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The Risks of Long-distance Water Transport to Hot Spring Businesses and Tourism Capitalists Learning from Cases of Failure Isao Ogawa A hot spring business is defined as a tourism company engaged in piping water from a source, developing a hot spring resort and/or building an accommodation facility to directly manage or rent out. Such an enterprise is co-financed by the local community and business organizations. This paper takes a close look at four hot spring companies established between 1890 and 1917, during the late Meiji Era and the early Taisho Era: Ogawa Hot Spring, Morioka Hot Spring, Aimoto Hot Spring and Kurotawara Hot Spring. All of them were unable to avoid risks involved with long-distance water transport and thus faced financial difficulties. Ogawa and Aimoto, however, managed to survive thanks to the support of their local communities and major capitalists and businesses outside the prefectures. On the contrary, Morioka and Kurotawara were forced into dissolution since there was no savior for them. The case of Kurotawara was quite tragic in that the newly developed hot spring resort area once flourished but disappeared quickly, dealing a heavy blow to the local community, not to mention tourism capitalists involved. The Risks of Long-distance Water Transport to Hot Spring Businesses and Tourism Capitalists Isao Ogawa 093