18
1 2 3 4 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 1
1 2 140 100 10 30 16 2 2 2
195070 GIS 17 6 9 6 16 6 29 7 20 1 8 31 9 2 9 21 10 19 12 14 2 9 1 100 2 1112 18 5 31 8 110 11 2931 12 13 4 12 25 2 23 5 () 3 19 2 200 3 3.1 2 3
5 1 1988 1994 2005 10 phf-cl - NO3 - SO4 2- Na + NH4 + K + Mg 2+ Ca 2 9 2000 ph4.5 2006 2t/km 2 ~2.5t/km 2 BOD BOD75% 2 2005 5 12 2006 12 229 14 2006 BODTP TPTP NO3-N 4
WEP Model(Water and Energy transfer Process Model) GIS 3.2,2006 1 () Conference (Bangkok), 2006. 10 2006 2006 2004 2006 11 2006 11 2006 2 X-band radar Conference (Bangkok), 2006.10 5
4 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 6
Leivestad and Muniz(1976) (1993,2006 ) ph 1988 4 1994 Dionex 9 1988 SHIBATA(Model W-101) Dionex1994 2001 10 MODEL-14 2001 10 DX-320 F-Cl - NO3 - SO4 2- Na + NH4 + K + Mg 2+ Ca 2 9 2005 10 20cm No.1 1988 4 2006 12 H 1 1988 1995 ph 1996 2000 ph 4.77 2006 ph 4.78 19 ph 2005 6 4 3.40 ph 1999 5 5 7.60 ph 1996 8 3.91 H 7
ph ph 2000 ph4.5 2 10 0.11eq/l 0.06eq/l 3 0.93 K + Mg 2+ Ca 2 ph SO4 2- NO3 - ph 8
Ca 2 K + Mg 2+ NH4 + 4.6t/km 2 13 2006 1.37 t/km 2 13 3 2006 2005 1/2 2005 1/3 2005 2006 2005 1/4 2005 10 1 9
1/10 1/2 2006 4 2007 1 2006 4 2007 1 5 3 10 50 90 50 1/2 50 10
5 1 Kriging Method 11
10 2006 11 2t/km 2 2.5t/km 2 0.5t/km 2 Vol.25249-255(1989) ph Vol.28308315 (1993) ph Vol.41 4564 (2006) Leivestad,H. and Muniz, I. P. Fish kill at low ph in a Norwegian river, Nature, Vol.295, 391-392 1976 12
1. ( 1) ph BOD, 2 2006 8 3 2L 1:1 in vivo Trilogy (Turner Designs, Sunnyvale CA, USA) GF/F Alef & Nannipieri (1995) (UV-1200, ) 1 ph/ec (D-54,) 2006 8 11 8 5 ()1.0, 0.45, 0.22, 0.1 µm 10 ml Trilogy 3 3.1 ph ph 10-7 ( 2) ( 3) 18 % 50 % EC ph ph 3.0 NTU 7.4 NTU 3.3 NTU ( 4)100 % 86% 13
in vivo a 130.1 RFU 5.2 RFU 52.1 25 % 0.853 mg/l 1.43 mg/l 1.16 mg/l ( 6) 5.6 % 0.007 mg/l 0.052 mg/l 0.029 mg/l 1.5 % ( 7) 0.008 mg/l 0.052 mg/l 0.036 mg/l ( 8) 53 % 10 0.003 ppm0.069 ppm 0.029 21% (AlPO 4 Al 3+ 3- +PO 4 pk sp =18.2) (FePO 4 Fe 3+ 3- +PO 4 pk sp =22) ( 1) 3.2 1:1 6 100 ml 100 ml 5 cm 2 ml Trilogy (Turner design), 3.3 NTU 3.0 ( 4,10) 24 0.25 NTU 0.92 NTU 1.2 NTU ( 10) 48 48 0.23 NTU 0.63 NTU 0.57 NTU 14
48 48 3.3 2006 8 5 1.0, 0.45, 0.22, 0.1 µm Trilogy 3000 rpm ( 2000 RCF) 3.7 NTU 8 3 1 µm 0.32 NTU 9 1 µm ( 11) 0.45 µm 0.051 NTU 1/6 0.45 µm 0.22 µm 0.051 NTU 0.046 NTU 0.1 µm 0.037 NTU 0.22 µm 2 1 µm 10% 1 µm 1/2 1 µm 0.45 µm 3000 rpm 10 1 µm Stokes v v = d 2 18 σ ρ η rω 2 d :σ : ρ : η : r : ω :. 25 0.99710 3 kg m -3 0.089010-2 kg m -1 s -1 310 3000rpm 15 cm 3 cm 5 µm 5 µm 1 µm 3.4 2006 8 3 11 in vivo 8 8 8 10 ( 12,) 9 10 MJ/m 2 17 MJ/m 2 25 MJ/m 2 ( 13 ) 3 6.8 NTU 8 11 2.5 NTU ( 14) 3 6 9 11 ( 14) 11 15
( 15) 3.5 2006 8 10 0.22 µm (JSM6380LANV+HVB51-X0394, ) (C, O, Al, Si) ( 16e) ( 16a) ( 16a)( 16e) ( 16bd) ( 16e) ( 16c) ( 17) 16
[H + ] 1 200661 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 8 7 6 Turbidity (NTU) 5 4 3 2 1 5 0 0.5 1 0 2 in vivo Chl. a fluoresence (RFU) EC (ms/m) 25 20 15 10 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 0.5 1 3 (EC) 0 0 0.5 1 4 17 0 0 0.5 1 5 in vivo a
NO 3 -N (mg/l) NH 3 -N (mg/l) 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.00 Turbidity (NTU) 0 0.5 1 6 0 0.5 1 8 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Time (days) 10 NO 2 -N (mg/l) PO 4 -P (mg/l) Turbidity (NTU) 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 0.00 10 1 0.1 0 0 0.5 1 7 0 0.5 1 9 Fresh Water <1.0 <0.45 <0.22 <0.1 3000 rpm 10' 11 18
Water level (m) 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0 2 4 6 8 10 12 Date 12 2006 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 Date 14 20068 600 500 400 300 200 100 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 Date 13 20068 7 6 5 4 3 r 2 =0.72 r 2 =0.62 600 500 400 300 200 2 100 15 19
20
21
22
23
24
25
BOD 1)2) 2006 5,400km 2 140 1,1001,500mm 1,200mm 1,500mm 56% 70 16% 14% 7% 6% 1% 15m 3 /s 42 64 2020 661022 26
-1 AL 2 W1 W5 3 2-1 -2-2 J L -2 BODTNTP 4 2001 4 2005 3 TNTP BOD TP TN 2 8 BOD TP -3BOD CD CD 27
BOD IK 10.1kg/yrTN GH 9.3kg/yrTP EF 1.2kg/yr 2 BODTNTP 2-1 3 7 TN TP CD BOD TP FG TN GH HI BOD TP TP(mg/l) TN(mg/l) 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 2 4 5 6 8 10 11 12 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 (km 2 ) 2 4 5 6 8 10 11 12 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 (km 2 ) 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 2 4 5 6 8 10 11 12 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 (km 2 ) 2 4 5 6 8 10 11 12 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 (km 2 ) -2 (2001.42005.3) -3 (2001.42005.3) 28
(-4-6) -1 AB BC CD DE EF FG GH HI IK BOD 21.7 12.0-8.5 7.8 15.4 25.7 20.8 0.4 14.1 TN 9.3 13.2 10.0 14.7 18.1 25.6 13.7 9.9 TP 0.4 0.7 0.4 2.1 2.5 1.6-0.3 0.3 kg/yr/km 2-4 km 2-5 CD FG -4 FG BODTNTP -1-6 -1 GH BODTNTP GH GH 29
-5 EF IK 2 BOD 2 TNTP EF TP -4-6 BC FG FG BC 4 FG BC FG BODTNTP FG -1 57 12 45 2006 3 2 3/13/63/73/8 3/9 BODTNTPNO3-NNO2-NNH4-NPO4-PDOpHSSChl-a 15 N BOD TN -7TP -7 2) AL-8 NO3-NPN HFH NPHNO3-N 30
-7 TN, TP Concentration (mg/l) 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 BOD AB C D E F G H I J K L 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 Catchment area (km 2 ) Flux 10 5 (kg/yr), Flow rate (m 3 /s) 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 BOD Flow rate AB C D E F G H I J K L 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 Catchment area (km 2 ) 3.0 2.5 TN NO3-N NH4-N PN 60 50 TN NO3-N NH4-N PN Concentration (mg/l) 2.0 1.5 1.0 Mass flux 10 5 (kg/yr) 40 30 20 0.5 10 0.0 AB C D E F G H I J K L 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 Catchment area (km 2 ) 0 AB C D E F G H I J K L 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 Catchment area (km 2 ) Concentration (mg/l) 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.05 TP PO4-P PP Mass flux 10 5 (kg/yr) 3 2 1 TP PO4-P PP 0.00 AB C D E F G H I J K L 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 Catchment area (km 2 ) 0 AB C D E FG H I J K L 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 Catchment area (km 2 ) -8 2006 3 KL BODTPHI 2 CDBOD 31
TNTPHIPP PO4-PChl-a GHNH4-NHJ GHHJNO3-N TPPO4-P IJPP IJSS -9 (5) BOD 2 NO3-N 1 3 3 TNNO3-N 8 TN 1 NH4-NBODNH4-NBOD PO4-P TPPO4-P 32
BOD (mg/l) 25 20 15 10 5 BOD (mg/l) 25 20 15 10 5 NO3-N (mg/l) 5 4 3 2 1 NH4-N (mg/l) 0 0 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 0 20 40 60 80 100 0 10 20 30 40 Percentage of built area (%) Percentage of forest area (%) Percentage of cropland cover (%) 5 4 3 2 1 Particulate N (mg/l) 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 T-P (mg/l) 3.01 (2.7) 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 0.0 0 20 40 60 80 100 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 Percentage of built area (%) Percentage of forest area (%) Percentage of built area (%) -9 BOD 2 4,050km 2 80% 0.0112 m 3 /s/km 2 BK BODTNTP -10 1 1 2 2 BODTNTP 252513BK B K BK BOD TP 75 61 2539 FH -11BODTN TP FH -1 33
m 3 /s 0 20 40 60 80 BOD 10 6 kg/yr 0 1 2 3 4 TN 10 6 kg/yr 0 1 2 3 4 5 TP 10 6 kg/yr 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4-10 BK BODTNTP m 3 /s 0 10 20 30 40 BOD 10 6 kg/yr 0 1 2 3 TN 10 6 kg/yr 0 1 2 3 TP 10 6 kg/yr 4 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25-11 FH BODTNTP BODTP TNEFTP I JTP NO3-N BODTP 25% 39 34
1),,,, Vol.32, 263-271, 1995. 2),,,,, Vol.49, 1507-1512, 2005. 35
1989 2004-11989 4 1998 8-2 16 16 369mm 325mm 373mm 352mm 500700mm 410mm 36
-1-2 37
GIS UTM 54-1 543 22-1 406,0004,225,000495,0004,094,000 IX 131,000mIY 89,000m IX 500mIY 500m IX 262IY 178 21049 5262.25km 2 22 37 774 250m CDROM Arcview 1/10 ( 100m 9 ) GIS 100m 500m 3 1km 500m 38
500m 8 39
-3-4 40
WEP WEP MODEL, Water and Energy transfer Process Model WEP 1)2) WEP -5-2 -2-5 2002 1 1 2004 12 31 2002 14 7 11 6 2 220mm 4,120m 3 /s 6,690m 3 /s 886 605 1 1 41
WEP 0.65/100m -3 2002.1.12004.12.31 12 3 32-6 -6 42
2002 2003-2004 -4-4 2002 1 1 2004 12 31 2002 1 1 2002 12 31 1 10 20022004-7 2003-7(a) 2002-7(b) 2003 43
-7(c) 2004-7(d) 2002-7(e) 2003-7(f) 2004 44
2002 7 10-87 10-9 2002 7 700 m 3 /s 2002 7 6 939ha 2002 10-8(a) 45
-8(b) 46
-9 2002-10 30.5 2 0 1331 510 27.7 177 7 152 7 3% 317 373 49 1011 28 351 0 0 89 384 182 0 7 412 14 1117 7.1 1 5 0-10 2002 47
GIS 2002 20022004 1) Jia, Y., G. Ni, Y. Kawahara, T. Suetsugi, Development of WEP model and its application to an urban watershed, Hydrological Processes, Vol.15, No.11, 2175-2194, 2001. 2) Jia, Y., T.Kinouchi, J. Yoshitani, Distributed hydrologic modeling in a partially urbanized agricultural watershed using water and energy transfer process model, Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, ASCE, Vol.10, No.4, 253-263, 2005. 48
Global Atmospheric Water Balance and Runoff from Large River Basins (Collaboration): One Chapter in Scale Issue in Hydrological Modeling, (John Wiley & Sons Ltd. 1995) 49