469 455 457 448 420 426 47 48 48 48 48 22,871 21,471 23,296 24,588 25,119 74,736 74,382 77,091 80,198 81,088 30.6 28.9 30.2 30.7 31.0 4 1997 12 1980 88 1979 347.7 / 1981 85 1990 91

43 OPEC International Petroleum Encyclopedia 1975 2000 1975/2,262 1976/ 2,415 1977/2,348 1978/2,562 1979/3,477 1980/2,646 1981/897 1982/1,012 1983/ 1,099 1984/1,221 1985/1,404 1986/1,690 1987/2,360 1988/2,688 1989/2,897 1990/2,083 1991/283 1992/425 1993/448 1994/550 1995/660 1996/576 1997/1,070 1998/ 2,110 1999/2,525 2000/2,566 1 0.159 kl 1 kl 6.29 3 100 10 1984 1 1 GDP 13,800 21,600 49,700 1 8,900 33,100 1980 1,000 2006 2,700 2010 3,000 2025 5,000 75 25 9.11 3

44 5 GDP 2005 3,740 6,104 1,294 522 941 261 439 751 204 177 289 166 215 24 55 65 JOGMEC 2006 3 200 km 80 km 1948 1951 255 km 6 2,000 km 2 D 2,000 2,500 m 1,200 33 ft 3

45 32 36 API 1.7 2003 33 1981 570 / 2003 520 / 550 KOC 1938 1946 KPC KOC 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

46 1,000 km 2 990 1,980 m 750 73 ft 3 31.5 API 2 1972 241 / 330 / 20 100 / 80 km 12 18 m ADMA 1963 1967 1982 ADMA-OPCO ZADCO 12 480 km 2 2,400 2,650 m 2,100 2,400 m 184 40 API 1.0 34 37 API 1.5 2.0 1987 167 / 104 3 4 2000 5

47 / 1987 12 3.6 100 km 1 200 km 300 km BP 1927 1940 400 km 2 800 m 1,700 m 150 1971 92 / 60 90 100 2,000 m TPC 1929 IPC 1 1927 10 15 1934 NOC North Oil Company 300 430 m 950 m 1,250 m 170 36 44 API 1.95 2.34 1979 142 / 2003 3 50 /

48 1971 Shell 1988 1997 LNG 1,800 km 2 2,500 m 900 ft 3 2003 LNG 1,400 LNG 30 6 1985 2005 20 1985 1,715 2005 2,642 1.5 590 1,375 2.3 364 293 20 61.9 5 24 km 2 23 km 2 6

49 6 1985 2005 2005 171.5 264.2 22.0 59.0 137.5 11.5 33.0 97.8 8.1 92.5 101.5 8.5 65.0 115.0 9.6 4.5 15.2 1.3 4.1 5.6 0.5 1.5 3.0 0.2 0.1 2.9 0.2 0.2 0.1 431.3 742.7 61.9 770.4 1,200.7 100 10 1908 1936 1992 1998 1 10 5

50 Bartholomew World Travel Map Middle East 1:4,000,000 : John Bartholomew & Sons UK Road Map of the Middle East 1 : 4,000,000 : GEOprojects UK Muslim World 1 : 35,000,000 : GEOprojects Beirut The Oxford Map of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia 1 : 2,600,000 GEOprojects UK Frederic L. Fay, A Map Book for Bible Students : Hodder & Stoughton 1966 Z. R. Beydoun, The Arabian Plate Producing Fields and Undeveloped Hydrocarbon Discoveries : AAPG 1991 10 2002 Graham Bateman & Victoria Egan ed., The Encyclopedia of World Geography : Round House 1993 John Cole, Geography of the World s Major Regions : Routledge 1996 1992 1990 1967 1 57 3 1992 2 57 4 1992 35 1993 29 3 5 1995 1995 1998 Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/main_page CIA The World Factbook http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/ BP Energy Statistics http://www.bp.com Google Earth http://earth.google.com

51 Nature and Oil of the Middle East Takashi SAITO Abstract The term Middle East is defined as an area including Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, The United Arab Emirates, Oman, Yemen, Iran, Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Israel and Palestine, and excluding Turkey, Afghanistan and North African Arabic countries in this paper. Two aspects, physical conditions and petroleum resources, which are in the background of political instability of the area, were discussed. In the first part, mountain ranges, deserts, river systems and arid climate of the area were outlined. In the second part, after showing oil production and reserves of each country, the extreme maldistribution of oil resources world s 61.9 is in the Middle East and the sociological distortion in prosperous oil countries were discussed. Five representative oilfields, Ghawar, Burgan, Zakum, Gach Saran, Kirkuk, and North Field were also described.