Author Workshop 20111124

Henry Cavendish 1731-1810 Biot-Savart 26

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)

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impact factor Peter Drucker

1890-1971 1903-1989

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normal 1/2 from /2 and, at spond to 2 and 4), another festation magnetic another pectrum he Dirac ty of the However surprising it may be, the minimum conductivity is an intrinsic property of electronic systems described by the Dirac equation 22 25. It is due to the fact that, in the presence of disorder, localization effects in such systems are strongly suppressed and emerge only at exponentially large length scales. Assuming the absence of localization, the observed minimum conductivity can be explained qualitatively by invoking Mott s argument 26 that the mean free path l of charge carriers in a metal can never be shorter than their wavelength l F. Then, j ¼ nem can be rewritten as j ¼ (e 2 /h)k F l, so j cannot be smaller than,e 2 /h for each type of carrier. This argument is known to have failed for 2D systems with a parabolic spectrum in which disorder leads to localization and eventually to insulating behaviour 22,23. For 2D Dirac fermions, no localization is expected 22 25 and, accordingly, Mott s argument can be used. Although there is a broad theoretical consensus 15,16,23 28 that a 2D gas of Dirac fermions should exhibit a minimum conductivity of about e 2 /h, this quantization was not expected to be accurate and most theories suggest a value of,e 2 /ph, in disagreement with the experiment. Thus, graphene exhibits electronic properties that are distinctive for a 2D gas of particles described by the Dirac equation rather than the Schrödinger equation. The work shows a possibility of studying / 888 Color online Navigator I. Ishii et al. / Physica B 403 (2008) 887 889 50.3 50.2 50.1 50.0 LaFe 4 Sb 12 34 MHz 92 MHz 158 MHz 223 MHz carrier holes). e number per curves ite with a different ll n t of p with hift is due itude Dj e T, K. S. Novoselov et al., Nature 438 (2005) 04233. Figure 4 QHE for massless Dirac fermions. Hall conductivity j xy and longitudinal resistivity r xx of graphene as a function of their concentration C 44 (GPa) 49.9 34 MHz C 44 (inf) C 44 (0) 158 MHz 50.1 223 MHz 50.0 49.9 92 MHz 49.8 0 20 40 60 80 100 T (K) I. Ishii et al., Physica B 403 (2008) 887. Fig. 2. (a) Represents C 44 in an expanded scale between 0 and 100 K. (b) Is the C 44 calculated by Eq. (1).

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Cover Letter Editor Peter Drucker

Peter Drucker

http://japan.elsevier.com/news/events/aw/index.html http://japan.elsevier.com/news/events/aw/nitta_tohoku201010.pdf Peter Drucker http://www.portem.co.jp/meigennroku.htm P. Drucker ISBN-10: 4478014892 ISBN978-4-487-80531-0