47 2 2009 9 * Filipino Students in Japan and International Relations in the 1930s: An Aspect of Soft Power Policies in Imperial Japan KINOSHITA Akira* Abstract The purpose of this paper is to look into the relationship between international politics and Filipino students who studied in Japan during the 1930s. At that time, the Philippines was in the middle of a conflict between two empires: Japan and the United States. In this context, Japan tried to use Filipino students as a means to improve its soft power in the Philippines. In the first half of the decade, about 30 Filipinos were living mainly in Tokyo, with the majority of them studying at medical schools, in particular The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, which offered classes in English. But not all Japanese people welcomed Filipinos with many heavily prejudiced against them. In the mid-30s Japan set up new institutions to attract more international students but the number of Filipino students decreased gradually in the late 1930s because the fear of Japanese imperialism had spread in the Philippines. This paper contextualizes these historical developments to show the deep connections between foreign students and the international politics of imperialism adopted by Japan in its attempts to obtain hegemony before the Pacific War. Keywords: international students, Japan-Philippine relations, 1930s, soft power 1930 1930 * College of Letters, Ritsumeikan University, 56 1 Toji-in Kitamachi, Kita-ku, Kyoto 603 8577 e-mail: akirakin@aol.com 210
1930 10 2004: 26 1930 1) 1) 211
47 2 1930 N Jose 2002 1900 41 1930 I 1930 1898 1898 2009 2) 2004 1901 2) pensionados 212
1930 1910 10 Jose 2002: 68 1930 3) 30 25 30 4) 1978 JACAR Ref. B04011345400 1933 7 27 5) 1924 3) 4) 24 1933 7 26 25 1933 7 27 23 1934 8 17 30 1935 11 16 5) 14 1933 7 26 1941 213
47 2 1929 1931 2008 1929 10 29 JACAR Ref. B04011345400 1928 29 896 Buenaventura 1995 1930 7 9 7 1 1930: 119 4 1 4 5 Jose 2002: 72 1 214
1930 2 1935 2 18 JACAR Ref. B04011345400 12 1881 5 Jose 2002: 72 73 30 6) 1933 8 1 6) 650 20 3 500 215
47 2 1933 6 1933 6 23 1933 7 20 1933 7 26 1933 7 26 1933 7 27 1933 7 26 1933 7 22 10 1 7) 7) 1933 9 26 216
1930 Jose 2002: 75 78 JACAR Ref. B04011345400 8) 1929 11 1939 11 1 1930 1939 10 1930 II 1930 1933 3 1999 8) 217
47 2 600 1933 11 JACAR Ref. B04011347000 1934 4 1935 11 2003: 130 1930 1934 1935 1946 2004 1934 7 20 JACAR Ref. B04011345400 1935 218
1930 2003: 10 9) 1930 1936 1936 6 27 1937 11 2 10) 1930 1930 1930 1936 4 10 1938 3 20 1937 12 5 1938 1938 5 1 16 S 9) 1936 9 2004: 167 10) 219
47 2 11) 1938 1 1930 1937 7 2004 30 100 1978 1 30 10 1941 11 1941: 108 1930 1935 1938: 45; 1939a: 12; 1939b: 1, 8 1935 11) P S 220
1930 1 1935 39 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 7 2 2 3 2 16 1 3 5 9 1 1 2 3 7 2 1 2 2 7 5 5 2 1 2 5 3 1 1 5 * 2 2 4 1 2 3 1 1 1 3 ** 3 3 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 3 24 13 20 16 16 89 1980 * 1937 ** 1939a: 12; 1939b: 1 1930 221
47 2 III 1930 1940 2 1941 3 1938 1936 1936 4 10 1902 1933 6 1 1925 M 1920 Pilipino Students Association 1929 12 30 2 1911 1913 1915 1916 1923 1925 1932 1934 1935 1936 1939 1940 44 2 4 5 12 14 7 9 10 11 14 15 1 1 2 2 1 5 4 2 4 4 1 1* * 222
1930 The Japan Times and Mail January 6, 1930 1933 1933 7 5 1935 11 15 30 1935 11 16 ; 1936: 49 50 1936 10 1937: 52 100 2002: 104, 291 12) 3 1936: 49 50 13) 1930 12) 1940 12 13) 223
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47 2 1938 3 20 2 MB 5 1 2 1939 11 1 2 1942 11 5 1 1933 6 23 7 7 20 2 7 22 2 7 26 7 9 26 2 1936 6 27 7 226