2008

Title プラスチック 材 料 の 微 細 加 工 技 術 と 光 デバイスへの 応 用 に 関 する 研 究 Author(s) 藤 澤, 克 也 Citation Issue Date Text Version ETD URL http://hdl.handle.net/11094/2241 DOI Rights Osaka University

2008

LCD CCD LCD - i -

CCD MTF MTF CCD CCD LCD AR LCD LCD LCD - ii -

LED LED - iii -

1 1 4 5 9 10 10 10 11 12 14 13 15 16 17 20 21 22 22 22 26 MTF 26 29 31 32 32 32 - iv -

33 34 AR 37 38 40 42 42 43 45 47 47 50 47 49 53 54 55 55 57 59 59 62 64 64 65 66 68 69 70 72 - v -

73 75 73 76 77 78 78 79 81 81 83 85 86 87 88 90 91 91 93 94 95 - vi -

AR BBP BMA CCD CCFL CGH CRT CZP EL FWHM GMA GOLF LCD LED LSF MMA MTF OLED OLF OPF PC PDP PMMA Amplitude Response 3-Benzoyl Benzophenone 2-Butenyl Methacrylate Charge Coupled Device Cold Cathode Fluorescent Lamp Computer Generated Hologram Cathode Ray Tube Circular Zone Plate Electroluminescence Full Width at Half-Maximum Grycidyl Methacrylate Grating Optical Low-Pass Filter Liquid Crystal Display Light-Emitting Diode Line-Spread Function Methyl Methacrylate Modulation Transfer Function Organic Light-Emitting Diode Optical Low-Pass Filter Optically Patterned Film Polycarbonate Plasma Display Panel Polymethyl Methacrylate - vii -

1982 CD CCD LCD PDP OLED 1984 CD 1) CD CD (PMMA) (PC) PMMA LCD PC PMMA PMMA PMMA PC (CR-39) (MS) CR-39 MS PMMA - 1 -

LCD (%) 90~91 (n D ) (nm) (%) 1.42~1.92 < 10 21~95 - (kg cm cm -1 ) ( ) 500~720 PMMA - 92~93 1.492 10~20 57~58 2.2~2.8 100 2.0 PC 87~90 1.587 30~80 31 80~100 138~140 0.4 CR-39 88~91 1.500-58 2.3~2.8 140 - MS 90 1.564-41 1.5~2.5 85~90 0.15 PMMA PC MS CR-39 He-Ne 2, 3) 780nm (CGH) 4, 5) - 2 -

PMMA PC MS CR-39 (µm) (cm) 0.1 < 30 1 > 100 0.1 < 30 0.1 < 30 < 0.1 < 1-0.1 < 10 - - 3 -

- 4 -

CCD CCD MTF MTF CCD CCD 1 AR CCD LCD - 5 -

MTF MTF LCD LCD LCD LED LED LED LED LED LCD - 6 -

- 7 -

1 2 (1) (2) (1) (2) 3 CCD 5 LCD 4 6 LCD 7-8 -

1) Vol.57 No.5 1988 pp.762-764. 2) H. Nishihara, S. Inohara, T. Suhara, and J. Koyama: Holo-Coupler, IEEE J. Quantum Electron., Vol.QE-14, 1975, pp.794-796. 3) C. Kojima, K. Miyahara, K. Hasegawa, T. Otobe, and H. Ooki: In-Line Hoographic Lenses of High Numerical Aperture, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., Vol.20 Supl.20-1, 1981, pp.199-204. 4) T. Fujita, H. Nishihara, and J. Koyama: Fabrication of Micro Lenses Using Electron Beam Lithography, Opt. Lett., Vol.6, 1981, pp.613-615. 5) G. Hatakoshi, M. Yoshimi, and K. Gotoh: Off-Axis Grating Lenses Fabricated by EB Lithography, 4th Int. Conf. on Integrated Optics and Optical Fiber Commun. (IECE, Tokyo, 1983), Technical Digest 29A2. - 9 -

Chandross 2-(1- ) - 10 -

15% 1.3% Photolocking 1) 10 15% 1.2% 1,200lines/mm 2-4) 2 MMA 2 (MMA) 2- (BMA) (GMA) 5) 3- (BBP) Friedel-Crafts 6) CH 3 CH 3 CH 3 CH 2 C CH 2 C CH 2 C C O C O C O O O O R 1 x R 2 y R 3 z CH 3 CH 3 R 1 : -CH 3 methyl group R 2 : -CH 2 -CH=CH-CH 3 2-butenyl group R 3 : -CH 2 -CH=C-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH=C-CH 3 geranyl group MMA BMA GMA - 11 -

O C O C 8.33wt.% 6.67wt.% 3.33 10-3 wt.% 1.0mm 120 1 0.2µm 2.5µm 60 30 RDS-2 365nm 35mW/cm 2 2 PLA-521 1Torr 97 17-12 -

Substrate Photoreactive layer Substrate cleaning followed by thermal dehydration at 120 for 1hr. Formation of a photoreactive layer with baking at 60 for 30min. Photomask Exposure to UV light through a photomask. Twofold modulated fine pattern Development of the fine pattern at 97 for 17hrs under vacuum. D N D N (2.1) (2.2) Da Na Db Nb Da Db D = Db (2.1) Na Nb N = Nb (2.2) - 13 -

632.8nm He-Ne 85% 3% D D 100 (%) N N 100 (%) Exposure energy (J/cm 2 ) PMMA PC MS CR-39-14 -

CD UV 0.02 82% 7) Clariant AZ-400 30µm CAD XY XY 413nm 0.125mm PMMA 1.52 PMMA 1.50 PMMA ARONIX UVX-2378-15 -

300 300mm 2 0.2mm CAD UV 50µm 20µm LED 32µm 22µm - 16 -

- 17 -

UV 0.125mm 300mm 0.2mm 80 60mm 2 0.1mm 50µm 0.15mm UV UV Radiator radiator Transparent Plastic plastic Optical-Patterned Optically patterned film Coater Photo-Curable Photocurable resin Resin Mold - 18 -

- 19 -

1,200lines/mm Photolocking 85% 3% 100µm 300 300mm 2 0.2mm - 20 -

1) E. A. Chandross, C. A. Pryde, W. J. Tomlison, and H. P. Weber: Photolocking-A New Technique for Fabricating Optical Waveguide Circuits, Appl. Phys. Lett., Vol.24, 1974, pp.72-74. 2) W. J. Tomlinson, H. P. Weber, C. A. Pryde, and E. A. Chandross: Optical Directional Couplers and Grating Couplers Using a New High Resolution Photolocking Material, Appl. Phys. Lett., Vol.26, 1975, pp.303-306. 3) H. Franke: Optical Recording of Refractive-Index Patterns in Doped Poly(methyl methacrylate) Films, Appl. Opt., Vol.23, 1984, pp.2729-2733. 4) W. Driemeier and A. Brockmeyer: High-Resolution Photorefractive Polymer for Optical Recording of Waveguide Gratings, Appl. Opt., Vol.25, 1986, pp.2960-2966. 5) N. Kawatsuki, R. Watanabe, T. Tokuhara, M. Uetsuki, S. Nagata, and H. Ichimura: High-Temperature Stable Photopatternable Copolymers - Synthesis, Optical-Properties, and Photopatterning Process Studies, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., Vol.53, 1994, pp.973-983. 6) N. Kawatsuki and M. Uetsuki: Optical Phase Gratings Made from Photorefractive Polymers, Appl. Opt., Vol.29, 1990, pp.210-215. 7) : (3) 46 3a-X-10 1985 pp.107. - 21 -

CCD CCD 1) 2 2-4) CCD (OLF) OLF 5) 6-12) 13, 14) OLF CCD OLF OLF 2 CCD CCD (GOLF) CCD 2 GOLF CCD CCD - 22 -

OLF CCD (CZP ) 15) CZP CCD OLP CCD CZP - 23 -

16) CCD X Y x (-Fx, Fx) y (-Fy, Fy) g(x, y) CCD CCD g(x, y) G(fx, fy) fx 1/X fy 1/Y G(fx, fy) X Fx/2 Y Fy/2 (-X/2, X/2) (-Y/2, Y/2) Fx Fy CCD fnx(=x/2) fny(=y/2) CCD CCD OLF - 24 -

- 25 -

CCD GOLF GOLF MTF GOLF MTF GOLF CCD LSF MTF MTF GOLF CCD CCD 1 MTF x u LSF u LSF MTF 2 P0 + P + 1 + P 1 η = (3.1) PA - 26 -

P0 P+1 P-1 0 +1-1 PA 40 /mm P0/PA P+1/PA P-1/PA 0.333 0.228 0.228 0.314 0.253 0.253 0.330 0.291 0.291 (3.1) 0.79 0.82 0.91 MTF GOLF MTF - 27 -

GOLF LSF - 28 -

1 MTF value (arb. units) 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 Spatial frequency (lp/mm) GOLF MTF CCD CCD CCD 4 1 GOLF CCD 500µm GOLF CCD CCD - 29 -

4-30 -

GOLF GOLF SiO2 /4 TiO2 /2 SiO2 /4 3 550nm GOLF CCD 7.9 5.4mm 2 GOLF 12.7µm - 31 -

9.7µm 25 1/2 CCD 12.5 75mm F 1.2 15.99mm GOLF Rank-Tayer-Hobson Talystep 10µm 0.52µm 95% 3% GOLF - 32 -

Wavelength (nm) Reflectance (%) Transmittance (%) Wavelength (nm) GOLF GOLF CCD CZP - 33 -

MTF MTF AR 17) AR (3.2) ( N) TV AR( N) = (3.2) OLF GOLF CCD CCD 4 CCD GOLF CCD CCD g (3.3) f Λ f d = (3.3) d g Λf f d GOLF CCD CCD 12.7µm 15.99mm 12.54µm 200µm - 34 -

GOLF CCD chip CCD chip GOLF Objective lens Lid glass Ceramic package Objective lens Lid glass Ceramic package GOLF CCD CCD CCD 4 GOLF CCD - 35 -

GOLF CCD CCD g CCD c f CCD m (3.4) 1 Λ n 1 = (n: ) 18) (3.4) Λ m Λg CCD c f (3.4) m g/ =2/(2k+1) g/ =1/k k CCD cmax f max 3 Type A: Type B: Type C: Λ = c max = 2Λc Λf Λ f max = c max = 4Λc = Λf Λ f max = Λc max Λ 2 Λc max = Λ f max = g (3.5) Type C cmax f max Λg = Λc (3.5) m m 2 3 GOLF (3.5) GOLF CCD - 36 -

GOLF CCD AR AR AR CZP GOLF CCD AR - 37 -

GOLF CCD CZP CCD OLF CCD GOLF MTF MTF GOLF GOLF GOLF CCD CCD 1 CCD - 38 -

CCD GOLF GOLF CCD MTF GOLF GOLF CCD CCD - 39 -

1) W. S. Boyle and G. E. Smith: Charge Coupled Semiconductor Devices, Bell Syst. Tech. J., 1970, pp.587-593. 2) A. Nordbryhn: Sampling and Aliasing Problems with Imaging Arrays, Proc. SPIE, Vol.476, 1983, pp.116-121. 3) : ITE (II) ( ( 7 )) Vol.38 1984 pp.249-257. 4) : Vol.38 1984 pp.745-761. 5) : 2 Vol.20 1965 pp.303-313. 6) : CCD Vol.36 1982 pp.531-537. 7) : PAL MOS Vol.37 (1983) pp.840-846. 8) : Vol.39 1985 pp.711-718. 9) Y. Ogawa, Y. Nakada, and H. Yasui: Development of CCD Imaging Block for Single Chip Color Camera, IEEE Trans. Cons. Electron., Vol.CE-31, 1985, pp.405-413. 10) : MOS Vo1.19 1986 pp.13-18. 11) J. E. Greivenkamp: Color Dependent Optical Prefilter for the Suppression of Aliasing Artifacts, Appl. Opt., Vol.29, 1990, pp.676-684. 12) : 2/3 CCD ( < > ) Vol.47 1993 pp.203-211. 13) M. Mino and Y. Okano: Optical Low-Pass Filter for a Single-Vidicon Color Television Camera, J. Soc. Motion Pict. Telev. Eng., Vol.81, 1972, pp.282-285. - 40 -

14) R. L. Townsend: Spatial-Frequency Filter for a Kell-Type Color Camera, Appl. Opt., Vo.11, 1972, pp.2463-2472. 15) J. O. Drewery: The Zone Plate as a Television Test Chart, J. Soc. Motion Pic. Telev. Eng., Vol.88, 1979, pp.763-770. 16) J. W. Goodman: Introduction to Fourier Optics (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1968). 17) : Vol.36 1982 pp.209-215. 18) : Vol.J73-C-II 1990 pp.695-702. - 41 -

3 100 CRT LCD LCD LCD 1) LCD LCD LCD LCD 2) 3) 4) 2-42 -

LCD 2 R G B LCD G B R B R G B LCD panel G B R Color filter array LCD Collimating lens Grating Screen Light source LCD panel Projection lens LCD - 43 -

0 +1-1 0 +1-1 2 0 +1-1 Light intensity (a) Light intensity Light intensity Light intensity Light intensity Picture elements Picture elements Picture elements Picture elements Picture elements (b) (c) (d) (e) - 44 -

2 2 1.5 550nm 0.5024µm 0.4051µm 1:2 (0, 0) ( 1, 1) 81.1% 58.4% 4 (4.1) θ = Sin 1 λ (4.1) g g LCD d 0 1 (4.2) = dλ (4.2) g - 45 -

0.66 2 Diffraction order Diffraction order - 46 -

Incident light Diffraction order +2 θ +1 0-1 -2 Grating 2 2 20µm 18µm 2 ISI-DS 130 543.5nm He-Ne 2 2-47 -

20µm - 48 -

(0, 0) ( 1, 1) 2 1.52 0.49µm 0.51µm 20µm 18µm (0, 0) ( 1, 1) 9 9 81% - 49 -

Diffraction order 20µm 18µm LCD LCD 1.1mm 0.21mm 1.50 1.52 550nm 0 1 (4.2) 23.9µm 26.5µm 0.80 0.54 0 +1-1 - 50 -

- 51 -

- 52 -

LCD 2 (0, 0) ( 1, 1) 2 LCD LCD - 53 -

1) : Vol.IE83-32 1984 pp.7-12. 2) : TV Vol.9 1985 pp.35-40. 3) K. Sayanagi: Optical Noise Filter, Jpn. Soc. Appl. Phys., Vol.27, 1958, pp.623-632. 4) K. Knop and M. T. Gale: Diffractive Diffusers for Display Applications, SID Int. Symp. Dig. Tech. Pap., 1986, pp.354-356. - 54 -

LCD CRT CRT PDP EL LCD (CRT) (PDP) (EL) EL(EL) EL(OLED) (LCD) (PTV) 20 LCD LED LCD 20 LCD LED - 55 -

2 LCD LCD 2 LCD LCD Prism sheets Toward LCD Diffusive sheet Light guide plate Light source Dot pattern Reflective sheet 1-3) LCD 4 5) 6-8) - 56 -

1 LCD OPF OPF OPF LCD LCD OPF Diffusive sheet Toward LCD Optically patterned film Light source Reflective sheet Light guide plate OPF - 57 -

LCD OPF LCD OPF LCD Radiating light Optical pattern θ θ Propagating light Light guide plate OPF - 58 -

OPF 159 92mm 2 2mm PMMA 1.50 1.52 1 OPF x y y OPF y x y - 59 -

z y x - 60 -

1.2 1.2 Luminance (arb. units) 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 Luminance (arb. units) 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0-80 -60-40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 Viewing angle (deg) 0.0-80 -60-40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 Viewing angle (deg) 1.2 1.2 Luminance (arb. units) 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 Luminance (arb. units) 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0-80 -60-40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 Viewing angle (deg) 0.0-80 -60-40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 Viewing angle (deg) OPF x y - 61 -

L OPF D L D D 50µm 1 0.2 D 50µm 191µm 0.8-62 -

D (µm) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 L (mm) Luminance (arb. units) D (µm) 240 200 160 120 80 40 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 L (mm) 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 Luminance (arb. units) D - 63 -

0.125mm PMMA 7 159 92mm 2 2mm PMMA GGM-012 10µm 1.52 PMMA 1.50 PMMA OPALUS BMU-3S Lumirror E60L 1 50µm 50 191µm 3µm 50µm 50 191µm 60 61µm 20µm 20µm - 64 -

OPF BM-7 XY - 65 -

OPF 5-80 80 45 0 360 25 Measuring point θ φ Backlight unit OPF LCD - 66 -

OPF LCD 1.2 1.2 Luminance (arb. units) 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 Luminance (arb. units) 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 0.0-80 -60-40 -20 0 20 40 60 80-80 -60-40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 Viewing angle (deg) Viewing angle (deg) 1.2 1.2 Luminance (arb. units) 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 Luminance (arb. units) 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0-80 -60-40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 Viewing angle (deg) 0.0-80 -60-40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 Viewing angle (deg) OPF - 67 -

OPF D 0.2 D OPF D LCD OPF LCD 1.2 Luminance (arb. units) 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 5 50 Width (mm) 95 140 5 45 85 Length (mm) OPF - 68 -

1.2 Luminance (arb. units) 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 5 50 Width (mm) 95 140 5 45 85 Length (mm) OPF OPF OPF 114 117% LCD OPF LCD OPF LCD LCD - 69 -

OPF Conventional backlight unit Diffusive sheet Prism sheet Light guide plate with dot patterns Reflective sheet OPF backlight unit Diffusive sheet Light guide plate bonded to OPF Reflective sheet OPF Shape of optical pattern Total light intensity (%) Conventional backlight unit 100 OPF backlight unit Gently sloped Steeply sloped microlens microlens 114 117 LCD OPF OPF OPF OPF - 70 -

OPF OPF LCD PMMA PMMA OPF OPF OPF LCD LCD - 71 -

1) A. Horibe, M. Izhuara, E. Nihei, and Y. Koike: Brighter Backlights Using Highly Scattered Optical-Transmission Polymer, SID Int. Symp. Dig. Tech. Pap., Vol.26, 1995, pp.379-381. 2) A. Tagaya, M. Ngai, Y. Koike, and K. Yokoyama: Thin Liquid-Crystal Display Backlight System with Highly Scattering Optical Transmission Polymers, Appl. Opt., Vol.40, 2001, pp.6274-6280. 3) H. Suzuki, M. Horiguchi, T. Okumura, A. Tagaya, and Y. Koike: Highly Efficient LCD Backlight Having No Optical Film, Proc. 10th Int. Display Workshop, Fukuoka, 2003, p.673-676. 4) K. Käläntär, S. Matsumoto, T. Onishi, and K. Takizawa: Optical Micro Deflector Based Function Light-Guide Plate for Backlight Unit, SID Int. Symp. Dig. Tech. Pap., Vol.31, 2000, pp.1029-1031. 5) K. Käläntär, S. Matsumoto, T. Katoh, and T. Mizuno: Double-Side Emmisive Backlight Unit for Transmssive LCD Using a Single Functional Light-Guide Plate, Proc. 10th Int. Display Workshops, Fukuoka, 2003, pp.661-664. 6) M. Shinohara, J. Takagi, M. Oba, and M. Takeuchi: Curved Prism Array for Controlling Directivity of LCD Backlight, Proc. 10th Int. Display Workshops, Fukuoka, 2003, pp.665-668. 7) A. Funamoto, Y. Kawabata, M. Ohira, and S. Aoyama: Prism-Sheetless High Bright Backlight System for Mobile Phone, Proc. 11th Int. Display Workshops, Niigata, 2004, pp.687-690. 8) A. Funamoto, M. Yoshida, K. Sakurai, M. Ohira, Y. Kawabata, and S. Aoyama: Diffusive-Sheetless Backlight System for Mobile Phone, Proc. 12th Int. Display Workshops in conjunction with Asia Display 2005, Takamatsu, 2005, pp. 1277-1280. - 72 -

LCD LED LED LED 1-4) LCD OPF LCD OPF LED LED OPF LED LED LCD 2 LED LED OPF 1 LED OPF LED 1 LED LED LED OPF LED LED - 73 -

LCD LCD Optically patterned film Radiating light LED Light guide plate Propagating light Optical pattern 1 LED 3 LED 1 OPF - 74 -

OPF LED LED LED LED LED 2 OPF 34 48mm 2 0.5mm LED 11mm 3 x y y OPF LCD 56µm 72µm z y x - 75 -

Interval between optical patterns (µm) 100 80 60 40 20 0 0 10 20 30 40 Length (mm) 30 20 10 0 Width (mm) LED XY 413nm 0.125mm PMMA 2.2 0.5mm PMMA 35 50mm 2 GGM-012 10µm - 76 -

OPALUS BMU-3S Lumirror E60L LED NACW213 11mm 3 OPF LED 0.86mm 1.0mm LED Conventional backlight unit Thickness Component (mm) Diffusive sheet 0.1 Prism sheet 0.15 Prism sheet 0.15 Light guide plate with dot patterns 0.5 Reflective sheet 0.1 Total thickness 1.0 Slim backlight unit Component Diffusive sheet Optically patterned film (OPF) Photocurable adhesion Light guide plate Reflective sheet Total thickness Thickness (mm) 0.1 0.15 0.01 0.5 0.1 0.86 32 22 34µm 12µm - 77 -

CCD BM-7 32µm 35µm LED LED LCD - 78 -

LCD - 79 -

1/2 (FWHM: Full Width at Half-Maximum) FWHM 48 FWHM 44 48 15% Luminance (arb. units) 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0-80 -60-40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 Viewing angle (deg) Luminance (arb. units) 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0-80 -60-40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 Viewing angle (deg) - 80 -

LED OPF OPF OPF OPF 6 LCD LCD LCD - 81 -

Toward LCD Optically patterned film with micro particles Light source Light guide film Radiating light Optical pattern Photocurable resin Micro particle Light guide film Propagating light - 82 -

1.498 10wt% LCD Run 1 Refractive index of photocurable resin 1.581 Particle size (µm) 2.4 nd 0.2 2 1.561 5.4 0.34 3 1.581 5.4 0.45 4 1.621 5.4 0.62 Mie 5) Mie Qsca n D 438 559 681nm nd nd 0.34 Qsca Run 1 Run 2 30µm nd 0.2 0.34 Mie nd 0.2 0.34-83 -

Relative light intensity (arb. units) Relative Light Intensity a.u. 100 100 10 10 1 1 0.1-20 681nm 438nm 438nm 559nm 559nm 681nm -10 0 10 20 Scattering angle (deg) -20-15 -10-5 0 5 10 15 20 Scattering Angle degree Relative light intensity (arb. units) Relative Light Intensity a.u. 100 100 10 10 1 1 0.1-20 559nm 438nm 559nm 681nm 681nm 438nm -10 0 10 20 Scattering angle (deg) -20-15 -10-5 0 5 10 15 20 Scattering Angle degree nd 0.20 0.34-84 -

1.561 nd 0.34 1.498 5.4µm PMMA 0.5mm PMMA 0.1mm JSR 0.1mm GGM-012 10µm 80 60mm 2 3.5 OPF 0.26mm Component Optically patterned film (OPF) Transparent film Photocurable resin with micro particles Photocurable Adhesion Light guide film Total thickness Thickness (mm) 0.1 0.05 0.01 0.1 0.26 LED 0.1mm LED - 85 -

5mm 0.01 80mm 2 LED NSPW500CS 1 FWHM 50 36 50% LCD 200cd/m 2 LED - 86 -

Luminance (cd/m 2 ) 300 200 100 Vertical Parallel Horizontal Perpendicular 0-60 -40-20 0 20 40 60 Viewing angle (deg) Angle (degree) 0.15mm 0.1mm 0.01mm R80mm 0.26mm - 87 -

OPF backlight R=80mm UV radiator Optically patterned film Cutout LED Photocurable adhesion Lamination OPF Backlight Light guide film Coating OPF LED - 88 -

LED LED LED LED LED LED LCD 15% LCD LED LED LCD LCD LCD 0.26mm LCD - 89 -

1) K. Käläntär, S. Matsumoto, T. Katoh, and T. Mizuno: Double-Side Emmisive Backlight Unit for Transmssive LCD Using a Single Functional Light-Guide Plate, Proc. 10th Int. Display Workshops, Fukuoka, 2003, pp.661-664. 2) M. Shinohara, J. Takagi, M. Oba, and M. Takeuchi: Curved Prism Array for Controlling Directivity of LCD Backlight, Proc. 10th Int. Display Workshops, Fukuoka, 2003, pp.665-668. 3) A. Funamoto, Y. Kawabata, M. Ohira, and S. Aoyama: Prism-Sheetless High Bright Backlight System for Mobile Phone, Proc. 11th Int. Display Workshops, Niigata, 2004, pp.687-690. 4) A. Funamoto, M. Yoshida, K. Sakurai, M. Ohira, Y. Kawabata, and S. Aoyama: Diffusive-Sheetless Backlight System for Mobile Phone, Proc. 12th Int. Display Workshops in conjunction with Asia Display 2005, Takamatsu, 2005, pp. 1277-1280. 5) A. Tagaya, M. Nagai, Y. Koike, and K. Yokoyama: Thin liquid-crystal display backlight system with hightly scattering optical transmission polymer, Appl. Opt., Vol.40, 2001, pp.6274-6280. - 90 -

85% 3% 300 300mm 2 0.2mm CCD GOLF MTF GOLF GOLF CCD CCD 1 GOLF 2 MTF LCD - 91 -

2 LCD OPF OPF LCD OPF OPF LED OPF LED LED LED LED LED LCD 15% LCD OPF OPF 0.26mm LCD CCD LCD LCD - 92 -

CCD LCD LCD LCD LCD LCD LED LCD OLED EL - 93 -

- 94 -

1. Katsuya Fujisawa, Masao Uetsuki: Grating-type Soft-Focus Filter for Improving Picture Quality of Liquid Crystal Displays, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., Vol.34, Part 1, No.7A, July 1995, pp.3583-3588. 2. Katsuya Fujisawa, Masao Uetsuki, Yasuaki Nishida: Grating Optical Low-Pass Filter, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., Vol. 35, Part 1, No.3, March 1996, pp.1768-1776. 3. Katsuya Fujisawa, Ikuo Ohnishi, Yasufumi Fujiwara: Edge-Light Backlight Unit Using Optically Patterned Film, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., Vol.46, No.1, January 2007, pp.194-199. 4. Katsuya Fujisawa, Ikuo Ohnishi, Yasufumi Fujiwara: Edge-Light Backlight Unit Using Optically Patterned Film with Plural Light-Emitting Diodes Placed on Side as Light Source, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. Vol.46, No.38, September 2007, pp.l933-l935. 1. Atsushi Nagasawa, Katsuya Fujisawa: An Ultra Slim Backlight System using Optical Patterned Film, Society for Information Display Symposium (SID 05), May 2005. - 95 -

2. Atsushi Nagasawa, Katsuya Fujisawa: A Novel Ultra Slim Backlight System for LCD, The 6th International Conference on Intelligent Materials and System (ICIM 05), July 2005. 3. Atsushi Nagasawa, Toshimasa Eguchi, Yasuyuki Sanai, Katsuya Fujisawa: A Novel Backlight System with the Unified Component, The 12th International Display Workshops in conjunction with Asia Display 2005 (IDW/AD 05), December 2005. 4. Atsushi Nagasawa, Toshimasa Eguchi, Yasuyuki Sanai, Katsuya Fujisawa: A Slim and Bendable Backlight System Manufactured by a Roll-to-Roll Continuous Process, The 13th International Display Workshops (IDW 06), December 2006. 1. 1988 63 49 7a-ZB-8. 2. ITEJ Technical Report Vol.14 No.53 IPU 90-45 September 1990 pp.7-12. 3. 1993 5 40 29p-ZD-10. - 96 -

4. Vol.34 No.7 1996 pp.344-351. 5. 18 20 6. Sen i Gakkaishi, Vol.60, No.6, 2004, pp.183-187. 7. EL 17 2006 pp.95-99. 8. EL 18 2007 pp.85-85. 9. Yuji Yoshida, Masahiro Misaki, Katsuya Fujisawa: Structural Study on One-dimensionally Aligned Polyfluorene Thin Films for Application of Polarized Organic Light-emitting Diode, SPring-8 Research Frontiers 2006, July 2007, pp.145-146. - 97 -