Y. Nambu and G. Jona-Lasinio, A Dynamical Model of Elementary Particles Based on an Analogy with Superconductivity I, Phys. Rev. 122, 345 (1961). http://prola.aps.org/pdf/pr/v122/i1/p345_1 Y. Nambu and G. Jona-Lasinio, A Dynamical Model of Elementary Particles Based on an Analogy with Superconductivity II, Phys. Rev. 124, 246 (1961). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/pr/v124/i1/p246_1 Yoichiro Nambu, Axial Vector Current Conservation in Weak Interactions, Phys. Rev. Lett. 4, 380 (1960). http://prola.aps.org/pdf/prl/v4/i7/p380_1 ( M. Kobayashi and T. Maskawa, CP-Violation in the Renormalizable Theory of Weak Interaction, Prog. Theor. Phys. 49, 652 (1973). http://ptp.ipap.jp/link?ptp/49/652/pdf)
() Super Strings? SUSY? W S () ( )
() Super Strings? W S SUSY? () ( )
- :-)
= x v c ct 1 v2 /c 2 = ct v c x 1 v2 /c 2
(+1) 0 +1+(-1) = 0 (-1)
!
!
L E = ψ(iγ µ µ m)ψ 1 2
L E = ψ(iγ µ µ m)ψ 1 2
L E = ψ(iγ µ µ m)ψ 1 2
L E = ψ(iγ µ µ m)ψ 1 2
L E = ψ(iγ µ µ m)ψ
L E = ψ(iγ µ µ m)ψ
L E = ψ(iγ µ µ m)ψ
L E = ψ(iγ µ µ m)ψ
L E = ψ(iγ µ µ m)ψ
L E = ψ(iγ µ µ m)ψ
L E = ψ(iγ µ µ m)ψ
L E = ψ(iγ µ µ m)ψ
L E = ψ(iγ µ µ m)ψ
L E = ψ(iγ µ µ m)ψ
L E = ψ(iγ µ µ m)ψ
L E = ψ(iγ µ µ m)ψ
L E = ψ(iγ µ µ m)ψ
L E = ψ(iγ µ µ m)ψ
L E = ψ(iγ µ µ m)ψ
L E = ψ(iγ µ µ m)ψ
L E = ψ(iγ µ µ m)ψ
L E = ψ(iγ µ µ m)ψ
L E = ψ(iγ µ µ m)ψ
L E = ψ(iγ µ µ m)ψ
L E = ψ(iγ µ µ m)ψ
ψ L
ψ L ψ R
ψ L ψ R ψ R
ψ L ψ R ψ R ψ L
ψ L ψ R
ψ L ψ R
ψ L ψ R
ψ L ψ R
L = ψ L iγ µ µ ψ L + ψ R iγ µ µ ψ R ψ R M ψ L ψ L M ψ R
L = ψ L iγ µ µ ψ L + ψ R iγ µ µ ψ R ψ R M ψ L ψ L M ψ R
L = ψ L iγ µ µ ψ L + ψ R iγ µ µ ψ R ψ R M ψ L ψ L M ψ R
L = ψ L iγ µ µ ψ L + ψ R iγ µ µ ψ R ψ R M ψ L ψ L M ψ R
L = ψ L iγ µ µ ψ L + ψ R iγ µ µ ψ R ψ R M ψ L ψ L M ψ R
L = ψ L iγ µ µ ψ L + ψ R iγ µ µ ψ R ψ R φψ L ψ L φ ψ R ψ φ φ
()( V ' &#$ &!#$! "#$ " %#$ %!!!"#$!"!%#$ % %#$ " "#$! V = x 2 V = x 4 x
()( V ' &#$ &!#$! "#$ " %#$ %!!!"#$!"!%#$ % %#$ " "#$! V = x 2 V = x 4 x V = φφ V =(φφ ) 2
()( V ' &#$ &!#$! "#$ " %#$ %!!!"#$!"!%#$ % %#$ " "#$! V = x 2 V = x 4 x φ V = φφ V =(φφ ) 2
()( V ' &#$ &!#$! "#$ " %#$ %!!!"#$!"!%#$ % %#$ " "#$! V = x 2 V = x 4 x φ V = φφ V =(φφ ) 2
()( V ' &#$ &!#$! "#$ " %#$ %!!!"#$!"!%#$ % %#$ " "#$! V = x 2 V = x 4 x φ V = φφ V =(φφ ) 2 V = x 4 x 2
()( )*)*)*)!)*) V ' &#$ V "! "% & (!#$! ' "#$ & "! %#$ %!!!"#$!"!%#$ % %#$ " "#$! V = x 2 V = x 4 x φ %!!!"#$!"!%#$ % %#$ " "#$! x V = φφ V =(φφ ) 2 V = x 4 x 2
()( )*)*)*)!)*) V ' &#$ V "! "% & (!#$! ' "#$ & "! %#$ %!!!"#$!"!%#$ % %#$ " "#$! V = x 2 V = x 4 x φ %!!!"#$!"!%#$ % %#$ " "#$! x φ V = φφ V =(φφ ) 2 V = x 4 x 2 V = a(φφ ) 2 bφφ
()( )*)*)*)!)*) V ' &#$ V "! "% & (!#$! ' "#$ & "! %#$ %!!!"#$!"!%#$ % %#$ " "#$! V = x 2 V = x 4 x φ %!!!"#$!"!%#$ % %#$ " "#$! x φ V = φφ V =(φφ ) 2 V = x 4 x 2 V = a(φφ ) 2 bφφ
()( )*)*)*)!)*) V ' &#$ V "! "% & (!#$! ' "#$ & "! %#$ %!!!"#$!"!%#$ % %#$ " "#$! V = x 2 V = x 4 x φ %!!!"#$!"!%#$ % %#$ " "#$! x φ V = φφ V =(φφ ) 2 V = x 4 x 2 V = a(φφ ) 2 bφφ
()( )*)*)*)!)*) V ' &#$ V "! "% & (!#$! ' "#$ & "! %#$ %!!!"#$!"!%#$ % %#$ " "#$! V = x 2 V = x 4 x φ %!!!"#$!"!%#$ % %#$ " "#$! x φ V = φφ V =(φφ ) 2 V = x 4 x 2 V = a(φφ ) 2 bφφ
()( )*)*)*)!)*) V ' &#$ V "! "% & (!#$! ' "#$ & "! %#$ %!!!"#$!"!%#$ % %#$ " "#$! V = x 2 V = x 4 V = φφ V =(φφ ) 2 x φ %!!!"#$!"!%#$ % %#$ " "#$! φ V = x 4 x 2 V = a(φφ ) 2 bφφ x φ
L = ψ L iγ µ µ ψ L + ψ R iγ µ µ ψ R ψ R φψ v L ψ L φ ψ R L = ψ L iγ µ µ ψ L + ψ R iγ µ µ ψ R ψ R mv ψ L ψ L m ψ R
V V
ev [14]. Recently, the LEPS Collaboration reported ble N modification in-medium by measuring the endence of the photoproduction yields in the decay mode [15]. Thus far, no clear evidence for p p 20 dification of the meson mass has been observed above experiments. The result described in the t Letter is the first positive signal of the meson cation. χ 2 /ndf=36/50 0 C 1.25<βγ<1.75 ctor elements relevant to our analysis are briefly 150 ed as follows. For further details of the E325 specer, see [16]. It comprises two arms with electron ID 100 100 rs and kaon ID counters that share a dipole magnet A e cking devices. The typical acceptance in the laboframe was 0:5< rapidity <2:0 and 1 < < 3 for + 50 50, 042501 (2007) P H Y S I C A L R E V I E W L E T T E R S week ending airs. In the present Letter, we report analysis results e -triggered data collected in 2001 and 2002. A y proton beam with a typical intensity of 9 7 10 8 -sec spill in 2001 (2002) was delivered to targets at the center of the magnet. In order to observe the s-size dependence, we accumulated data by using pes of targets, carbon and copper. In 2001, one and two copper targets were used simultaneously, in 2002, one carbon and four copper targets were imultaneously. The thickness of each copper target 3 mg=cm 2 and that of the carbon target was 4 mg=cm 2 in 2001 (2002). They were aligned along am axis and separated typically by 46 (23) mm in 2002). eproduce the observed invariant mass spectra, we ed a detailed detector simulation using GEANT4 ll the experimental effects that affect the invariant pectrum, such as multiple scattering and energy loss ng the external Bremsstrahlung of particles, trackrformance with chamber resolution, and misalignf tracking devices, were considered. The effect of l radiative corrections was also taken into account counts/[6.7mev counts/[6.7mev/c 2 ] counts/[6.7mev/c 2 ] 60 40 0 200 100 0 χ 2 /ndf=63/50 C e - e + χ 2 /ndf=36/50 /ndf=46/50 C βγ<1.25 1.75<βγ 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.25<βγ<1.75 [GeV/c 2 ] 200 data in the lowest region contradicted the applied counts/[6.7mev/c 2 ] ] FIG. 1. Obtained e e distributions with the fit results. The target and region are e - shown in each panel. The points with error bars represent the data. The solid lines represent the fit results with an expected! e e shape and a quadratic background. The dashed lines represent the background. χ 2 /ndf=63/50 χ 2 /ndf=43/50 nts/[6.7mev/c 2 ] 1500 100 50 100 0 Cu χ 2 /ndf=83/50 /ndf=55/50 Cu 26 JANUARY 2007 1.75<βγ βγ<1.25 1.25<βγ<1.75 [GeV/c 2 ] C 1.75<βγ Cu 1.75<βγ obtained from the fit. The fit region was from 0.85 to 300 1:2 GeV=c 2. The carbon data were well reproduced by the fit in all the regions. On the other hand, the copper counts/[6.7mev counts/[6.7mev/c 2 ] 100 50 0 300 200 χ 2 /ndf=83/50 Cu χ 2 /ndf=43/50 1.25<βγ<1.75 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 mφ=1.0195 GeV