1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 Flight Test Evaluation of a Helicopter Airborne Lidar Naoki MATAYOSHI* 1, Kimio ASAKA* 1, Yoshinori OKUNO,* 1, Tomoya MATSUDA* 2, Masashi FURUTA* 2, Toshiyuki ANDO* 2 and Shumpei KAMEYAMA* 2 ABSTRACT Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) and Mitsubishi Electric Corporation (MELCO) have conducted the flight test evaluation of a prototype helicopter airborne lidar (light detection and ranging) sensor which aims to measure three-axis components of airspeed and detect atmospheric turbulence ahead of a helicopter. The prototype 1.5 µm all-fiber pulsed coherent Doppler lidar produced by MELCO was installed in JAXA s MuPAL-ε research helicopter and several flights were carried out to evaluate the accuracy of real-time airspeed calculation using lidar outputs and the format of a real-time pilot display. The lidar successfully measured three-axis airspeed components accurately even in low-airspeed flight regimes including hovering, backwards and sideways flight, and its capability as a helicopter airspeed sensor was proven. A number of technical challenges such as extension of detection range were found for atmospheric turbulence detection. These results will be utilized to establish the specifications of next-generation practical airborne lidars. Keywords: Lidar, Atmospheric Turbulence, Helicopter, Flight Testing, Laser JAXA JAXA MuPAL-ε 1 2 17 1 27 received 27 January, 2005 Air Safety Technology Center, Institute of Space Technology and Aeronautics Mitsubishi Electric Corporation
2 JAXA-RR-04-031 Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, JAXA Clear Air Turbulence, CAT 65 1 2 Laser Diode, LD 3 6 1.5 µm 3,000 m 1km 0.5 m/s 1σ CAT 10,000 m km JAXA 3 7 8 2 Coast Guard m 1.1 1 1 Thales Avionics Continuous Wave, CW DALHEC 2004 ONERA 9 1.1 2 1.1 3
3 30 380 1 1.1 1.2 206 2 1 1.1 2 3 1.1 99/06/29 206 B 96/06/15 206 B 94/11/13 206 B 2 93/08/15 206 B 90/08/20 206 L-3 3 83/05/19 206 B 1.2 00/09/16 SA 330 J 85/09/11 SA 360 C 2
4 JAXA-RR-04-031 JAXA JAXA MuPAL-ε 1.2 10 1.2 JAXA MuPAL-ε 1/10 JAXA CAT 1.5 µm CW JAXA 2 2.1 2.2 2.1 PC 5m 100 mmφ 20 4 khz 20 AD FFT SN RS 232 C SN N 1/2 N 30 m 75 m 75 m 2km 30 m 38 m/s 30 m SN 200 m SN 1,000 4,000 SN 4Hz 1Hz 30 35 m/s 1 45 m 10
5 2.1 2.2 2.1 1.5 µm 200 ns 30 m 500 ns 75 m 4 khz 10 W 0.01 W 200 ns 0.02 W 500 ns 38 m/s 2,000 m 500 ns
6 JAXA-RR-04-031 45 315 m 2.3 50 210 m 10 m 30 1,000 2.4 1 2.5 2.2 100 210 m 2.2 3.1 11 2.3 2.4
7 2.2 2.5 m 1 45.6 2 76.3 3 107.0 4 137.7 5 168.5 6 199.2 7 229.9 8 260.6 9 291.3 10 322.0 3.2 1 3.1 3.3 3.4 2 3.5 3.6 3.1 2 1 2 3.1
Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency 8 宇宙航空研究開発機構研究開発報告 図 3.2 光学部をポッドに取り付けるためのワイヤロープ式防振器 図 3.3 図 3.4 JAXA-RR-04-031 機器搭載用ラックとワイヤロープ式防振器の取付状況 ライダ光学部 左 と振動計測用ダミー 右 図 3.5 振動計測用ダミーへの加速度計の取付状況
9 3m 4 4.3 3.6 1 5 4.1 4.2 20 m MuPAL-ε MuPAL-ε DGPS/INS Differential Global Positioning System/Inertial Navigation System GPS 10 4.4 X 15 20 1 1 3 SN 5dB 1 10 30 1Hz 1 12 4 Hz 48 1 1 12 1 DGPS/INS DGPS/INS 1 1 3 1
10 JAXA-RR-04-031 4.1 1 4.2 2 4.4 4.3
11 MuPAL-ε 10 4.5 2 3 3 1 16 10 22 25 4 22 1 23 25 3 2 1 2 2 3 4 4 5.1 5.1 1 SN 4Hz 10 Hz 230 580 SN 200 m 6 7 SN SN 5dB 1 SN 0 m/s 2 SN 4.5
12 JAXA-RR-04-031 5.1 * 10 22 10 23 10 24 10 25 4 10 3 2 10 3 1 2.5 10 3 2 3 1.2 10 4 4 5.1 1 5.2 1 5.3 1 5.4 1 5.2 2 6 5.3 2 6 5.4 2 5.5 5.8 3 5.8 4 5.8 1 5.8 2 5.7 5.8 5 5.8 6 5.8 7 5.8 8 * 47 ml 0.3 µm Met One 227 B 120 m 240 m 30 m 5.2 1 1 230,000 1.5 m/s 5.2 1 5.2 1 5.1 1 SN 5.2 2 6 60 m 120 m 1 30 m 5.3 4 7 5 6 1 3 3 5 5.4 SN 6 6 3 5 5.4 1 5.4 2 4 0.78 m/s 1.21 m/s 10 Hz 4Hz 4 Hz 5.4 2 6
13 1 2 SN 5.1 1 1 2 240 m 3 210 m 4 180 m 5 150 m 6 120 m 5.2 1
14 JAXA-RR-04-031 1 2 240 m 3 210 m 4 180 m 5 150 m 6 120 m 5.3 4 7 1 5.5 4 15 20 25 1 SN 2.1 SN SN 5.6
15 1 2 5.4
16 JAXA-RR-04-031 150 m 2 300 600 m SN 2 SN 5.1 4 3 5 SN 4 SN 5 7 SN 6 200 m SN 5dB 5.5 MuPAL-ε 0.1 m/s 10 45 m/s 5.7 32 33 m/s 20 m/s 30 m/s 5.6 SN 5.8 1 20 m 3 3 2 5.7
17 DGPS/INS 4 4.3 X 3m 20 m X 5.8 2 20 m 2 Z 5.8 3 4 20 m 1 12 1 X Y 5.8 5 450 m 30 m/s 3 7 X Z X Z Y 5.8 6 7 450 m Y Z 5.8 6 100 140 5.8 8 Z 5.8 5 30 m/s Z 5 10 m/s 6 200 m 120 m 3 X 1 1.5 m/s, Y Z 1.5 2 m/s 1 m/s
18 JAXA-RR-04-031 1 2 3 4 5.8 1/2
19 5 6 7 8 5.8 2/2
20 JAXA-RR-04-031 5.9 MuPAL-ε 7 5.9 5.10 2 4 m/s 1 m/s 1 4Hz 300 m 1 2km 5.10 JAXA MuPAL-ε
21 2 1 1, 29, pp. 371 376, 2001. 2 K. Asaka, S. Kameyama, T. Ando, Y. Hirano, H. Inokuchi, and T. Inagaki, A 1.5 µm all-fiber pulsed airborne Doppler lidar system, in the Proceeding of JSASS 17th International sessions in 41st Aircraft Symposium, pp. 13 16, 2003. 3 R. Targ, B. C. Steakley, J. G. Hawley, L. L. Ames, P. Forney, D. Swanson, R. Stone, R. G. Otto, V. Zarifis, P. Brockman, R. S. Calloway, S. H. Klein, and P. A. Robinson, Coherent lidar airborne wind sensor II: flight-test results at 2 snd 10 µm, Appl. Opt. 35, pp. 7117 7127, 1996. 4 S. Hannon, and J. Thomson, Aircraft wake vortex detection and measurement with pulsed solid-state coherent laser radar, J. Mod. Opt. 41, pp. 2175 2196, 1994. 5 R. G. Frehlich, S. M. Hannon, and S. W. Henderson, Performance of a 2-micron coherent Doppler lidar for wind measurements, J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol. 11, pp. 1517 1528, 1994. 6 S. M. Hannon, S. W. Henderson, J. A. Thomson, and P. Gatt, Autonomous lidar wind field sensor: performance predictions, in Proc. SPIE 2832, pp. 76 91, 1996. 7 NAL TM-779, 2003. 8 JAXA RM-04-019, 2005. 9 Thales Avionics and ONERA, A 1.5 µm LIDAR demonstrator of low airspeed measurement for civil helicopter, the 30th European Rotorcraft Forum, Marseilles, France, September 2004. 10 MuPAL-ε NAL TM-764, 2002.