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1 2 3 CO2SOxNOx Economy (Energy) (Environment) CO2SOxNOx Energy CO2,NOX,SOX CO2,NOX,SOX Environment Economy Economy (Energy) (Environment)3-1 -
- 2 - Co2 /
- 3-2 20 + + 4 16
39 50% 74% 123% 1999 ENERGYBALANCESOFOECDCOUNTRIES2001(OECD/IEA) 80 1999 85 3 CO2 1 CO2 2030 ( ) - 4 -
- 5 -
- 6 - IPP
GASCO IPP ESCO CO2 ESCO ESCO - 7 -
DSM ESCO ( ( ESP ) ) GASCO NTT - 8 -
PEFC ( ) (PEFC) (SOFC) MTG-28 SOFC 13 2,000kW 13 2,000kW kw 13 2,000kW 6 1580kW 13 2,000kW 2000 3 57,000kW 10 95kW NaS 100kW8 R410A 30kW 200kW 12 11 NAS 200kW NAS 2001 10,, 13 15 /kw,, NAS () () () () () 1000 2001 8 ESCO 2000 12 () ESCO - 9 -
- 10-1. * * * NaS 1. 2. *MGT * 3. *NaS 4. * * * SMES 1. * * 2. * *MGT * 3. * * * 4. * * 5. * * 1. 2. *MGT * 3. * 4. *NaS 5. 1. * * * 2. * 3. * 4. *MGT *MGT *LNG 1. ( ) * * 2. * 3. * PFI 4. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ( ) * () () () () () 1. 2. 3. * 4. 5. PFI 2001.12.
CO2NOXSOX NOX 2 NOX 4 ( ) PEFC ( ) 3 2001/5 2001/ 6 ( kw) kw kw ; 2001/10 kw 2001/10 kw kw kw 2001/ 1 k 2001/ 6 kw kw kw 2001/ 7 kw 2001/ 5 kw ( 10 ) 2001/10 kw kw kw kw 2001/ 9 kw 2001/ 9 kw MGTFC - 11 -
2.4.1 1979 1990 1997 12 1997 COP3 2000 NPO 1 1995 1997 1997 6 20 1997 9 19 1997 11 19 1997 2000 2 1979 1990 1994 1997 12 3 COP3 1998 6 1998 6 1998 1999 11 8 2.4.2 245 2.4.3NPO 1998 3 NPO NPO 1990-12 -
88,000NPO 50006000 14 NPO NPO 13 NPO 1 2.4.4 1 1 2NPO NPO NPO NPO NPO CO2 3-13 -
(1) (2) (3) (4) 4 NPO NPO - 14 -
1 1 2 3 2 3 (1) 1 1 2 3 1 2 2 (2) (3) 1 (1) (2) (3) (4) 2 3 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) 10 847 83,504 7 41 133-15 -
13 9 660kW3 9 11 13 8 20 13 6 70m 13 3 29 13 1 NPO 12 12 750kW4 13 10 13 7 13 13 13 5.22kW - 16 -
CO2-17 -
- 18 -
NEDO 1999.03-19 -
1995 3 1996 3 10 NEDO-P-9811 ( - 20 -
4 26 2.7.1 2.7.2 1) JOIS 1981 2002 7 20 2001 3 90 10-21 -
2001 31.1 17.2 39.6 6.3 2.5 1.5 1.8 100 2) 1999 2000 3 1995 2001 6 1245 2592 1997 2000 65 2001 164-22 -
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2.7.3 2002 2 20 (1) 8 (2) 2 (3) (4) 2 4 4 2.7.4 6 1245 2592,, 2001 90 1998 1 2001 164-24 -
- 25-1 2002.2.20
JEMA 2001 7 NEDO (100) 1kW 12 NEF 10kW 1/3 NEDO 8 1 100kW 1/2 NEDO 1/3 2-26 -
NPO 1/2 NEDO NEF NEDO 1/2 NEDO 1/2 1/3 1/3 1/3 17,333 / 1/5 5,000 / 1/41/2 1/3 1/3 1/3 1/3-27 -
1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 2 5000 4 NEF 10 0.5 ( ) 2 3 NEDO 90% 15 0.2% 50300 / 1035 2.8 175 3.4% 175 150kW 1.80% 40% 7200 15 2.2-28 -
50 100 7 80 15 1.6% 7.2 1.2 7% 30% 5/6 3-29 -
2001 3 ( NEDO [ ]1995 1999 NEDO [ ] 2000 NEDO 1995 ( 1/2 NEDO [ ] 1995 1999 4 ) 1/2 NEDO [ ] (2000 ) 5,000kW 1/2 NEDO 1997 5,000kW 1/3 2,000 1/3 NEDO 1997 90 1/2 2000 NEDO NPO 2001 1/2 NEDO ( 2001 1/2 NEDO 4 NEF 1994 :( 2)%( 3% 40 1997 2.15-30 -
7% ( 1 [ ]1993 )30% [ ] 5/6 1988 2001 20kW 2001 7 500kW 1000kW 15m 60m - 31 -
2Ha 2Ha 1 2001 7 ( ) - 32 -
NEDO PR TEPCO NEDO - 33 -
2001 7 NEDO,(), / / 528 (2000 ) - 16.59 (2000 ) NEDO,() 13.5 (2000 ), (6 ) 7 119.4, 12 13 NEDO 13 NEDO 40 2.0 :7.2 2.0 7 2001 7 (43 1 52 1 ) ( 35 ) - 34 -
( 1 ) ( ) 2001 7 1998 ~ NEDO 1/2 100% 19922001 NEDO 1997 1/2 NEDO 1997 2003 NEDO 2000 2004 NEDO - 35 -
NEDO 2000 2004 1998 1996 1/2 1/2 1/3 1998 LNG 30% 7% 20% - 36 -
1 5%2.3% 3%0.3% 5%2.8% 3% 40% 3% 70% 1 (1) 2001.07 NEDO ( ) (2) - 37 -
1. 2. 3. - 38 -
13 12 1 1-39 -
4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 NaSRF - 40 -
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- 44 -
Capstone Honeywell Elliot Turbec 28kW 75kW 80kW 100kW 50kW (@ 15) 60kW 290kW 26% 28.5% 2530% 30% 1520% (LHV) ( ) NOx (@15%=O2) 9ppm 25ppm 1525ppm 15ppm 35ppm (@16%=O2) (290kW) 71135190 122233237 81200120 110240180 150470280 WLH(cm) (28kW) (290kW) (kg) 950 (28kW) 1,540 850 2,000 1,100 (290kW) 8085dB 8085dB 8085dB 70dB 85dB (@1m) Capstone, Honeywell, Elliot, Turbec (26 30) Capstone, Honeywell (50kW ) 7080, (, ),, 65dB(1) 30300kW 153,000kW 1510,000kW 2430 3035 3240 7080 7085 6080 NOx 35ppm 200ppm (@ O2 = 15) (@ O2 = 0) SOx 1ppm 950ppm (@ O2 = 13) 250ppm (1) IPPEX 2001 (2001.12.5) (2),,Vol.38,No.6,P.545552 (2001.6) - 45 -
(1) 100 1) 2) 3) 4) DSS 5) 6) ( ) AC LPG A (*1) 1015,000kW 15,000kW 350,000kW 3047 2542 1535 80 85 80 (*2) 350450 350600 450600 NOx NOx SOx 8001300ppm (@ O2 = 13) 1002000ppm (@ O2 = 0) 50150ppm (@ O2 = 16) 95110dB(A) 95110dB(A) 100110dB(A) (*3) (*3) (10kW ) BT - 46 -
(*1) 2 (*2) (*3) (2) 1980 30005000kW 10kW (3) 1000kW All in One - 47 -
(4) 3.3kV 6.6kV 10kW 2 50 60Hz AC-DCDC-AC 100-200V (5) 1) GE (1kW) (6kW) (9.8kW) 10kW 9.8kW 1kW 6kW 2) 300500kW 30005000kW 40% 3) CATWaukesha 4) (1) 2000 (2) Vol.26 No.4 (1989)Vol.38 No.4 (2001) (3) 300kW (2000) (4) 66 11 (1992) - 48 -
(a) PAFC LP H H (b) (c) (d) - 49 -
(e) - 50 -
- 51-4% 663kl/ CH4:70% CO2:30% :5000ppmv Max) 60Nm3/h CH4:90% 4% 663kl/ CH4:70% CO2:30% :5000ppmv Max) 60Nm3/h CH4:90% CH4:70% CO2:30% :5000ppmv Max) 60Nm3/h CH4:90%
- 52-1900 tion AC Power 90Nm3/h (CH4:60%) CH4:60% CO2:40% H2S:500ppm 1900 tion AC Power 90Nm3/h (CH4:60%) CH4:60% CO2:40% H2S:500ppm tion AC Power 90Nm3/h (CH4:60%) CH4:60% CO2:40% H2S:500ppm
10cm 5 1960 1973 1980 NEDO 1992 NEDO 1994 NEF COP3 CO2 80 CO2 ) - 53 -
) NEF 14 NEDO W 10300kW W 100W 2000 32 W 2010 482 W - 54 -
kw /1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 15,260 19,170 23,260 29,360 35,890 44,900 52,300 56,200 61,350 1,220 2,300 5,130 10,820 20,500 43,100 77,750 149,000 252,700 2,370 2,600 2,600 2,900 2,900 2,900 2,900 2,900 2,900 19,000 24,270 31,240 43,380 59,640 91,300 133,400 208,600 317,500 IEA-PVPS 9,110 17,060 2,390 650 29,210 1.52 3,890 593 820 2,119 140 3,672 0.45 2,536 4,303 305 10 7,154 0.23 1,328 2,390 210 11,220 1,480 15,300 2.11 1,900 50 155 1,255 1,460 0.27 390 4,200 9,600 89,900 10,100 113,800 1.37 44,300 5,900 1,100 600 1,480 9,080 0.23 2,225 230 67 30 2552 0.49 250 7,416 3,307 608 11,331 0.19 2,210 121 302 1,506 1,929 0.03 798 221 200 6 14 441 0.08 40 5,240 5,890 1,155 6,715 19,000 0.33 520 550 61,350 252,700 2,900 317,500 2.51 108,900 316 3,288 356 3,960 0.08 501 12,167 1,833 9 14,009 0.14 1,087 4,080 8,499 180 12,759 0.8 3,564 5,650 330 50 6,030 1.35 304 484 176 268 928 0.09 84 2,216 465 124 2,805 0.32 221 43,500 55,200 28,100 12,000 138,800 0.5 21,500-55 -
1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 7,300 8,900 10,700 12,700 15,700 18,700 22,520 25,320 29,210 524 768 1,062 1,360 1,739 2,208 2,861 3,672 3,672 960 1,240 1,510 1,860 2,560 3,380 4,470 5,826 7,154 4,710 5,775 6,692 7,483 8,392 9,724 11,500 13,400 15,300 85 100 140 245 422 505 1,070 1,460 5,619 8,900 12,440 17,790 27,890 41,890 53,900 69,500 113,800 3,950 4,649 5,660 6,547 6,933 7,100 8,000 9,080 9,080 914 1,034 1,156 1,288 1,511 2,042 2,170 2,302 2,552 1,751 2,051 2,437 2,940 4,392 6,118 7,631 9,121 11,351 173 266 338 368 423 589 690 1,131 1,929 100 120 150 180 210 265 308 401 441 8,480 12,080 14,090 15,795 16,008 16,709 17,680 18,480 19,000 19,000 24,270 31,240 43,380 59,640 91,300 133,400 208,600 317,500 1,471 1,631 1,681 1,769 2,113 2,475 2,982 3,459 3,960 5,400 7,100 8,820 9,220 10,020 11,022 12,022 12,922 14,009 1,270 1,641 1,963 2,400 3,257 4,036 6,480 9,195 12,759 3,800 4,100 4,400 4,650 4,900 5,150 5,404 5,726 6,030 169 219 258 336 424 527 648 844 928 800 1,040 1,337 1,620 1,849 2,127 2,370 2,584 2,805 43,500 50,300 57,800 66,800 76,500 88,200 100,100 117,300 138,800 109,891 136,169 163,834 198,626 244,706 313,984 395,641 519,933 711,720 IEA-PVPS 1999 2000 2001 MW MW MW MW 80.0 39.7 128.6 44.7 171.22 43.8 42.62 33.1 60.8 30.2 74.97 26.1 100.32 25.7 25.35 33.8 40.0 19.9 60.66 21.1 86.38 22.1 25.72 42.4 20.5 10.2 23.42 8.1 32.62 8.4 9.2 39.3 201.3 100 287.65 100 390.54 100 102.89 35.8 PV News 2 1999 2001 3 40-56 -
- 57 -
m/s 1990 2002 31,234MW 23,357MW(74.8%) 4,881MW(15.6%) 2,568MW(8.2%) 3 98.7% 5 (12,001MW) (4,830MW) (4,645MW) (2,889MW) (1,702MW) 10 1.2% WINDPOWER MONTHLY 2003.4 1993 (1992 ) (1993 ) (1998 ) 1995 ( ) ( 1997 ) ( 1998 ) 1997 1997 (2000 20MW) 2002 334MW 2 3 ( ) ( ( ) - 58 -
( ) ( ) 3 IEC( ) AC DC NEDO ( ) EDO ( ) NEDO ( ) 21-59 -
5 11 ( ) 3 (Liva Calzoni 250kW IHI 300kWMHI 275kW) 11 12 ( ) 2 (Fuhrlander 250kWEnercon 230kW) 13 11 ( ) 1 (MHI 275kW) 1991 (MHI 275kW)5 1,375kW 1992 4 1995 10 (MHI 300kW )5 (Enercon 500kW)1 3,375kW 4 3 5 3 (MHI 250kW) 1 7 12 (NEGMicon )3 10 8 500kW (Enercon )600kW (Vestas ) 1 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 284 6 7 20 29 36 50 61 75 115 177 251 (420) (kw) 798 898 2.639 4,439 5,330 8,987 12,261 16,064 30,934 69,684 136,509 160,745 (300,000) 17.8 12.5 193.9 68.2 20.0 68.6 36.4 31.0 92.6 125.3 95.9 () (120) 2001 9 [ ( ) ( ) ( ) ] 13 14 3-60 -
AC AC DC (kw) 1 120 20500 5001,000 1,000 1,000kW 1,000kW 500kW 500kW 20kW (m/s) (kw) () () 7.3 225 32.7 85.6 99.600.2 6.9 500 37.8 82.7 99.100.2 99.8 4.5 490 12.8 51.7 99.300.2 4.3 300 10.7 69.7 99.400.2 99.6 6.0 225 29.0 71.3 99.1000.2 5.3 400 17.9 81.3 99.300.2 4.2 230 17.7 84.3 99.600.2 4.2 600 12.0 88.0 99.900.2 00.1 4.3 300 13.3 67.3 98.1100.2 4.5 300 13.7 68.6 99.500.2 5.2 750 16.1 64.4 99.600.2-61 -
4.3 490 11.8 66.0 99.700.2 5.1 400 18.8 73.4 11 NEDO-NP-9914-62 -
- 63 - a) 10 20 ( ) 1997 CO2 ( ) (1) 4,681 kw 40 60 10 100W (2) b) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (3) 120W 62 22 12 7090 (2)
(1),,No.279,P.20 24(2001.10) (2),,,Vol.30,No.3,P.148154(2002.3) (3),,No.139,P.2531(2000.9) a) (biomass) 4.2.4-1 2 (1),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, Landfill gas(lfg) () Landfill gas 4.3.1-1 ( ) (, ) (2) - 64 -
( ) ( ) 1 b) ( ) [ t/] - 65 - ( 1997 ) 25,900 6,900 5,200 9,400 1,400 325 720 1999 60 40 5,500kcal/ Nm 3 6A 180 (10m 3 /) (37~38 25 ) (3)
100 m 3 / 20 1999 38 15 11 3 ( )33 (4) (1),,Vol.283,P.4042,(2002.5) (2),,Vol.38,No.6,P.553 559(2001.6) (3),,No.7,P.1417(2000.6) (4),,,Vol.283,P.4347(2002.5) N -1 N -1 N -1-66 -
Wh W W W MW UPS UPS VA MVA MVA SMESSuperconductive Magnetic Energy Storage Power Conditioning System - 67 -
S American Superconductor Corporation( ) PCS - 68 -
No - 69 -
No PCS 3W 1.5 1 kw 1 330 2,000 0.01F1F 1F2,000F - 70 -
2,000F 2.3V 0.52,000 2.3 2 5.2kJ 150 120V36F260kJ W - 71 -
5.2-72 -
- 73 - / (SOFC)/ (PEFC) / / / / MCFC SOFC ) [1] NOx SOx 6000kW
NOx 6000kW 45t/h 200kW 167 60 2 [1] ) SOFC [2] [3] SOFC DOE Siemens Westinghouse SOFC Ingersoll Rand Northern Research and Engineering Corp. SOFC 200 190kW 53 60 70-74 -
[3] [4] PV 2.7kW 3.25kW 5kW 250Ah 2.7kW 3 4m 4m 2m/s12m/s20m/s60m/s PV 3.25kWPV 30m2 3 200V 2.2kW 1,500rpm - 75 -
[4] [5] () NEDO () [5] - 76 -
90kW 200kW 750kW 3,000kWh 300kW () 250 [6] NEDO GIA LAI MANG YANG TRANG [6] - 77 -
100kW PV 25kW MH 690kWh PV 111W Si 10 24 26.6kW2 20 22.2kW1 120W Si 20 10 24kW1 99.5kW 4 MH PV MH 3 ) [7] ) - 78 -
[7] 100kW50kW2 100kW [7] - 79 -
[8] ENERCON 280kW 300kVA IGBT 400kWh 600kWh [8] - 80 -
5.1 (1) (2) ( ) /GT SOFC/PEFC / ( ) / / ( ( ) / ) ( ) / / [1] () 2000 3 [2] NEDO No.8802002.5.1 DOE [3] NKK SOFC [4] NEDO IEA CADDET TB041 PV [5] 1997 5-81 -
[6] () (2000 2 ) NEDO [7] () (2000 5 ) [8] () (2000 4 ) - 82 -
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a b JEMA - 118 -
- 119 - CO2 7-1 b 7-1 a 7-1 b 7-1 a
- 120 - G1 HEMS G2 HEMS G2 HEMS G1 BEMS HEMS HEMS G2 G 6.6kV 66kV or 77kV G etc. G1 G2 HEMS HEMS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7-2 NPO G1 HEMS G2 HEMS G2 HEMS G1 BEMS HEMS HEMS G2 G 6.6kV 66kV or 77kV G etc. G1 G2 HEMS HEMS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7-2 NPO
Nas RPS 7-3a RPS 03-121 -
7-3b 4 /kwh 100 kwh/ 4 /kwh 10 kwh/ 15 1 7-4ⅽ PR 2 2 7-3b 7-3b - 122 -
R-power PPS R-power Renewable Power Source 7-3 a RPS R-power PPS 7-3 b RPS kwh 1 2000 kwh M 2500 kwh A 2500 kwh 2 2500 kwh F 1000 kwh 12 2200 kwh Z 2000 kwh G 2000 kwh 30000 kwh 30000 kwh 8000 kwh aa ba cb 7-4 NIMBY - 123 -
NPO NPO NPO NPO 7-5 NPO NPO NPO NPO - 124 -
- 125 - NPO 7-5NPO 1 2 NPO NPO 7-5NPO 1 2 NPO
BOD 30 SOxNOx 1 100 kw 100 23 30% CO2-126 -
30-127 -