2009 11 10 2000 1 Stadard Theory:ST(1957-1965) Extended Standard Theory:EST(1965-1973) Rivised Extended Standard Theory:REST(1973-1976) Government and Binding:GB/Principles and Parameters Theory:P&P(1981-1990) Minimalist Program:MP(1990-present) 2 2.1 1
1 Who do you love? 1 love who you SVO 2 you love who? SVO 2 2.2 wh 1 2 who, what wh 1 2.3 3 * Who you love? You (do) love who? do who Who you do love? do you Who do you love? you (do) love who? SVO Who you (do) love? Who do you love? wh 2.4 Sentence(S) 1 2
oun Phrase() Verb Phrase(VP) oun() Verb(V) Adjective(Adj) Article(A) Adverb(Adv) S VP A Adj VP V VP V AdvP 3 phase structure grammar vocabulary deep structure surface structure transformational grammar 1: 3
4 Standard Theory:ST 1957 Syntactic Structures, 1965 Aspects of the Theory of Syntax Standard theory 4 All the students love their teacher. 5 The students all love their teacher. all all (4) the student (5) (5) (4) all both, each 6 7 Three ladies stood on the stage. three *Ladies three stood on the stage. It seems that Betty is happy.( ) Betty seems to be happy. It is tough to answer the question.( ) The question is tough to answer. It is... tough 4.1 8 Ann hit Jack. 4
9 Jack was hit by Ann. 50 5 Extended Standard Theory:EST 5.1 John gave the book to Bill. John gave Bill the book. 10 Did John give the book to Bill? 11 Did John give Bill the book? Yes o 10 11 12 Every boy loves a girl. 5
13 A girl is loved by every boy. 12 13 12 13 5.2 Ann hit Jack. Jack was hit by Ann. 2 S VP V AdvP Adv Ann was hit Jack by 2: 2 3 6
S VP V AdvP Adv was hit Jack by Ann 3: Jack 3 4 S VP V AdvP Adv Jack was hit by Ann 4: 2 2 3 Ann 3 4 Jack 7
5.3 Universal Grammar:UG Universal grammar (UG) 5.3.1 poverty of the stimulus:pots 1. positive evidence 2 2. 3. 5.4 X wh- X 2 Elman 8
X X 3 Tom accepted the plan. 5 Tom s acceptance of the plan S VP V Tom accepted A the plan 5: Tom accepted the plan rejection 6 Tom s PP acceptance P of A the plan 6: Tom s acceptance of the plan UG X X 3 X X X 9
S VP X X =XP spec X X head Complement 7: X-bar X V P A head Complement X Specifier, Spec X X X maximal projection XP VP V X 4 He studies linguistics at the university. 8 IP inflectional phase () IP complement VP inflectional phase 6 Revised Extended Standard Theory:REST X 6.1 trace 14 Who will you see? 4 :ST 10
IP I I [-Pst] VP V PP He V P studies P at Det linguistics the university 8: X-bar 15 You will see who 15 who see see 14 who who trace 15 X 9 9 who wh- who 10 t t (i,j ) Revised Extended Standard Theory:REST 11
S C S C S V AV V you will V see who 9: you will you see who 7 Principles and Parameter Theory:P&P X 5 Principles 1980 5 12
S C S who i C S will j V AV V you t j V see t i 10: 7.1 6 hit make 2 kill be killed be killed 11 InflectionP object( ) Tom 12 e Tom 6 thematic role th θ 13
InflectionP without theta role InflectionP inflection V ed V be killed of object 11: be killed InflectionP =S e (no theta role) InflectionP inflection V ed V be killed Tom(object) 12: Tom was killed 8 Government and Binding Theory:GB 8.1 Government A B govern A B A B m- A B barrier 16 John meets her. John s 7 meet her 8 7 8 14
13 InflectionP John InflectionP inflection V s V meet her 13: John meets her V meet her V meet V inflectionp meet s inflection inflection s V meet her barrier UG binding 8.2 Binding himself each other 17 Tom hates himself. 18 John knows Tom hates him. 17 himself Tom 18 him Tom 17 Tom himself 15
Tom himself c Tom s hate himself c s hate himself c hate himself c binding c UG binding theory 8.3 19 John seems to hate Ann. 19 14 InflectionP InflectionP appoint e InflectionP inflection V s V InflectionP seem InflectionP John Inflection VP to V hate Ann 14: John seemes to hate Ann InflectionP John John e John 16
John Inflection s John seemts to hate Ann. 9 X Ann, Tom, kicked Ann Tom kicked ed Principles and Paramter Theory kicked Tom( ) Ann 15 correspond element tense Correspond element assignment (nominative) correspond element corr. elem. tense tense V V Ann V kicked Tom 15: Ann kicked Tom 17
Principles and Parameter inflection s 2 15 Ann 16 Correspond element assignment (nominative) correspond element corr. elem. tense tense V V V Ann t kicked Tom 16: Ann kicked Tom 10 18