2013 5 30 Summary Recently, the virtual economy trend has been circulating primarily throughout the Englishspeaking world. Particulary notable is the large-scale crowd sourcing being carried out within the field of microwork. Microwork refers to the process of splitting up a complex computational task overwhelmingly large amounts of data input many smaller, simple tasks, which are then distributed to a very large pool of users who handle the data input, leading to the completion of the complex task. A detailed example of this process is Google Search. In order to increase the accuracy of their search results, Google distributes the complex task of search-tagging Web pages to low-wage workers in developing countries. The workers then carry out the tasks using their PCs or mobile phones. Numerous organizations continue to spring up as part of this growing trend, with infraproviders, aggregators, online game operators, converters, and ordinary users working together as an organic microwork support system. In many cases microwork labors are rewarded for their work in the form of virtual currency that is imaginally currency originally used in online video game worlds. In this paper, we consider the connection between microwork and virtual currency, and also their relation to currency used in the real world. 1. Web Web Web Virtual CrowdSourcing Crowd- Sourcing Crowd OutSourcing microtask microworkers intervendors Google Yahoo 143
Virtual currency RMT real money trading microwork RMT RMT 2. Lehdonvirta 2011/4 3 MMORPG Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Game microwork text Virtual MMORPG 144
RMT 2013/2 2007/7 enjoy 3D CG $LS RMT microwork Lehdonvirta 2011/4 Yahoo Google CrowdFlower 70 50 Amazon job microtasks AmasonMechanicalTurk Samasource microtask 145
Virtual currency PayPal BitCoin Lehdonvirta 2010 RMT Cherryblossoming SNS faceboook microtask RMT Twitter facebook user create facebook iphone App Store Zynga Playfish 3. Lehdonvirta 2011 146
700 55 70 ICT Information and Communiation Technology BPO 1990 ICT 2000 Amason AmasonMechanicalTurk Samasource NPO 2 KOCCA 2009 126 MMORPG 2013/2 ICT MMORPG RMT 147
2007/9 2L$ PayPal ATM TV RMT 2007 148
4. microwork Lehdonvirta 2011 Crowdsourcing microwork 19 intervenders game operator Elance Guru 99designs microwork 2 Lehdonvirta et al. 2010 infrastructure provider microworker game operator aggregator transformer client work aggregators workforce transformers microworks 149
skills BPO microtasks crowdsourcing task task AmazonMechanical- Turk LiveWork ShortTask Clickworker BPO hybid cloudworker open call cloudworkers cloudworker cloudworker LiveOps West at Home compensate background subscription fee microtransaction monetization 2010 9 6 50 6,000 150
5. RMT 2006/9 2013/2 1 1 RMT RMT RMT RMT RMT gold farmer RMT RMT hard cash RMT RMT RMT 151
RMT 6. 2013/9 2013/9 seigniorage coin seiginiorage charge 1953 152
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3 2004 154
2013/9 Manfred 1992 A B B A A B B 155
A 1996 156
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2013/9 B 3 3 A B B RMT RMT web 158
2013/9 B 3 2013/9 1 7. bilateral RMT 159
RMT RMT RMT RMT summary Paul E. Jensen Vili Lehdonvirta and Mirko Ernkvist 2011 KNOWLEDGE MAP OF THE VIRTUAL ECONOMY, www. infodev.org Akio Moriyama February 2006 A Simple of Money, Credit and Banking, Journal of Economic Sciences, Vol. 9 No. 2. Bank of Canada 2012 Backgrounders, Seigniorage, March 2012, http://bankofcanada.ca/en/backgrounders/ bg-m3.htm as of May 1, 2012 Newmann, Manfred J.M. 1992 Seiniorage in the United States: How Much Does the U.S. Government Make from Money Production?, The Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Review, 74 2 : 29 40. 2013/2 16 2 2004 No. 04A 06 2000 Vol. 7 2006 Vol. 13 1953 58 160
2007 9 3D 2008 9 2002/9 6 1 2013/2 16 2 2013/9 17 1 Web RMT http://rmtnavi.info/history.html RMT I T pro http://itpro.nikkeibp.co.jp/article/column/20060907/247473/ RMT http://internet.watch.impress.co.jp/cda/special/2007/07/18/163 73.html PayPal: https://www.paypal.jp/jp/contents/start/how-to/ Bitcoin: http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/bitcoin 161