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1 1.1 1995 Web (, 1998, p. 343-354;, 2000, p. 391-410) 2000 1998 (Association of Research Libraries: ARL) SPARC (Case, 1999, p. 195-199) (, 2004, p. 33-37;, 2004, p. 616-624;, 2005, p. 133-143) 1.2 2 80

(1) BioMed Central (BioMed Central) Public Library of Science (PLoS) (PLoS) (2) (, 2005, p. 806-817) Google Scholar PDF (Google Scholar) NIH PubMed Central 1.3 NIH 2004 7 22 (Federal Taxpayer-Access Proposal) (House of Representatives, 2004, House Report) (National Institute of Health: NIH) 2005 PubMed Central NIH 9 3 (NIH ) (NIH, 2004, Enhanced Public Access) 2005 2 3 NIH NIH ( Policy on Enhancing Public Access to Archived Publications Resulting from NIH-Funded Research ( NIH ), NIH Public Access Policy) (NIH, 2005, Policy on Enhancing Public Access) 81

2005 5 2 NIH 1 NIH PubMed Central 12 2 2.1 (Association of Research Libraries: ARL) Mary M. Case 1989 SPARC ARL 10 147% 1986 ARL 124% 7% ARL 29% 21% 1989 Economic Consulting Services, Inc. (ECS) ARL 4 100 ECS 1973-1987 40-137% (Case, 1999, p. 195-199) NIH 82

$1400 $30 (Nobel Prize Winners, 2004, An Open Letter to the U.S. Congress) Nobel Prize Winners, 2004, An Open Letter to the U.S. Congress NIH 1 (Elsevier, 2004, Enhanced Public Access) 2.2 2000 Public Library of Science (PLoS) ( Patrick O. Brown ) (PLoS) 6 PubMed Central 83

2001 9 (PLoS, 2000, Public Library of Science Open Letter) delayed access NIH 2002 (Budapest Open Access Initiative: BOAI) (2002. 2. 14) (Budapest Open Access Initiative, 2002) (2003. 10. 20-22) 84

85 ECHO (Berlin Declaration, 2003) Chemical & Engineering News Rudy M. Baum BMW BMW BMW BMW BMW BMW BMW (Baum, 2005, p. 5)

86 NIH (Nobel Prize Winners, 2004, An Open Letter to the U.S. Congress) Rudy Baum (3 ) - - (Baum, 2005, p. 5) NIH

1 (Elservier, 2004, Enhanced Public Access) 2.3 NIH (1) NIH NIH NIH NIH 2. NIH 2003 60,000-65,000 3. NIH 1) NIH 2) NIH 3) NIH (NIH, 2005, Policy on Enhancing Public Access) (2) NIH (NIH, 2004, Summary Data and Examples) [ ] 87

- - - - - - - - - - [ ] - - - - - - - - - - - - PubMed - - PubMed - (3) 15) ( 6 12 ) 88

2005 2 DC HighWire Press 12 NIH (Washington D. C. Principle, 2005) Rudy M. Baum NIH (NIH) Elias A. Zerhouni NIH Zerhouni (Baum, 2004, p. 7) Martin Blume Bush (Bush, 2004) 1 89

2 3 NIH,, (2005). - NIH., 2005, 48(3), p. 133-143. (2004).., 2004, 47(1), p. 33-37. (2005). :., 47(12), p. 806-817. (1998).., 41(5), p. 343-354. (2000).., 43(5), p. 391-410. 90

(2004).., 47(9), p. 616-624. Baum, Rudy M. (2004). Socialized Science. Chem. Eng. News, 82(38). httpubs.acs.org/cen/editor/8238edit.html 2005. 3. 12. Baum, Rudy M. (2005). More Socialized Science. Chem. Eng. News, May 16, 5.. Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the Sciences and Humanities, http://www.zim.mpg.de/openaccess-berlin/ 2005. 6. 15. BioMedCentral. http://www.biomedcentral.com/ 2005. 6. 15. Blume, Martin (2004). Journals of the American Physical Society: Policies on Author Rights, Access, and Prices, The National Academies, Are Chemical Journals Too Expensive and Inaccessible? 2004. 10. 24, Washington, D. C. http://www7.nationalacademies.org/bcst/1pub_blume.pdf 2005. 6. 15. Budapest Open Access Initiative (BOAI). http://www.soros.org/openaccess/help.shtml 2005. 6. 15. Bush, George W. (2004). The Third Bush-Kerry Presidential Debate, http://www.debates.org/pages/trans2004d.html 2005. 6. 15. Blume (2004). Journals of the American Physical Society. http://www7.nationalacademies.org/bcst/1pub_blume.pdf 2005.6.15. Case, Mary M., (1999), ARL SPARC,, 49(4), p. 195-199. Elsevier (2004). Enhanced Public Access to NIH Researc h Information: A response from Elsevier, http://www.elsevier.com/authored_news/corporate/images/nih.pdf 2005. 3. 12. Google Scholar. http://scholar.google.com/ House Report 108-636 - Department of Labor, Health and Human Services, and Education, and Related Agencies A propriation Bill, 2005. http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/cpquery/?&db_id=cp108&r_n=hr636.108&sel=toc_338641& 2005. 6. 15. NIH, Enhanced Public Access to NIH Research Information http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/notice-files/not-od-04-064.html (accessed 2005. 3. 12) NIH, Summary Data and Examples of Comments and Questions, http://www.nih.gov/about/publicaccess/publicaccesscomments.pdf 2005. 6. 15. 91

NIH, Policy on Enhancing Public Access to Archived Publications Resulting from NIH-Funded Research. http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/notice-files/not-od-05-022.html 2005. 3. 12. Nobel Prize Winners, An Open Letter to the U.S. Congress Signed by 25 Nobel Prize Winners, http://rym.waglo.com/wordpress/index.php=273 2005. 6. 17. PLoS (Public Library of Science), http://www.plos.org/ 2005. 6. 15. PloS(Public Library of Science), Public Library of Science Open Letter, http://www.plos.org/about/letter.html 2005. 5. 17. Washington D. C. Principle, Not-for-Profit Publishers Call New NIH Rule a Missed Oportunity: Scientific societies worry about burden on researchers and waste of research dollars. http://www.dcprinciples.org/nih_rule.htm 2005. 3. 12. 92