Yoga as Hybrid Culture KAWAHARA Kazue Abstract: Yoga appeared on world s front stage when Swami Vivekananda taught Raja Yoga in the United States at the end of the 19 th century. In the World Parliament of Religions of 1893, his speech elicited enthusiastic applause. Though an unknown participant from India, he leaped into fame as an excellent religionist of Hinduism. Giving lectures and providing guidance on yoga in various places of the United States, he played an important role in the development of modern yoga. Such broad acceptance of Vivekananda was based on the fact that cultural interchanges between East and West were progressing in both India and the United States. Yoga in India at that time was also hybridized and because of its hybridity it could be easily globalized. This paper focuses on hybridization of thought and practice of yoga in India during British colonial period and deals with following topics: 1 Translation and research of Hindu sacred texts by the orientalists, 2 Reformation of Hinduism by Indian intellectuals, 3 The independence movement in India and physical culture, 4 Formation of modern psychosomatic yoga. Key Words: Yoga, hybrid culture, India during British colonial period 19 1893 17 1 2
54 2018 2 1897 3 1 1612 17 18 1757 1857 58 1858 100 16 18 1768 4 1784 5 19
6 Hindu Hinduism 2300 2000 1200 500 5 7 8 18 9 10 B. 11
54 2018 2!! 12 13 1820 14 2 19 1813 1828 15
16 1875 1863 19 17 1893 18 3 19 19 1885 A. G. physical culture 20 strongman
54 2018 2 1898 33 1900 20 19 1830 Muscular Christianity 1844 YMCA 1891 spirit, mind, body 1896 B. G. 21 22 1 23 K 1911 3 60 24 17 25 1947 1884 1908 V.D. 1857
20 mass drill 26 1930 27 20 K. V. 1897 1980 1928 28 4 modern yoga modern psychosomatic yoga modern postural yoga modern meditational yoga spiritual scientific yoga medical/therapeutic scientific yoga healthy Hindu lifestyle yoga spiritual fitness yoga 3 1960 modern denominational yoga 29 1920 30 YMCA 1919 30 4 6 8 16 17 17 17 18 19
54 2018 2 1930 3 3 3 6 31 32 33 1883 1966 1897 1989 34 1924 1927 37 1925
RSS 35 30 20 1952 1 36 1952 1919 1920 4 1973 2 1931 Yoga Hygiene Simplified Hatha Yoga Simplified 37 123 38 39 X
54 2018 2 3 40 3 41 2 42 43 1887-1963 1924 1936 1948 1953 300 44 45 5 46 1888 1989 B.K.S. 1918 2014 1915
2009 1933 K.V. 47 2013 63-73 90, 2010 179 15 1980 204 51 2015 3 92-93 1965 216-222 268-269 74 89-97 2009 346 18 19 328-329 346 330 2014, 82 2004 27-28 243 1991 30 De Michelis, Elizabeth. 2004. A History of Modern Yoga, Continuum, p 44. Madsen, Borge, 2013, Why Yoga?: A Cultural History of Yoga, MadZen Press, p 115. 341 De Michelis, op.cit., p 44. Madsen, op.cit., p 42. 36-83 105-106 192-193 De Michelis, op.cit., pp.45-90. 195 1995 50 2001 233 2010 80-82
54 2018 2 100 2007 29-44 1972 68 246 1977 32 Singleton, Mark. 2010, Yoga Body: The Origins of Modern Posture Practice, Oxford University Press, pp.72-73. 2014 89 92-93 Ibid., pp.95-97, pp.107-108. 123-126 139-141 Singleton, Mark, 2016, Yoga and physical culture: transnational history and blurred discursive contexts, Knut A Jacobson ed. Routledge Handbook of Contemporary India, Routledge. Anathasevashrama Trust http://maladihalliast/com 2017 9 30 Singleton, op.cit., pp.101-104. 133-138 Alter, Josef S., Yoga in Modern India: The Body and Science and Philosophy, Princeton University Press, p.82. Singleton, ibid., pp.122-126. 160-165 De Michelis, op.cit., p.188. Singleton, op.cit., p.91. 119 1 271973 178-179 3 40 230 5 118 1978 264 Alter, op.cit., pp.27-28. 1999 RSS 2002 1952 58-94 1991 6 235 Singleton, op.cit., pp 116-118. 151-155 S. L. 2008 215-221 Alter, op.cit., pp.81-86. B.K.S. 2004 BAB 2010 Alter, op.cit., pp.102-103. 235 1999 344-372 181 Madsen, op.cit., p.126. p.133. 2003 21 2007 10-11 Singleton, op.cit., pp.175-206. 227-273