(NINJAL Research Papers) 3: 143 159 (2012) ISSN: 2186-134X print/2186-1358 online 143 2012.03 i ii iii 2003 2004 Tsunoda forthcoming * 1. clause-linkage marker CLM 2003 2004 Tsunoda forthcoming 2 3 CLM 3.2 3.3 3.4 4 2. CLM 1953 1990 2006 * 2009 10 2012 3
144 3: 143 159 (2012) CLM 2003 2004 Tsunoda forthcoming CLM i ii iii 2007: 306 1989: 104 2007: 307 2003 2004 1990: 102 2004: 112 1953 1984 1995: 518 -(y)oo 1 2 1984 1 1989: 93 1984: 84 1996: 43 2005: 204 1989: 93 1996: 122 2 1989: 94 1996: 41 2005: 200 199 1983: 184 1989: 101 2009: 152 2011: 5 1995: 88 2010: 154
3: 143 159 (2012) 145 CLM 1974 1997 2002 Narrog 2009 ¹ CLM 3. 3.1 CLM 2003 2004 Tsunoda forthcoming I II III IV V 2003 2004 2011 Tsunoda forthcoming 2011 I I II I I I III I II ¹ Narrog 2009: 157 158 subordinate mood -(y)oo
146 3: 143 159 (2012) I II IV V CLM 3.2 3.2.1 2003 2004 Tsunoda forthcoming 1 I 2 II 3 III 4 IV 5 V 1 I 2 1 II
3: 143 159 (2012) 147 3 III 4 IV 5 V 3.2.2 I II III V IV 1996: 39 IV 6 I 7 I 8 II 9 II 10 III 11 * IV 12 V 2007: 305 8 10 II III II
148 3: 143 159 (2012) 8 II III 10 10 13 10 III 13 * III 11 14 14 * IV 14 IV 14 II 11 15 15 * IV IV 12 V V 12 16 III 17 16 V 17 * V IV 3.2.3 ² 1990: 102 103 P Q P Q P Q P Q P Q ² V
3: 143 159 (2012) 149 I II III IV V CLM 2003 2004: 108 112 5 2003: 28 V 18 * I 19 * II 20 * III 19 20 19 20 IV V 21 * IV 22 IV 23 * V 24 V IV V IV V 2004: 156, 210 i I III ii I III IV V i ii V I III IV V
150 3: 143 159 (2012) 3.2.4 3.2.3 P Q 1997: 57 2009: 173 I II III IV V IV V 25 * I 26 * II 27 * III 26 27 26 27 26 27 IV V 28 * IV 29 IV 30 * V 31 * V 1 3.2.2 II III V 3.2.3 3.2.4 IV V
3: 143 159 (2012) 151 CLM 1 I II III IV V 3.3 3.3.1 I ³ II III 2003 2004 Tsunoda forthcoming IV V I 32 32 I 33 * I 34 34 I 35 I 2004: 56, 198 II III ³ 2004: 27, 56 I 2011 2 I
152 3: 143 159 (2012) 1993: 132 134 36 II 37 II 1990: 93 38 III IV V 39 IV 40 IV 41 V 42 V 3.3.2 2 i -(y)oo ii i ii 1 2 1984 1 I II III 2001: 58 45 50 II III 1 IV V 43 I 44 I 45 II 46 II 47 * II
3: 143 159 (2012) 153 48 * II 49 * III 50? III 51 * IV 52 * V 2 I II III IV V 53 * * I 54 * II 55 * III 56 IV 57 IV 58 V 59 V 3.3.1 I 1 I 43 44 3.3.1 III 1 III 49 50 2 IV V 1 2 1 I 1 2 2 2 2 I II III IV V 1 2
154 3: 143 159 (2012) 1 2 3.2.1 3.3.1 CLM CLM 2003 2004 Tsunoda forthcoming 3.2.2 IV 1 2 III 4 3.4 3.4.1 60 61 5 60 61 62 63 1974 B 62 63 I II III IV V 64 I 65 II 66 III 67? * IV 4 3.2.2 II III 1 2 III III 2011 Tsunoda forthcoming 5
3: 143 159 (2012) 155 68? * V 69 * V 67 69 IV V 3.4.2 2 1991: 56 1999: 10 1995 523 1996: 50 1995: 521 1980 1991 IV CLM IV IV II 70 75 IV 70? IV 71 * IV 72 * IV
156 3: 143 159 (2012) 73 * IV 74 * IV 75 * IV 76 83 IV 3.4.1 76 83 II 76 II GP 77 II 78 II 79 II 80 II 81 II 82 II 83 II 1991: 58 76 83 I II III
3: 143 159 (2012) 157 6 II IV 3 1 2 CLM II 3 I II III IV V 4. CLM i ii iii CLM CLM 6 a b *
158 3: 143 159 (2012) 1984 3(10): 42 51. 2006 3 19 1999 13: 5 14. 1996 7: 54 44. 2007 2001 1983 1997 7: 53 64 2009 1996 4: 119 136. 1997 2011 1: 1 12 1990 2: 27 52. 1974 1995 1980 2 1989 1953 1970 1986 2003 5: 17 30. 1995 521 530. 2005 17: 205 196 1995 9: 87 98 Narrog, Heiko (2009) Modality in Japanese[:] The layered structure of the clause and hierarchies of functional categories. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins. 1991 27: 47 63 1995 514 520. 1993 131 148 2002 1984 3(10): 81 88. 2010 1990 I 1991 III 1996 91: 37 48. 2003 2004 2011 2: 107 134. Tsunoda, Mie (forthcoming) Five-level classification of clause-linkage in Japanese. Studies in Language.
3: 143 159 (2012) 159 100 CD-ROM, 1995, KOTONOHA GP 2000 2001 2001 5 3 10 43 17 2126 1995 2002 2003 2001 Modality in Clause-linkage Markers TSUNODA Mie Project Collaborator, National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics [ 2012.03] Abstract Japanese has a few sets of clause-linkage markers ( CLMs ) such as the causal CLMs =kara, =nodakara and =monodakara in which each set consists of a morpheme and other compound forms that are created by adding one or more other elements to this morpheme. The present paper deals with the following three sets: (i) =kara, =monodakara, =nodakara, =karaniwa, (ii) =nara, =mononara, and (iii) =dake, =dakeni. In such sets of CLMs, adding an element or elements may create a modal meaning in the resultant forms. That is, the meanings of the compound forms become specialized. When this specialization takes place, the environments in which they can be used also become specialized. Specifically, in terms of the five levels of clause linkage (Tsunoda 2003, 2004, forthcoming), these environments become narrower and, furthermore, the distribution of the use of =monodakara, =mononara and =dakeni becomes discontinuous. This phenomenon is a nice illustration of markedness theory. Namely, those CLMs that are marked morphologically become marked semantically as well, and they are restricted to a narrower range of environments accordingly. That is, they become marked syntactically, too. Key words: =monodakara, =mononara, =dakeni, =karaniwa, markedness