1392 030208ｨｪｨ ｨｰ0402 01ｨｨｨｴｨｪｨｨｨｺｨｨ ｨｨ ｨｨ01 060108ｨ ｨｪｨ 2011, 22 0604ｨｮ ﾂ02ｨｪｨｨ02 070208ｨｪｨ ｨｰ0401 01ｨｨｨｴｨｪｨｨｨｺ0609 Eagles1 7of1 7the1 7Aral-Caspian1 7Region,1 7Kazakhstan ｧｰｧｲｧｭｧｽ ｧ ｧｲｧ ｧｭｧｰ-ｧｬｧ ｧｳｧｱｧｪｧｫｧｳｧｬｧｰｧ ｧｰ ｧｲｧｦｧ ｧｪｧｰｧｯｧ, ｧｬｧ ｧｩｧ ｧｷｧｳｧｴｧ ｧｯ Karyakin1 7I.V.1 7(Center1 7of1 7Field1 7Studies,1 7N.1 7Novgorod,1 7Russia) Kovalenko1 7A.V.,1 7Levin1 7A.S.1 7(Institute1 7of1 7Zoology,1 7Ministry1 7of1 7Education1 7and1 7Sciences,1 7 Almaty,1 7Kazakhstan) Pazhenkov1 7A.S.1 7(The1 7Volga-Ural1 7ECONET1 7Assistance1 7Centre,1 7Samara,1 7Russia) ｧｬｧﾑｧ筴ｧﾜｧﾚｧﾟ ｧｪ.ｧ. (ｧｸｧﾖｧﾟｧ荅 ｧ皎爰ﾝｧﾖｧﾓｧｧ ｧﾚｧ罘罘ﾝｧﾖｧﾕｧ爰ﾓｧﾑｧﾟｧﾚｧﾛ, ｧｯ.ｧｯｧ爰ﾓｧﾔｧ爰筴爰ﾕ, ｧｲｧ爰罘罘ﾚｧ) ｧｬｧ爰ﾓｧﾑｧﾝｧﾖｧﾟｧﾜｧ ｧ.ｧ., ｧｭｧﾖｧﾓｧﾚｧﾟ ｧ.C. (ｧｪｧﾟｧ罘荅ﾚｧ荅蟋 ｧﾙｧ爰爰ﾝｧ爰ﾔｧﾚｧﾚ ｧｸｧ ｧｪ ｧｮｧｰｧｯ ｧｲｧｬ, ｧ ｧﾝｧﾞｧﾑｧ荅, ｧｬｧﾑｧﾙｧﾑｧ遘罘荅ﾑｧﾟ) ｧｱｧﾑｧﾘｧﾖｧﾟｧﾜｧ爰ﾓ ｧ.ｧｳ. (ｧｸｧﾖｧﾟｧ荅 ｧ罘爰ﾕｧﾖｧﾛｧ罘荅ﾓｧﾚｧ 00ｧ ｧ爰ﾝｧﾔｧ-ｧｵｧ筴ﾑｧﾝｧｧ罘ﾜｧ爰ﾛ ｧｧﾜｧ爰ﾝｧ爰ﾔｧﾚｧ鬧ﾖｧ罘ﾜｧ爰ﾛ ｧ罘ﾖｧ荅ﾚ03, ｧｳｧﾑｧﾞｧﾑｧ筴ﾑ, ｧｲｧ爰罘罘ﾚｧ) 0806ｨｪｨｰｨ ｨｺｨｰ: 06000608ｨｹ 08ｨ 0807ｨｺｨｨｨｪ 0002ｨｪｨｰ08 07060502090401 ｨｨ09090502010609ｨ ｨｪｨｨｨｦ 603000, 04060909ｨｨ07, 01ｨｨ03ｨｪｨｨｨｦ 0106090006080601, ｨｮ05. 080608060502ｨｪｨｺ06, 17aｨC17 ｨｰ0205.: +7 831 433 38 47 ikar_research@mail.ru 08ｨｪ010802ｨｦ 080609ｨ 0502ｨｪｨｺ06 405030, 08ｨ 04ｨ 0109ｨｰｨ ｨｪ, 0805ｨｬｨ ｨｰ04, ｨｮ05. 00ｨ 01ｨｰｨ ｨｪ000609ｨ, 1109ｨC3 ｨｰ0205.: +7 727 246 29 11 +7 701 570 25 60 +7 777 339 10 35 +7 700 910 05 32 akoval69@mail.ru 08ｨｪｨ ｨｰ0605ｨｨｨｦ 090209ｨｨｨｪ 06ｨｪ09ｨｰｨｨｨｰｨｮｨｰ 040606050600ｨｨｨｨ 00ｨｨｨｪｨｨ09ｨｰ020809ｨｰ09ｨ 06ｨ 08ｨ 040609ｨ ｨｪｨｨ07 ｨｨ ｨｪｨ ｨｮｨｺｨｨ 08ｨ 04ｨ 0109ｨｰｨ ｨｪ, 0805ｨｬｨ ｨｰ04 ｨｰ0205.: +7 3272 69 48 76 levin_saker@mail.ru 080502ｨｺ0902ｨｦ 03ｨ 0302ｨｪｨｺ0609 0002ｨｪｨｰ08 09060102ｨｦ09ｨｰ09ｨｨ07 000006050006-0708ｨ 05ｨｹ09ｨｺ06ｨｦ 05ｨｺ06050600ｨｨ ﾂ0209ｨｺ06ｨｦ 0902ｨｰｨｨ03 443045, 04060909ｨｨ07, 05ｨ ｨｬｨ 08ｨ, ｨ /07 8001 f_lynx@mail.ru 04020406ｨｬ02 05ｨｰｨ ｨｰｨｹ07 06ｨ 06ｨ ｨｴｨ 02ｨｰ 01ｨ ｨｪｨｪ0402 ｨ 09ｨｰ06080609, 070605ｨｮ ﾂ02ｨｪｨｪ0402 09 01060102 05ｨｺ09070201ｨｨ02ｨｨｨｦ 2003ｨC2006 0000. 0306010806ｨ ｨｪ06 08ｨ 0909ｨｬｨ ｨｰ08ｨｨ09ｨ 02ｨｰ0907 08ｨ 0907080609ｨｰ08ｨ ｨｪ02ｨｪｨｨ02, ﾂｨｨ090502ｨｪｨｪ0609ｨｰｨｹ, 00ｨｪ0204010609ｨ 07 ｨ ｨｨ06050600ｨｨ07 ｨｨ 07ｨｨｨｰｨ ｨｪｨｨ02 ｨ 0208ｨｺｨｮｨｰｨ (Aquila chrysaetos), ｨｬ0600ｨｨ05ｨｹｨｪｨｨｨｺｨ (Aquila heliaca) ｨｨ 09ｨｰ0207ｨｪ060006 060805ｨ (Aquila nipalensis) 09 0808ｨ 0506-08ｨ 0907ｨｨｨｦ09ｨｺ06ｨｬ 080200ｨｨ06ｨｪ02. ﾁｨｨ090502ｨｪｨｪ0609ｨｰｨｹ ｨ 0208ｨｺｨｮｨｰｨ 0607080201020502ｨｪｨ 09 600ｨC800 07ｨ 08, ｨｬ0600ｨｨ05ｨｹｨｪｨｨｨｺｨ ｨC 360ｨC580 07ｨ 08, 09ｨｰ0207ｨｪ060006 060805ｨ ｨC 2936ｨC3866 07ｨ 08. 090208ｨｺｨｮｨｰ 00ｨｪ020401ｨｨｨｰ0907 0708ｨ ｨｺｨｰｨｨ ﾂ0209ｨｺｨｨ ｨｨ09ｨｺ0506 ﾂｨｨｨｰ0205ｨｹｨｪ06 ｨｪｨ 09040906ｨｺｨｨ01 06ｨ 080409ｨ 01 ﾂｨｨｨｪｨｺ0609, ｨｬ0600ｨｨ05ｨｹｨｪｨｨｨｺ ｨC ｨｪｨ 0102080209ｨｹ0701 ｨｨ 06070608ｨ 01 090603, 09ｨｰ0207ｨｪ06ｨｦ 06080005 ｨC ｨｪｨ 0402ｨｬ0502, ｨｺｨｮ09ｨｰｨ 01, 06070608ｨ 01 090603 ｨｨ 06ｨ 080409ｨ 01 ﾂｨｨｨｪｨｺ0609. 00 0904090601ｨｺｨ 01 ｨ 0208ｨｺｨｮｨｰｨ 06ｨｰ 1 0106 3-01 07ｨｰ02ｨｪ020609, 09 09080201ｨｪ02ｨｬ (n=56) 1,86 ﾀ0,48 07ｨｰ02ｨｪ02ｨ, 09 0904090601ｨｺｨ 01 ｨｬ0600ｨｨ05ｨｹｨｪｨｨｨｺｨ ｨC 1ｨC3, 09 09080201ｨｪ02ｨｬ (n=15) 2,27 ﾀ0,59 07ｨｰ02ｨｪ02ｨ, 09 0904090601ｨｺｨ 01 09ｨｰ0207ｨｪ060006 060805ｨ 1ｨC4, 09 09080201ｨｪ02ｨｬ (n=14) 2,36 ﾀ0,84 07ｨｰ02ｨｪ02ｨ. 0209ｨｪ0609ｨｮ 08ｨ 02ｨｨ06ｨｪｨ ｨ 0208ｨｺｨｮｨｰｨ 090609ｨｰｨ 09050706ｨｰ 09080201ｨｪ02ｨ 04ｨｨｨ ｨｰ09ｨｺｨ 07 ﾂ02080207ｨ 01ｨ (Testudo horsfieldii) ｨｨ 030005ｨｰ04ｨｦ 09ｨｮ0905ｨｨｨｺ (Spermophilus fulvus), 0609ｨｪ0609ｨｮ 08ｨ 02ｨｨ06ｨｪｨ ｨｬ0600ｨｨ05ｨｹｨｪｨｨｨｺｨ 030005ｨｰ04ｨｦ 09ｨｮ0905ｨｨｨｺ ｨｨ 04ｨｬ02ｨｨ, 0609ｨｪ0609ｨｮ 08ｨ 02ｨｨ06ｨｪｨ 09ｨｰ0207ｨｪ060006 060805ｨ ｨC 030005ｨｰ04ｨｦ ｨｨ ｨｬｨ 0504ｨｦ (Spermophilus pygmaeus) 09ｨｮ0905ｨｨｨｺｨｨ. 080506 ﾂ02090402 09050609ｨ : 070208ｨｪｨ ｨｰ0402 01ｨｨｨｴｨｪｨｨｨｺｨｨ, 01ｨｨｨｴｨｪ0402 07ｨｰｨｨ0204, 06080504, ｨ 0208ｨｺｨｮｨｰ, ｨｬ0600ｨｨ05ｨｹｨｪｨｨｨｺ, 09ｨｰ0207ｨｪ06ｨｦ 06080005, Aquila chrysaetos, Aquila heliaca, Aquila nipalensis, 08ｨ 0907080609ｨｰ08ｨ ｨｪ02ｨｪｨｨ02, ﾂｨｨ090502ｨｪｨｪ0609ｨｰｨｹ, 00ｨｪ0204010609ｨ 07 ｨ ｨｨ06050600ｨｨ07, 08ｨ 04ｨ 0109ｨｰｨ ｨｪ. 030609ｨｰｨｮ07ｨｨ05ｨ 09 080201ｨ ｨｺ02ｨｨ06 26.02.2011 00. 0308ｨｨｨｪ07ｨｰｨ ｨｺ 07ｨｮｨ 05ｨｨｨｺｨ 02ｨｨｨｨ 23.03.2011 00. Abstract The paper is based on authors ｯ data obtained during surveys in 2003ｨC2006. It presents distribution, number, breeding biology and diet of the Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos), Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca) and Steppe Eagle (Aquila nipalensis) in the Aral-Caspian region in detail. The Golden Eagle population is estimated as 600ｨC800 pairs, Imperial Eagle ｨC 360ｨC580 pairs, Steppe Eagle ｨC 2936ｨC3866 pairs. The Golden Eagle breeds almost only on high cliff-faces, the Imperial Eagle ｨC on trees and electric poles, the Steppe Eagle ｨC on the ground, bushes, electric poles and cliff-faces. The average brood size for the Golden Eagle is 1.86 ﾀ0.48 nestlings (n=56; range 1ｨC3), for the Imperial Eagle ｨC 2.27 ﾀ0.59 nestlings (n=15; range 1ｨC3), and for the Steppe Eagle ｨC 2.36 ﾀ0.84 nestlings (n=14; range 1ｨC4). The main prey for the Golden Eagle is the Russian Tortoise (Testudo horsfieldii) and Yellow Souslik (Spermophilus fulvus), for the Imperial eagle ｨC also the Yellow Souslik as well as snakes, the diet of the Steppe Eagle consists generally of Yellow and Little Sousliks (Spermophilus pygmaeus). Keywords: raptors, birds of prey, eagles, Golden Eagle, Imperial Eagle, Steppe Eagle, Aquila chrysaetos, Aquila heliaca, Aquila nipalensis, distribution, population status, breeding biology, Kazakhstan. Received: 26/02/2011. Accepted: 23/03/2011. 0009020102ｨｪｨｨ02 0808ｨ 0506-08ｨ 0907ｨｨｨｦ09ｨｺｨｨｨｦ 080200ｨｨ06ｨｪ, ｨｪ0209ｨｬ06ｨｰ0807 ｨｪｨ ｨｮｨｪｨｨｨｺｨ 05ｨｹｨｪ0609ｨｰｨｹ 05ｨ ｨｪ0103ｨ 00ｨｰ0609, ｨｰｨｮ08ｨｨ09ｨｰｨｨ ﾂ0209ｨｺｨｮ06 0708ｨｨ090502ｨｺｨ ｨｰ0205ｨｹｨｪ0609ｨｰｨｹ ｨｨ ｨ ｨｺｨｰｨｨ09ｨｪｨｮ06 ｨｪ0200ｨｰ02- ｨｨ 00ｨ 04060106ｨ 04 ﾂｨｮ, 0106 09ｨｨ01 070608 0709050702ｨｰ0907 0601ｨｪｨｨｨｬ ｨｨ04 0905ｨ ｨ 06 ｨｨ04ｨｮ ﾂ02ｨｪｨｪ0401 09 0608ｨｪｨｨｨｰ06050600ｨｨ ﾂ0209ｨｺ06ｨｬ 0705ｨ ｨｪ02. 03ｨｮｨ 05ｨｨｨｺｨ 02ｨｨｨｨ 0706 08ｨ 0907080609ｨｰ08ｨ ｨｪ02ｨｪｨｨ06, ﾂｨｨ090502ｨｪｨｪ0609ｨｰｨｨ, 00ｨｪ020401060906ｨｦ ｨ ｨｨ06050600ｨｨｨｨ ｨｨ 07ｨｨｨｰｨ ｨｪｨｨ06 0608050609 0808ｨ 0506-08ｨ 0907ｨｨｨｦ09ｨｺ060006 080200ｨｨ06ｨｪｨ 0708ｨ ｨｺｨｰｨｨ ﾂ0209ｨｺｨｨ 06ｨｰ09ｨｮｨｰ09ｨｰ09ｨｮ06ｨｰ. 03ｨｮ09ｨｰ04ｨｪｨｨ 0308ｨｨｨｺｨ 0907ｨｨ07 ｨｨ 0308ｨｨｨ 08ｨ 05ｨｹ07 06ｨ 090502010609ｨ 05ｨｨ09ｨｹ ｨ 09ｨｰ0608ｨ ｨｬｨｨ 09 08ｨ ｨｬｨｺｨ 01 0005ｨｰ0207ｨｪ06ｨｦ 0708060008ｨ ｨｬｨｬ0403 0002ｨｪｨｰ08ｨ 07060502090401 ｨｨ09090502010609ｨ ｨｪｨｨｨｦ (01. 0106090006080601, 04060909ｨｨ07) ｨｨ 0002ｨｪｨｰ08ｨ 09060102ｨｦ09ｨｰ09ｨｨ07 000006050006-0708ｨ 05ｨｹ09ｨｺ06ｨｦ 05ｨｺ06050600ｨｨ ﾂ0209ｨｺ06ｨｦ 0902ｨｰｨｨ03 (05ｨ ｨｬｨ 08ｨ, 04060909ｨｨ07), 07080602ｨｺｨｰｨ 0009ｨ 0506ｨ ｨ ｨｪ 09 04060909ｨｨｨｨ ｨｨ 08ｨ 04ｨ 0109ｨｰｨ ｨｪ0203 06ｨｪ09ｨｰｨｨｨｰｨｮｨｰｨ ｨｨ09090502010609ｨ ｨｪｨｨ07 0906ｨｺ06050609 (Falcon Research Institute, Carmarthen, Introduction During surveys in the Aral-Caspian region authors of the paper paid the special attention to the eagles as a species determining distribution of many other raptor species in a territory and being a precise indicator of feeding conditions in a region. Extensive data were obtained and results of data processing are presented in the paper. Methods The region under consideration occupies the extensive area in the Western Kazakhstan (within the state borders) between Caspian and Aral Seas with a territory of 250 thousands km 2 (fig. 1). That territory was surveyed in 2003ｨC2006.
13Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2011, 22 93 Contact: Igor Karyakin Center of Field Studies Korolenko str., 17aｨC17, Nizhniy Novgorod, Russia, 603000 tel.: +7 831 433 38 47 ikar_research@mail.ru Andrey Kovalenko Vahtangova str., 11bｨC3, Almaty, Kazakhstan, 405030 tel.: +7 727 246 29 11 +7 701 570 25 60 +7 777 339 10 35 +7 700 910 05 32 akoval69@mail.ru Anatoliy Levin Institute of Zoology Ministry of Education and Sciences Almaty, Kazakhstan tel.: +7 3272 69 48 76 levin_saker@mail.ru Aleksey Pazhenkov The Volga-Ural ECONET Assistance Centre P.O. Box 8001, Samara, Russia, 443045 f_lynx@mail.ru UK) ｨｨ 07080602ｨｺｨｰｨ 0706 090407090502ｨｪｨｨ06 080506 ﾂ02090401 0608ｨｪｨｨｨｰ06050600ｨｨ ﾂ0209ｨｺｨｨ01 ｨｰ020808ｨｨｨｰ0608ｨｨｨｦ 08ｨ 04ｨ 0109ｨｰｨ ｨｪｨ 0809090602ｨｨｨ 02ｨｨｨｨ 09060108ｨ ｨｪ02ｨｪｨｨ07 ｨ ｨｨ0608ｨ 04ｨｪ0606ｨ 08ｨ 04ｨｨ07 08ｨ 04ｨ 0109ｨｰｨ ｨｪｨ (0805ｨｬｨ ｨｰ04, 08ｨ 04ｨ 0109ｨｰｨ ｨｪ). 00 01060102 08ｨ ｨ 06ｨｰ04 060805ｨ ｨｬ ｨｮ01020507050609ｨｹ 060906ｨ 0602 09ｨｪｨｨｨｬｨ ｨｪｨｨ02, ｨｺｨ ｨｺ 09ｨｨ01ｨ ｨｬ, 060708020102050706ｨｴｨｨｨｬ 08ｨ 0907080201020502ｨｪｨｨ02 ｨｬｨｪ0600ｨｨ01 070208ｨｪｨ ｨｰ0401 01ｨｨｨｴｨｪｨｨｨｺ0609 0706 ｨｰ020808ｨｨｨｰ0608ｨｨｨｨ, 0709050706ｨｴｨｨ010907 070609ｨｰｨ 09ｨｴｨｨｨｺｨ ｨｬｨｨ 070609ｨｰ080602ｨｺ 010507 0906ｨｺ06050609, ｨ ｨｰｨ ｨｺ0302 ｨｨｨｪ01ｨｨｨｺｨ ｨｰ0608ｨ ｨｬｨｨ ｨｺ0608ｨｬ060906ｨｦ 09ｨｨｨｰｨｮｨ 02ｨｨｨｨ 09 080200ｨｨ06ｨｪ02. 00 080204ｨｮ05ｨｹｨｰｨ ｨｰ02 ｨ 0405 0906ｨ 08ｨ ｨｪ 0106090605ｨｹｨｪ06 06ｨ 03ｨｨ08ｨｪ04ｨｦ ｨｬｨ ｨｰ0208ｨｨｨ 05, 080204ｨｮ05ｨｹｨｰｨ ｨｰ04 06ｨ 08ｨ ｨ 06ｨｰｨｺｨｨ ｨｺ06ｨｰ0608060006 0708020109ｨｰｨ 090502ｨｪ04 09 ｨｪｨ 09ｨｰ0607ｨｴ02ｨｦ 09ｨｰｨ ｨｰｨｹ02. 0002ｨｰ0601ｨｨｨｺｨ 04ｨ 0909ｨｬｨ ｨｰ08ｨｨ09ｨ 02ｨｬ04ｨｦ 09 09ｨｰｨ ｨｰｨｹ02 080200ｨｨ06ｨｪ 04ｨ ｨｪｨｨｨｬｨ 02ｨｰ 06ｨ 03ｨｨ08ｨｪｨｮ06 ｨｰ020808ｨｨｨｰ0608ｨｨ06 09 05ｨ 07ｨ 01ｨｪ06ｨｬ 08ｨ 04ｨ 0109ｨｰｨ ｨｪ02 (09 ｨ 01ｨｬｨｨｨｪｨｨ09ｨｰ08ｨ ｨｰｨｨ09ｨｪ0401 0008ｨ ｨｪｨｨ02ｨ 01 000609ｨｮ01ｨ 0809ｨｰ09ｨ ) ｨｬ020301ｨｮ 08ｨ 0907ｨｨｨｦ09ｨｺｨｨｨｬ ｨｨ 0808ｨ 05ｨｹ09ｨｺｨｨｨｬ ｨｬ060807ｨｬｨｨ 070506ｨｴｨ 01ｨｹ06 250,0 ｨｰ0409. ｨｺｨｬ 2 ｨｨ 050203ｨｨｨｰ, 070802ｨｨｨｬｨｮｨｴ0209ｨｰ0902ｨｪｨｪ06, 09 0406ｨｪ02 07ｨｮ09ｨｰ04ｨｪｨｹ, 070605ｨｮ07ｨｮ09ｨｰ04ｨｪｨｹ ｨｨ 0607ｨｮ09ｨｰ04ｨｪ02ｨｪｨｪ0401 09ｨｰ020702ｨｦ (08ｨｨ09. 1). 00 08ｨ ｨｬｨｺｨ 01 080200ｨｨ06ｨｪｨ 09 01ｨ ｨｪｨｪ06ｨｦ 09ｨｰｨ ｨｰｨｹ02 ｨｬ04 ｨｪ02 08ｨ 0909ｨｬｨ ｨｰ08ｨｨ09ｨ 02ｨｬ 00ｨｮ00060103ｨ 0804 ｨｨ 0708ｨ 0906ｨ 02080203ｨｹ02 06ｨｬｨ 04, ｨｰｨ ｨｺ ｨｺｨ ｨｺ 05ｨｰｨｨ ｨｰ020808ｨｨｨｰ0608ｨｨｨｨ 09ｨｮｨｴ0209ｨｰ0902ｨｪｨｪ06 06ｨｰ05ｨｨ ﾂｨ 06ｨｰ0907 0706 09ｨｰ08ｨｮｨｺｨｰｨｮ0802 05ｨ ｨｪ0103ｨ 00ｨｰ0609 06ｨｰ 07ｨｮ09ｨｰ04ｨｪｨｹ ｨｨ 070605ｨｮ07ｨｮ09ｨｰ04ｨｪｨｹ 00ｨ ｨｪ00040305ｨ ｨｺｨ, 0709ｨｰ0608ｨｰｨ ｨｨ 0308ｨｨｨ 08ｨ 05ｨｹ07. 0201ｨｪｨ ｨｺ06, 0908ｨ 09ｨｪｨｨ09ｨ 07 070607ｨｮ050702ｨｨｨｨ 0608050609, ｨｬ04 0708ｨｨ090601ｨｨｨｬ 01ｨ ｨｪｨｪ0402 ｨｨ 0706 05ｨｰｨｨｨｬ ｨｰ020808ｨｨｨｰ0608ｨｨ07ｨｬ, 020905ｨｨ 06ｨｪｨｨ ｨｨｨｬ0206ｨｰ0907. 040200ｨｨ06ｨｪ 06ｨ 090502010609ｨ 050907 09 ｨ 0708020502ｨCｨｬｨ 02 04ｨｨ09. 1. 08ｨ 08ｨｰｨ 0708ｨｨ080601ｨｪ0401 0406ｨｪ 0808ｨ 0506-08ｨ 0907ｨｨｨｦ09ｨｺ060006 080200ｨｨ06ｨｪｨ. Fig. 1. Nature zones of the Aral-Caspian region. A total length survey routes was 15654 km. For 4 years of research 31 study plots with a total area of 1098.49 km 2 were set up (fig. 2). Breeding territories of the eagles were discovered during vehicle and pedestrian routes which were planned in habitats preferred the species ｨC usually along different cliff-faces, along narrow ravines, power lines, and sand edges. The activity was aimed at the search of nests and registration of birds. The territories where nests of the eagles (either living or empty but occupied) or pairs have been recorded, were recognized as breeding territories. As the possible breeding territories we considered the registrations of the displaying adult birds. Discovered breeding territories of the eagles were mapped. The population calculation was performed using GIS-software (ArcView 3.2a, ESRI, CA, USA) (Karyakin, 2004) based on the map of typical habitats (cliff-faces) obtained through the verification of Landsat ETM+ satellite images and analysis of 1:500000 scale topographic maps. A total length of cliff-faces in the region is 8065.02 km as well as in study plots is 1768.9 km. Following the geographical location and the dominating type of rock (chalky, limy or clay), all cliff-faces of the region were divided into 10 groups: clifffaces of the Shagyray Plateau, northern cliff-faces of the Usturt Plateau (including the Donyz-Tau cliff-faces), western cliff-faces of the Usturt Plateau, southern (chalky) cliff-faces of the Usturt Plateau and calck cliff-faces of Aktau, the Aral cliff-faces of the Usturt Plateau, cliff-faces of the Aral Sea, cliff-faces of Mangyshlak Peninsula, cliff-faces of depressions of the Kinderli- Kayasanskoe Plateau (Karagie, Kaundy, Basgurly, Zhazgurly Northeastern clifffaces of the Kinderli-Kayasanskoe Plateau, Kolenkeli and Zheltau Cliffs. The diet studies were based on an analysis of remains of preys in nests and pellets. A total of 880 prey remains and 125 pellets were analyzed. The cameral treatment of the nonspatial data was carried out using MS Excel 2003 and Statistica 6.0 software. The factual data were represented as ｰthe mean ﾀ standard deviation ｱ (00 ﾀSD). The normality tests for the parameter distribution were performed using the ShapiroｨCWilk ｯs W test and Kolmogorov-Smirnov & Liliefors test for normality.
1394 030208ｨｪｨ ｨｰ0402 01ｨｨｨｴｨｪｨｨｨｺｨｨ ｨｨ ｨｨ01 060108ｨ ｨｪｨ 2011, 22 0604ｨｮ ﾂ02ｨｪｨｨ02 070208ｨｪｨ ｨｰ0401 01ｨｨｨｴｨｪｨｨｨｺ0609 04ｨｨ09. 2. 07 ﾂ00ｨｰｨｪ0402 070506ｨｴｨ 01ｨｺｨｨ (0909020801ｨｮ) ｨｨ ｨｬｨ 080308ｨｮｨｰ04 (09ｨｪｨｨ04ｨｮ). Fig. 2. Study plots (upper) and transects (bottom). 2003ｨC2006 0000. 02ｨ ｨｴｨ 07 070806ｨｰ070300ｨｪｨｪ0609ｨｰｨｹ 05ｨｺ09070201ｨｨ02ｨｨ06ｨｪｨｪ0401 ｨｬｨ 080308ｨｮｨｰ0609 090609ｨｰｨ 09ｨｨ05ｨ 15654 ｨｺｨｬ (3832 ｨｺｨｬ ｨC 09 2003 00., 5975 ｨｺｨｬ ｨC 09 2004 00., 977 ｨｺｨｬ ｨC 09 2005 00. ｨｨ 4870 ｨｺｨｬ ｨC 09 2006 00.). 00 2003 00. ｨｮ01ｨ 050609ｨｹ 06ｨ 090502010609ｨ ｨｰｨｹ 11 070506ｨｴｨ 0106ｨｺ 06ｨ ｨｴ02ｨｦ 070506ｨｴｨ 01ｨｹ06 2194,95 ｨｺｨｬ 2. 00 2004 00. 07060902ｨｴｨ 050609ｨｹ 6 070506ｨｴｨ 0106ｨｺ 0708060305060006 000601ｨ, 3 ｨｨ04 ｨｺ06ｨｰ06080401 ｨ 0405ｨｨ 070605ｨｪ0609ｨｰｨｹ06 06ｨ 090502010609ｨ ｨｪ04. 0009020006 04ｨ 000601 ｨ 040506 0609ｨｬ06ｨｰ0802ｨｪ06 18 070506ｨｴｨ 0106ｨｺ (09 ｨｮ ﾂ00ｨｰ06ｨｬ ｨｪ06090401) 06ｨ ｨｴ02ｨｦ 070506ｨｴｨ 01ｨｹ06 8162,70 ｨｺｨｬ 2. 00 2005 00. 09 0308ｨｨｨ 08ｨ 05ｨｹ02 ｨ 040506 04ｨ 05060302ｨｪ06 3 070506ｨｴｨ 01ｨｺｨｨ 06ｨ ｨｴ02ｨｦ 070506ｨｴｨ 01ｨｹ06 196,43 ｨｺｨｬ 2. 00 2006 00. ｨｮ01ｨ 050609ｨｹ 06ｨ 090502010609ｨ ｨｰｨｹ 5 070506ｨｴｨ 0106ｨｺ 06ｨ ｨｴ02ｨｦ 070506ｨｴｨ 01ｨｹ06 905,32 ｨｺｨｬ 2. 05ｨ 4 000601ｨ ｨｨ09090502010609ｨ ｨｪｨｨｨｦ ｨ 0405ｨ 06ｨ 090502010609ｨ ｨｪｨ 31 ｨｪ02 07020802ｨｺ080409ｨ 06ｨｴｨ 070907 ｨｮ ﾂ00ｨｰｨｪｨ 07 070506ｨｴｨ 01ｨｺｨ 06ｨ ｨｴ02ｨｦ 070506ｨｴｨ 01ｨｹ06 1098,49 ｨｺｨｬ 2 (08ｨｨ09. 2). 01ｨｪ02040106090402 ｨｮ ﾂｨ 09ｨｰｨｺｨｨ 0608050609 09040709050705ｨｨ09ｨｹ 09 01060102 ｨ 09ｨｰ06ｨｬ06ｨ ｨｨ05ｨｹｨｪ0401 ｨｨ 070203ｨｨ01 ｨｬｨ 080308ｨｮｨｰ0609, ｨｺ06ｨｰ06080402 0705ｨ ｨｪｨｨ080609ｨ 05ｨｨ09ｨｹ 0706 00ｨｪ020401060708ｨｨ000601ｨｪ04ｨｬ 010507 09ｨｨ010609 ｨ ｨｨ06ｨｰ0607ｨ ｨｬ ｨC 070802ｨｨｨｬｨｮｨｴ02- Results Status of species Only three species of eagles ｨC the Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos), Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca) and Steppe Eagle (Aquila nipalensis) are proved as breeding species in the Aral-Caspian region. Data about the Greater Spotted Eagle (Aquila clanga) breeding (Zaletaev, 1968) have been recognized as an error, because Zaletaev confused the Spotted Eagles with Steppe Eagles (Karyakin, Levin, 2008). Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) Distribution and Population Numbers In the Aral-Caspian region, the Golden Eagle is recorded only in rouged terrains mainly in the regions near the Caspian Sea ｨC Mangistau mountains, Mangyshlak peninsula, and cliff-faces of the Usturt plateau. Unfortunately despite of many surveys carried out in the Aral Sea region we have not recorded the Golden Eagle breeding. We found it breeding to the north of the Shagyray plateau in the Mugodzhary mountains (Karyakin et al., 2007), in flood forests in the or and Ural river basins, however separate breeding pairs are recorded far apart up to the Guberlya upland, and the species breeding in the steppe zone seems to be occasional. A total of 187 adults (older than 2 years) in 123 territories were recorded during our surveys in the Aral-Caspian region. We found 115 breeding territories (105 ｨC on the model plots, including 100 ｨC on cliff-faces), nests were discovered in 100 breeding territories (186 nests including old nests) (fig. 3). Pairs were registered in 10 breeding territories, single adults ｨC in 3 territories (displaying males ｨC in 2 cases and the alarmed female in one territory) and the fledgling bad flying ｨC in one territory (the nest was not being searched due to lack of time). Thus, the breeding was proved in 82.11% cases in a total number of bird records (n=123). The census of eagles has shown that in different types of cliff-faces the density varied from 1.90 to 6.94 pairs/100 km, averaging 6.0 pairs/100 km of cliff-faces throughout the region. The highest values of density are noted for the chalk cliff-faces of the Mangyshlak peninsula ｨC 3.41ｨC11.80, averaging 6.94 pairs/100 km of cliff-faces, and the Kinderli-Kayasan plateau ｨC 1.44ｨC13.93, averaging 6.76 pairs/100 km of cliff-faces (table 1). Such high density is connected with the territory having an abundance of sites suitable for eagles nesting ｨC many
13Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2011, 22 95 ﾁｨｨｨｪｨｺｨｨ 00ｨ ｨｪ00040305ｨ ｨｺｨ ｨｨ 08ｨｨｨｪ01020805ｨｨ-08ｨ 0709ｨ ｨｪ09ｨｺ060006 0705ｨ ｨｰ06. 0806ｨｰ06 06. 08ｨ 0807ｨｺｨｨｨｪｨ. Cliff-faces of the Mangyshlak Peninsula and Kinderli-Kayasan Plateau. Photos by I. Karyakin. 09ｨｰ0902ｨｪｨｪ06 09010605ｨｹ 06ｨ 0804090609 08ｨ 0405ｨｨ ﾂｨｪ060006 ｨｰｨｨ07ｨ ｨｨ, 09 ｨｬ02ｨｪｨｹ0302ｨｦ 09ｨｰ020702ｨｪｨｨ, 09010605ｨｹ 09ｨ 0209 (ｨｮ04ｨｺｨｨ01 060908ｨ 000609), ｨｺ0806ｨｬｨｺｨｨ 070209ｨｺ0609 ｨｨ 05ｨｨｨｪｨｨｨｦ 050502ｨｺｨｰ08060702080201ｨ ﾂｨｨ (090603). 04ｨ ｨ 06ｨｰｨ ｨ 0405ｨ ｨｪｨ 0708ｨ 090502ｨｪｨ ｨｪｨ 0706ｨｨ09ｨｺ 00ｨｪ000401 ｨｨ 080200ｨｨ09ｨｰ08ｨ 02ｨｨ06 07ｨｰｨｨ02. 000209ｨｰｨ, 0708ｨｨ000601ｨｪ0402 010507 ｨｮ09ｨｰ0806ｨｦ09ｨｰ09ｨ 060805ｨ ｨｬｨｨ 00ｨｪ000401, 0609ｨｬｨ ｨｰ08ｨｨ09ｨ 05ｨｨ09ｨｹ 09 0607ｨｰｨｨｨｺｨｮ (ｨ ｨｨｨｪ06ｨｺ05ｨｨ 8 ﾁ30, 12 ﾁ50) 09 020205ｨｹ06 06ｨ ｨｪｨ 08ｨｮ0302ｨｪｨｨ07 00ｨｪ02040106090401 070609ｨｰ080602ｨｺ ｨｨ05ｨｨ 07ｨｰｨｨ02 ｨｪｨ 0708ｨｨ09ｨ 01ｨ 01. 00 01060102 070203ｨｨ01 ｨｬｨ 080308ｨｮｨｰ0609 0609ｨｬｨ ｨｰ08ｨｨ09ｨ 05ｨｨ09ｨｹ ｨｰｨ ｨｺ0302 070601ｨｪ0603ｨｨ07 ﾂｨｨｨｪｨｺ0609 ｨｨ 06090407ｨｨ ｨｪｨ 07080201ｨｬ02ｨｰ 06ｨ ｨｪｨ 08ｨｮ0302ｨｪｨｨ07 0609ｨｰｨ ｨｰｨｺ0609 07ｨｨｨｴｨｨ ｨｨ 070600ｨ 0106ｨｺ. 0006 ｨｬｨｪ0600ｨｨ01 0905ｨｮ ﾂｨ 0701 ﾂｨｨｨｪｨｺｨｨ 070806010601ｨｨ05ｨｨ09ｨｹ 070203ｨｺ06ｨｬ 070609020801ｨｮ ｨｨ05ｨｨ 0706ｨｪｨｨ04ｨｮ, 05ｨｨｨ 06 ｨｨ 070609020801ｨｮ, ｨｨ 0706ｨｪｨｨ04ｨｮ 0008ｨｮ070706ｨｦ ｨｨ04 2-01 ﾂ0205060902ｨｺ. 030601 00ｨｪ020401060904ｨｬｨｨ ｨｮ ﾂｨ 09ｨｰｨｺｨ ｨｬｨｨ 07060108ｨ 04ｨｮｨｬ0209ｨ 06ｨｰ0907 ｨｰ020808ｨｨｨｰ0608ｨｨｨｨ, ｨｪｨ ｨｺ06ｨｰ06080401 06ｨ ｨｪｨ 08ｨｮ0302ｨｪ04 00ｨｪ000401ｨ 0608050609 (05ｨｨｨ 06 03ｨｨ050402, 05ｨｨｨ 06 07ｨｮ09ｨｰｨｮ06ｨｴｨｨ02, ｨｪ06 ｨ ｨ 06ｨｪｨｨ08ｨｮ02ｨｬ0402 07ｨｰｨｨ02ｨ ｨｬｨｨ), 0909ｨｰ0802 ﾂ02ｨｪ04 ｨｰ06ｨｺｨｮ06ｨｴｨｨ02 0904080609050402 07ｨｰｨｨ0204. 08 090604ｨｬ0603ｨｪ04ｨｬ 00ｨｪ020401060904ｨｬ ｨｮ ﾂｨ 09ｨｰｨｺｨ ｨｬ ｨｬ04 0708ｨｨ08ｨ 09ｨｪｨｨ09ｨ 02ｨｬ ｨｨ06ｨｪｨｹ09ｨｺｨｨ02 0909ｨｰ0802 ﾂｨｨ 0904080609050401 07ｨｰｨｨ02, ｨｪ020601ｨｪ06ｨｺ08ｨ ｨｰｨｪ06 080200ｨｨ09ｨｰ08ｨｨ080609ｨ 0903ｨｨ010907 ｨｪｨ 0601ｨｪ06ｨｦ ｨｨ ｨｰ06ｨｦ 0302 ｨｰ020808ｨｨｨｰ0608ｨｨｨｨ. 00040709050702ｨｬ0402 00ｨｪ02040106090402 ｨｮ ﾂｨ 09ｨｰｨｺｨｨ 0608050609 ｨｺｨ 08ｨｰｨｨ080609ｨ 05ｨｨ09ｨｹ, 01ｨ ｨｪｨｪ0402 09ｨｪ0609ｨｨ05ｨｨ09ｨｹ 09 09080201ｨｮ 010605 (ArcView 3.2a, ESRI, CA, USA), 000102 ｨｨ 070806ｨｨ04090601ｨｨ050907 08ｨ 09 ﾂ00ｨｰ 06ｨ ｨｴ02ｨｦ ﾂｨｨ090502ｨｪｨｪ0609ｨｰｨｨ high sheer cliffs with numerous niches and ledges. The average nearest neighbour distance is 6.44 ﾀ4.23 km (n=86; range 1.5ｨC23.8 km; E x =3.17, median=5.48; mode=3.55 km) (table 2). In the Mangistau mountains the breeding density was 3.52 pairs/100 km 2 while the nearest neighbour distance was 3.13ｨC 8.42 km, averaging 5.84 ﾀ2.65 km. Taking into account the average density (6.0 ﾀ1.1 pairs/100 km of cliff-faces) and the total length of cliff-faces in the Kazakhstan part of the Aral-Caspian region (8065.02 km) we can project at least 395ｨC573 pairs, on average 484 pairs of eagles to breed in the region. Similar values (363ｨC503, on average 433 pairs) have been obtained as a result of calculations for different types of cliff-faces (table 3). In the Mangistau mountains, with the density being 3.52 pairs/100 km 2 and the total area of 956 km 2, about 33ｨC34 pairs of eagles are projected to breed. Apart cliff-faces we can only project eagles breeding, but no more than 20 pairs. Considering the mentioned above, we can state that at least 416ｨC557 pairs of Golden
1396 030208ｨｪｨ ｨｰ0402 01ｨｨｨｴｨｪｨｨｨｺｨｨ ｨｨ ｨｨ01 060108ｨ ｨｪｨ 2011, 22 0604ｨｮ ﾂ02ｨｪｨｨ02 070208ｨｪｨ ｨｰ0401 01ｨｨｨｴｨｪｨｨｨｺ0609 09ｨｨ01ｨ (08ｨ 0807ｨｺｨｨｨｪ, 2004). 01ｨ 0609ｨｪ060902 08ｨ 09ｨｰ0806090401 ｨｺｨ 08ｨｰ 00 1:500000 ｨｨ ｨｺ0609ｨｬ0609ｨｪｨｨｨｬｨｺ0609 Landsat ETM+ ｨ 0405ｨｨ 0706010006ｨｰ06090502ｨｪ04 0902ｨｺｨｰ0608ｨｪ0402 090506ｨｨ 06ｨ 0804090609, ｨｪｨ 06ｨ ｨｴｨｮ06 070806ｨｰ070300ｨｪｨｪ0609ｨｰｨｹ ｨｺ06ｨｰ06080401 070807ｨｬ06 05ｨｺ09ｨｰ08ｨ 070605ｨｨ080609ｨ 05ｨｨ09ｨｹ 01ｨ ｨｪｨｪ0402 0706 ﾂｨｨ090502ｨｪｨｪ0609ｨｰｨｨ 0608050609, 070605ｨｮ ﾂ02ｨｪｨｪ0402 ｨｪｨ ｨｮ ﾂ00ｨｰｨｪ0401 070506ｨｴｨ 01ｨｺｨ 01. 02ｨ ｨｴｨ 07 070806ｨｰ070300ｨｪｨｪ0609ｨｰｨｹ 06ｨ 0804090609 09 080200ｨｨ06ｨｪ02 090609ｨｰｨ 09ｨｨ05ｨ 8065,02 ｨｺｨｬ, ｨ 070806ｨｰ070300ｨｪｨｪ0609ｨｰｨｹ 06ｨ 0804090609 ｨｪｨ ｨｮ ﾂ00ｨｰｨｪ0401 070506ｨｴｨ 01ｨｺｨ 01 ｨC 1768,9 ｨｺｨｬ. 0306 09090602ｨｬｨｮ 0002060008ｨ 00ｨｨ ﾂ0209ｨｺ06ｨｬｨｮ 08ｨ 09070605060302ｨｪｨｨ06, ｨ ｨｰｨ ｨｺ0302 0706 0106ｨｬｨｨｨｪｨｨ080609ｨ ｨｪｨｨ06 ｨｰ060006 ｨｨ05ｨｨ ｨｨｨｪ060006 ｨｰｨｨ07ｨ 06ｨ ｨｪｨ 0302ｨｪｨｨｨｦ (ｨｬ020506090402, 08ｨ ｨｺｨｮ0302 ﾂｨｪｨｨｨｺ06090402 ｨｨ05ｨｨ 0005ｨｨｨｪ07ｨｪ0402), 090902 06ｨ 08040904 080200ｨｨ06ｨｪｨ 070601020502ｨｪ04 ｨｪｨ 10 0008ｨｮ0707: 06ｨ 08040904 0705ｨ ｨｰ06 01ｨ 000408ｨ ｨｦ, 0902090208ｨｪ04ｨｦ ﾂｨｨｨｪｨｺ 0705ｨ ｨｰ06 0709ｨｰ0608ｨｰ (09ｨｺ0506 ﾂｨ 07 ﾂｨｨｨｪｨｺ 0206ｨｪ0404-06ｨ ｨｮ), 04ｨ 07ｨ 01ｨｪ04ｨｦ ﾂｨｨｨｪｨｺ 0705ｨ ｨｰ06 0709ｨｰ0608ｨｰ, 0603ｨｪ04ｨｦ (ｨｬ0205060906ｨｦ) ﾂｨｨｨｪｨｺ 0705ｨ ｨｰ06 0709ｨｰ0608ｨｰ ｨｨ ｨｬ020506090402 06ｨ 08040904 08ｨｺｨｰｨ ｨｮ, 0808ｨ 05ｨｹ09ｨｺｨｨｨｦ ﾂｨｨｨｪｨｺ 0705ｨ ｨｰ06 0709ｨｰ0608ｨｰ, 06ｨ 08040904 0308ｨｨｨ 08ｨ 05ｨｹ07, 06ｨ 08040904 070605ｨｮ0609ｨｰ080609ｨ 00ｨ ｨｪ00040305ｨ ｨｺ, 06ｨ 08040904 0907ｨ 01ｨｨｨｪ 08ｨｨｨｪ01020805ｨｨ-08ｨ 0709ｨ ｨｪ09ｨｺ060006 0705ｨ ｨｰ06 (08ｨ 08ｨ 00ｨｨ02, 08ｨ ｨｮｨｪ0104, 09ｨ 0900ｨｮ080504, 04ｨ 0400ｨｮ080504), 090209020806090609ｨｰ06 ﾂｨｪ04ｨｦ ﾂｨｨｨｪｨｺ 08ｨｨｨｪ01020805ｨｨ-08ｨ 0709ｨ ｨｪ09ｨｺ060006 0705ｨ ｨｰ06, 06ｨ 08040904 08060502ｨｪｨｺ0205ｨｨ ｨｨ 040205ｨｹｨｰｨ ｨｮ. 07 ﾂ00ｨｰｨｪ0402 070506ｨｴｨ 01ｨｺｨｨ 09 2003ｨC2004 0000. 04ｨ ｨｺ05ｨ 010409ｨ 05ｨｨ09ｨｹ ｨｰｨ ｨｺｨｨｨｬ 06ｨ 08ｨ 0406ｨｬ, ﾂｨｰ06ｨ 04 ｨｺ ｨｺ06ｨｪ02ｨｮ 0706050209060006 09020406ｨｪｨ 2004 00. 060109ｨ ｨｰｨｨｨｰｨｹ 090902 0008ｨｮ070704 06ｨ 0804090609 09 080200ｨｨ06ｨｪ02. 06ｨｺ09ｨｰ08ｨ 0706050702ｨｨ07 ﾂｨｨ090502ｨｪｨｪ0609ｨｰｨｨ 0608050609 090205ｨ 09ｨｹ ｨｨｨｬ02ｨｪｨｪ06 ｨｪｨ ｨｰ02 0008ｨｮ070704 06ｨ 0804090609, ｨｪｨ ｨｺ06ｨｰ06080401 06080504 ｨｮ ﾂｨｨｨｰ0409ｨ 05ｨｨ09ｨｹ. 05ｨ 070802010205ｨ ｨｬｨｨ 06ｨ 0804090609 06080504 ｨｮ ﾂｨｨｨｰ0409ｨ 05ｨｨ09ｨｹ ｨｪｨ ｨ 09ｨｰ06ｨｬ06ｨ ｨｨ05ｨｹｨｪ0401 ｨｬｨ 080308ｨｮｨｰｨ 01, ｨｪｨ ｨｪ02060008ｨ ｨｪｨｨ ﾂ02ｨｪｨｪ06ｨｦ 070605060902 (08ｨ 0807ｨｺｨｨｨｪ, 2004), 05ｨｨｨ 06 ｨｪｨ 070506ｨｴｨ 01ｨｺｨ 01. 06ｨｺ09ｨｰ08ｨ 0706050702ｨｨ07 09 ｨｰｨ ｨｺｨｨ01 Eagles breed in the Aral-Caspian region within the administrative borders of Kazakhstan, that is similar to our previous estimations at 400ｨC500 pairs (Levin, Karyakin, 2005). The number of entire population of the Golden Eagle including cliff-faces in the territory of Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan can be estimates as 600ｨC800 pairs. Basing on the analysis of distribution of breeding pairs between Aral and Caspian Seas two large breeding groups have been distinguished ｨC ｰMangyshlak ｱ and ｰNorth Usturt ｱ (fig. 6), which in addition were different in main prey species and dates of breeding. The post-breeding population number is estimated as 2000ｨC2500 individuals in the Aral-Caspian region. Breeding As mentioned above, the main nesting habitats for the Golden Eagle in the Aral- Caspian region are different types of cliffs and precipices, generally within the zone of the Usturt plateau cliff-faces (mostly in the Caspian Sea region), as well as the rocky gorges of the Mangistau mountains (Western and Eastern Karatau). Among the discovered nesting sites (n=115) the sites on the chalk cliff-faces predominated ｨC 60.0%, alternative sites were on shell cliff-faces ｨC 27.83% and the least number of sites (6.09%) were recorded on the clay cliffs (fig. 7). Also we found 3.48% pairs breeding in the rocky gorges of the Mangistau mountains, 1.74% pairs ｨC in a flat clay semidesert close to the zone of cliff-faces and 04ｨ 0405ｨｨ ﾂｨｪ0402 ｨｰｨｨ0704 0005ｨｨｨｪ07ｨｪ0401 ﾂｨｨｨｪｨｺ0609 ｨｪｨ 08ｨｨｨｪ01020805ｨｨ-08ｨ 0709ｨ ｨｪ09ｨｺ06ｨｬ 0705ｨ ｨｰ06, 00ｨ ｨｪ00040305ｨ ｨｺ02 ｨｨ 0709ｨｰ0608ｨｰ02. 0806ｨｰ06 06. 08ｨ 0807ｨｺｨｨｨｪｨ. Different types of clay cliff-faces distributed in the Mangyshlak Peninsula, Kinderli- Kayasan and Usturt Plateaus. Photos by I. Karyakin.
13Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2011, 22 97 0002ｨｰ0601ｨｨｨｺｨ 090407090502ｨｪｨｨ07 00ｨｪ000401 04ｨ ｨｺ0506 ﾂｨ 02ｨｰ0907 09 0609ｨｬ06ｨｰ0802 07060101060107ｨｴｨｨ01 010507 ｨｨ01 ｨｮ09ｨｰ0806ｨｦ09ｨｰ09ｨ ｨｬ0209ｨｰ 09 070806ｨｰｨｨ09060706050603ｨｪ0401 ｨｰ06 ﾂ02ｨｺ ｨｪｨ ﾂｨｨｨｪｨｺ02 (0909020801ｨｮ) 05ｨｨｨ 06 ｨｨ04-070601 ﾂｨｨｨｪｨｺｨ (09ｨｪｨｨ04ｨｮ). 0806ｨｰ06 06. 08ｨ 0807ｨｺｨｨｨｪｨ. The technique of nest searching is based on the survey of suitable for nesting habitats from different places on clifffaces (upper), or from under cliffs (bottom). Photos by I. Karyakin. 0905ｨｮ ﾂｨ 0701 0609ｨｮｨｴ0209ｨｰ09050705ｨ 09ｨｹ ｨｪｨ 06ｨ ｨｴｨｮ06 070506ｨｴｨ 01ｨｹ ｨｰ020808ｨｨｨｰ0608ｨｨｨｨ, 0706 ｨｺ06ｨｰ060806ｨｦ 070806050200ｨ 05ｨｨ ｨｬｨ 080308ｨｮｨｰ04, 05ｨｨｨ 06 ｨｪｨ ｨｰ02 ｨ ｨｨ06ｨｰ060704, 09 ｨｺ06ｨｰ06080401 ｨ 0405ｨｨ 04ｨ 05060302ｨｪ04 070506ｨｴｨ 01ｨｺｨｨ. 03ｨｨｨｰｨ ｨｪｨｨ02 ｨｨ04ｨｮ ﾂｨ 050609ｨｹ 07ｨｮｨｰ00ｨｬ 0607080201020502ｨｪｨｨ07 09ｨｨ01060906ｨｦ 0708ｨｨｨｪｨ 01050203ｨｪ0609ｨｰｨｨ 0609ｨｰｨ ｨｪｨｺ0609 030208ｨｰ09 09 00ｨｪ000401ｨ 01 ｨｨ 08ｨ 04ｨ 0608ｨ 070600ｨ 0106ｨｺ. 00 06ｨ ｨｴ02ｨｦ 09050603ｨｪ0609ｨｰｨｨ 08ｨ 0406ｨ 08ｨ ｨｪ06 125 070600ｨ 0106ｨｺ ｨｨ 0609ｨｬ06ｨｰ0802ｨｪ06 880 0609ｨｰｨ ｨｰｨｺ0609 07ｨｨｨｴｨｨ, 0607080201020502ｨｪ06 1093 06ｨ ｨｲ02ｨｺｨｰｨ 07ｨｨｨｰｨ ｨｪｨｨ07. 00ｨ ｨｰ02ｨｬｨ ｨｰｨｨ ﾂ0209ｨｺｨ 07 06ｨ 08ｨ ｨ 06ｨｰｨｺｨ 01ｨ ｨｪｨｪ0401 0609ｨｮｨｴ0209ｨｰ09050705ｨ 09ｨｹ 09 MS Excel 2003 ｨｨ Statistica 6.0. 020507 0904ｨ 060806ｨｺ 0607080201020507050609ｨｹ 09080201ｨｪ0202 ｨｨ 09ｨｰｨ ｨｪ01ｨ 08ｨｰｨｪ0602 06ｨｰｨｺ0506ｨｪ02ｨｪｨｨ02 (M ﾀSD), 0708ｨｨ 0908ｨ 09ｨｪ02ｨｪｨｨｨｨ 0904ｨ 060806ｨｺ 08ｨ 0909 ﾂｨｨｨｰ0409ｨ 05ｨｨ ｨｺ06050000ｨｨ02ｨｨ02ｨｪｨｰ ｨｺ06080802050702ｨｨｨｨ 03ｨｨ080906ｨｪｨ, 09 ｨ ｨｪｨ 05ｨｨ0402 08ｨ 0907080201020502ｨｪｨｨ07 ｨｨ09070605ｨｹ040609ｨ 05ｨｨ ｨｺ08ｨｨｨｰ0208ｨｨｨｨ 080605ｨｬ060006080609ｨ -05ｨｬｨｨ08ｨｪ0609ｨ ｨｨ 01ｨ 07ｨｨ0806-07ｨｨ05ｨｺ09ｨ. 040204ｨｮ05ｨｹｨｰｨ ｨｰ04 ｨｨ09090502010609ｨ ｨｪｨｨｨｦ 05ｨｰｨ ｨｰｨｮ09 09ｨｨ010609 020507 0808ｨ 0506-08ｨ 0907ｨｨｨｦ09ｨｺ060006 080200ｨｨ06ｨｪｨ 09 ｨｺｨ - ﾂ0209ｨｰ0902 00ｨｪ02040107ｨｴｨｨ010907 09ｨｨ010609 0608050609 09070506ｨｰｨｹ 0106 0902080201ｨｨｨｪ04 0909 09ｨｰ060502ｨｰｨｨ07 0708ｨｨ090601ｨｨ05ｨｨ09ｨｹ 3 0.87% ｨC in sands. It should be noted, that eagles inhabiting cliff-faces of Western and Northern Usturt, which is mostly clay, prefer to nest on cliff-faces with outcrops of shell cliffs, even if they occur as a very narrow layer above the clay stratum and form the overhangs. We are analyzing only 112 nests (100 active and 12 old nests) of 186 nests discovered. It is connected with the fact that on suitable cliff-faces (often in the specific cirques) the nests of Golden Eagles of different ages are located close to each other in adjacent niches and/or ledges of different levels (usually no far than 50 m from each other). During filling in the database the old nests in such nest aggregations were recorded, but their parameters were ignored, and the information only about active nest was input in the database. Among 112 nests 110 (98.21%) were located on cliffs and rocks and only 2 (1.79%) ｨC on metal electric poles (fig. 8, 9). Analyzing the nest locations on cliffs (n=110) we have revealed that nest built in the upper part of a cliff predominated ｨC 70.0%. Alternative nest location is in the middle part of a cliff ｨC 23.64%, and the least number of nests (6.36%) was located in the bottom part (fig. 10). At the nesting on open ledges, the wall behind the nest always dominates, but its height may be only 1ｨC1.5 ｨｬ. Generally cliff-nesting eagles (n=110) built their nests in niches ｨC 71.82% (fig. 11). Also birds place their nests on open ledges (18.18%), ledges protected by overhangs (7.27%), and very seldom on a bush growing on the open ledge (2.73%). The height of nest placed on cliffs depends on a height of cliff-faces, which are used as a nesting site, and ranges from 2 to 120 m above the bottom of a cliff. Generally eagles prefer to nest at a height lower than 50 m, and about a half of surveyed pairs (52.73%) were recorded to nest at a height ranging between 10 and 30 m (fig. 12). The average height of nest location is 23.74 ﾀ20.52 m (n=110; E x =5.49, median=20; mode=20 m). As a rule, the Golden Eagle ｯs nests are rather large constructions made from branches and twigs of saxaul, tamairisk and caragana, however we found rather small nests: in the Mangyshlak peninsula the sizes of nests varied very much ｨC from 1ｨC1.5 at height on the open ledges to almost complete absence of nest construction on niches (only several twigs symbolized such nest). In the Aral-Caspian region Golden Eagles
1398 030208ｨｪｨ ｨｰ0402 01ｨｨｨｴｨｪｨｨｨｺｨｨ ｨｨ ｨｨ01 060108ｨ ｨｪｨ 2011, 22 0604ｨｮ ﾂ02ｨｪｨｨ02 070208ｨｪｨ ｨｰ0401 01ｨｨｨｴｨｪｨｨｨｺ0609 09ｨｨ01ｨ : ｨ 0208ｨｺｨｮｨｰ (Aquila chrysaetos), ｨｬ0600ｨｨ05ｨｹｨｪｨｨｨｺ (Aquila heliaca) ｨｨ 09ｨｰ0207ｨｪ06ｨｦ 06080005 (Aquila nipalensis), 0708ｨｨ ﾂ00ｨｬ, 010507 ｨｬ0600ｨｨ05ｨｹｨｪｨｨｨｺｨ ｨｨ 09ｨｰ0207ｨｪ060006 060805ｨ 0603ｨｪｨ 07 0008ｨ ｨｪｨｨ02ｨ 00ｨｪ0204010609060006 ｨ 0802ｨ 05ｨ 070806090601ｨｨ05ｨ 09ｨｹ ﾂ02080204 0902090208 0709ｨｰ0608ｨｰｨ ｨｨ ｨｪ02 04ｨ 0109ｨ ｨｰ0409ｨ 05ｨ 00ｨ ｨｪ00040305ｨ ｨｺ (0202ｨｬ02ｨｪｨｰｨｹ0209, 1951; 08060802050609, 1962). 00.05. 05ｨ 0502ｨｰｨ 0209 (1968) 09ｨｪ0009 09 0907ｨｨ0906ｨｺ 00ｨｪ02040107ｨｴｨｨ010907 09ｨｨ010609 080200ｨｨ06ｨｪｨ ｨｨ ｨ 0605ｨｹ03060006 070601060805ｨｨｨｺｨ (Aquila clanga) ｨｪｨ 0609ｨｪ0609ｨ ｨｪｨｨｨｨ 0909ｨｰ0802 ﾂ ｨｨ 0106ｨ 04 ﾂｨｨ 07ｨｰｨｨ02 ｨｪｨ 05ｨ 07ｨ 01ｨｪ06ｨｬ ﾂｨｨｨｪｨｺ02 0709ｨｰ0608ｨｰｨ. 0306040302, ｨｪｨ 0609ｨｪ0609ｨ ｨｪｨｨｨｨ 05ｨｰ06ｨｦ ｨｨｨｪ000608ｨｬｨ 02ｨｨｨｨ, 0709ｨｰ0608ｨｰ 09ｨｺ0506 ﾂ00ｨｪ 09 ｨ 0802ｨ 05 070601060805ｨｨｨｺｨ 09 08ｨ 04ｨ 0109ｨｰｨ ｨｪ02 06.06. 01ｨ 0908ｨｨ05060904ｨｬ (01ｨ 0908ｨｨ050609, 1999; Gavrilov, Gavrilov, 2005). 0201ｨｪｨ ｨｺ06 ｨｮｨｺｨ 04ｨ ｨｪｨｨ02 ｨｪｨ 00ｨｪ0204010609ｨ ｨｪｨｨ02 070601060805ｨｨｨｺｨ ｨｪｨ 0709ｨｰ0608ｨｰ02 0709050702ｨｰ0907 0709ｨｪ06 0603ｨｨｨ 06 ﾂｨｪ04ｨｬ. 06ｨｮ03ｨｺｨｨ 07ｨｰｨｨ02, 0106ｨ 04ｨｰ0401 09 40 ｨｺｨｬ 06ｨｰ 00ｨ ｨｪｨ ｨｰ04, 0607080201020500ｨｪｨｪ0401 00.05. 05ｨ 0502ｨｰｨ 020904ｨｬ ｨｺｨ ｨｺ ｨ 0605ｨｹ03ｨｨ02 070601060805ｨｨｨｺｨｨ ｨｨ 0108ｨ ｨｪｨｨ0903ｨｨ020907 09 ｨｬｨｮ040202 000107 070601 ｨｪ06ｨｬ0208ｨ ｨｬｨｨ R-79651, 79650 ｨｨ 79649, 09 80-01 0000. 070208020607080201020502ｨｪ04 03.01. 08060803ｨｮｨｪ060906ｨｦ ｨｺｨ ｨｺ 09ｨｰ0207ｨｪ0402 06080504 (08ｨ 0807ｨｺｨｨｨｪ, 090209ｨｨｨｪ, 2008). 01ｨ ｨｬｨｨ ｨｰ020808ｨｨｨｰ0608ｨｨ07 05ｨ 07ｨ 01ｨｪ060006 0709ｨｰ0608ｨｰｨ 010609ｨｰｨ ｨｰ06 ﾂｨｪ06 010608060306 06ｨ 090502010609ｨ ｨｪｨ 09 2003ｨC2006 0000. ｨｨ 070601060805ｨｨｨｺ 04010209ｨｹ 0909ｨｰ0802 ﾂ02ｨｪ 05ｨｨ03ｨｹ 0601ｨｪｨ 030104 ｨｪｨ 0708060500ｨｰ02 ｨｪｨ 01 ﾂｨｨｨｪｨｺｨ ｨｬｨｨ 040205ｨｹｨｰｨ ｨｮ 22 ｨｬｨ 07 2004 00., 09 ｨｰ06 090802ｨｬ07 ｨｺｨ ｨｺ 09ｨｰ0207ｨｪ06ｨｦ 06080005 0106ｨｰｨｹ ｨｨ 080201ｨｺ06, ｨｪ06 090900 0302 00ｨｪ020401ｨｨｨｰ0907 ｨｪｨ ﾂｨｨｨｪｨｺｨ 01 0706 090902ｨｬｨｮ 05ｨ 07ｨ 01ｨｪ06ｨｬｨｮ 0709ｨｰ0608ｨｰｨｮ ｨｨ 09 ｨ 0605ｨｹ0306ｨｬ ｨｺ0605ｨｨ ﾂ0209ｨｰ0902 ｨｬｨｨ0008ｨｨ08ｨｮ02ｨｰ ﾂ02080204 0705ｨ ｨｰ06 (090209ｨｨｨｪ, 08ｨ 0807ｨｺｨｨｨｪ, 2005). 050502010609ｨ ｨｰ0205ｨｹｨｪ06, 09 ｨｪｨ 09ｨｰ0607ｨｴ0202 090802ｨｬ07 ｨｬ0603ｨｪ06 0006090608ｨｨｨｰｨｹ 06 010609ｨｰ06090208ｨｪ06ｨｬ 00ｨｪ0204010609ｨ ｨｪｨｨｨｨ 09 0808ｨ 0506-08ｨ 0907ｨｨｨｦ09ｨｺ06ｨｬ 080200ｨｨ06ｨｪ02 ｨｰ0605ｨｹｨｺ06 ｨｰ080001 09ｨｨ010609 0608050609 ｨC ｨ 0208ｨｺｨｮｨｰｨ, ｨｬ0600ｨｨ05ｨｹｨｪｨｨｨｺｨ ｨｨ 09ｨｰ0207ｨｪ060006. 090208ｨｺｨｮｨｰ (Aquila chrysaetos) 04ｨ 0907080609ｨｰ08ｨ ｨｪ02ｨｪｨｨ02 ｨｨ ﾂｨｨ090502ｨｪｨｪ0609ｨｰｨｹ 00 0808ｨ 0506-08ｨ 0907ｨｨｨｦ09ｨｺ06ｨｬ 080200ｨｨ06ｨｪ02 ｨ 0208ｨｺｨｮｨｰ 08ｨ 0907080609ｨｰ08ｨ ｨｪ00ｨｪ 05ｨｨ03ｨｹ ｨｪｨ ｨｰ020808ｨｨｨｰ0608ｨｨ0701 09 010609ｨｰｨ ｨｰ06 ﾂｨｪ06 09ｨｨ05ｨｹｨｪ06 070208020902 ﾂ00ｨｪｨｪ04ｨｬ 080205ｨｹ020006ｨｬ, 070802ｨｨｨｬｨｮｨｴ0209ｨｰ0902ｨｪｨｪ06 09 0308ｨｨｨｺｨ 0907ｨｨｨｨ ｨC 00060804 00ｨ ｨｪ00ｨｨ09ｨｰｨ ｨｮ ｨｪｨ 00ｨ ｨｪ00040305ｨ ｨｺ02 ｨｨ ﾂｨｨｨｪｨｺｨｨ 0705ｨ ｨｰ06. 00 0308ｨｨｨ 08ｨ 05ｨｹ02, ｨｪ0209ｨｬ06ｨｰ0807 ｨｪｨ 080701 05ｨｺ09070201ｨｨ02ｨｨｨｦ, ｨ 0208ｨｺｨｮｨｰ ｨｪｨ 00ｨｪ0204010609ｨ ｨｪｨｨｨｨ ｨｪｨ ｨｬｨｨ ｨｪ02 06ｨ ｨｪｨ 08ｨｮ0302ｨｪ ｨｪｨｨ ｨｪｨ ﾂｨｨｨｪｨｺｨ 01 0902090208ｨｪ0202 0808ｨ 05ｨｹ09ｨｺ060006 ｨｬ060807, ｨｪｨｨ ｨｪｨ ﾂｨｨｨｪｨｺｨ 01 0705ｨ ｨｰ06 0709ｨｰ0608ｨｰ 09010605ｨｹ 090209020806-04ｨ 07ｨ 01ｨｪ060006 0706ｨ 02080203ｨｹ07 0808ｨ 05ｨｹ09ｨｺ060006 ｨｬ060807. 0906ｨｰ07 ｨ 0208ｨｺｨｮｨｰ 00ｨｪ020401ｨｨｨｰ0907 ｨｪｨ 0705ｨ ｨｰ06 01ｨ 000408ｨ ｨｦ, 08ｨ 09070605060302ｨｪｨｪ06ｨｬ 0909020006 05ｨｨ03ｨｹ 09 100 ｨｺｨｬ 04ｨ 07ｨ 01ｨｪ0202 (03ｨ 0302ｨｪｨｺ0609, 080608030209, 2006). 01ｨ 0808ｨ 05ｨｹ09ｨｺ06ｨｬ ﾂｨｨｨｪｨｺ02 0705ｨ ｨｰ06 0709ｨｰ0608ｨｰ 00ｨｪ0204010609ｨ ｨｪｨｨ02 ｨ 0208ｨｺｨｮｨｰｨ ｨ 040506 ｨｨ04090209ｨｰｨｪ06 09 0704ｨ 02ｨｺｨｨ09ｨｰｨ ｨｪ02 09 ｨｪｨ ﾂｨ 0502 0909 09ｨｰ060502ｨｰｨｨ07 (000605 ﾂｨ ｨｪ0609, 1912; 05ｨ 08ｨｮ01ｨｪ04ｨｦ, 1916), 0601ｨｪｨ ｨｺ06 0906090802ｨｬ02ｨｪｨｪ0402 01ｨ ｨｪｨｪ0402 09 05ｨｰ06ｨｦ ｨｰ020808ｨｨｨｰ0608ｨｨｨｨ 0706 0708ｨｨ09ｨｮｨｰ09ｨｰ09ｨｨ06 09ｨｨ01ｨ 06ｨｰ09ｨｮｨｰ09ｨｰ09ｨｮ06ｨｰ (00ｨｨｨｰ0806070605ｨｹ09ｨｺｨｨｨｦ ｨｨ 0108., 1987; 2009). 0602ｨｬ ｨｪ02 ｨｬ02ｨｪ0202, 00ｨｪ0204010609ｨ ｨｪｨｨ02 start to breed in January, this period is characterized by active courtship display. Dates of it are very protracted due to asynchronic breeding of different pairs, that is a common feature for a desert population of eagles. The egg laying is spread across the period since 15 January in the south part of the region (Kinderli-Kayasan plateau, Mangyshlak) and 1ｨC5 February ｨC in the north (Northern Usyurt, Shagyray). Clutches are recorded in March up to late April in the south part of the region and up to late May ｨC in the north. The latest clutch, consisting of only fresh egg was seen on the north cliff-faces of the Usturt plateau on 5 May, 2006. Such large difference in dates of egg laying depends on spring and local food conditions in the breeding territories. Taking into account that the main part of the Aral-Caspian population is located in the Mangyshlak peninsula, South Usturt and Kinderli-Kayasan plateaus, in the Aral-Caspian region the most egg laying seems to be in the period between 26 January and 14 February. Eggs of first clutches are being hatched in the south of the region since the beginning of Mart (1ｨC3 March), in the north ｨC in late March (21ｨC23 March). The most hatching is recorded at the period between 12 and 30 March. The fledging period may be spread up to the beginning of August, in the north ｨC up to 20 August. In 2004, we surveyed the earliest fledglings in Mangyshlak on 5 May and in the northern cliff-faces of Usturt ｨC on 25 May. The end of the fledging period in the main part of population in Mangyshlak, Souther Usturt and Kinderli-Kayasan plateau is recorded in dates 16 May ｨC 3 June. About 50% broods fledge in late May. Nestlings in latter broods fledge in June ｨC August, until late August. But so latest dates are seldom. Depending on weather conditions dates of breeding may be different across the years, and the egg laying may start earlier for 2 week or later for 2ｨC3 weeks comparing with the average dates (3ｨC5 February). We surveyed 112 active nests in 2003ｨC 2007 (including nests visited repeatedly the next year): lost clutches or broods were recorded in 6 nests (5.36%), 21 nests (18.75%) were repaired and occupied, but the breeding was not recorded at the moment of survey and 85 nests (75.89%) contained living clutches and broods, 64 of them were visited to determine the clutch and brood size. A total 8 nests with clutches were surveyed (4 nests with living clutches and 4 ｨC
13Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2011, 22 99 06ｨｰ010205ｨｹｨｪ0401 07ｨ 08 09070605ｨｪ02 090604ｨｬ0603ｨｪ06 ｨｪｨ ｨｺｨ 04ｨ 0109ｨｺ06ｨｦ ﾂｨ 09ｨｰｨｨ ﾂｨｨｨｪｨｺｨ, 000102 09 2005 00., ｨ 05ｨｨ04 0008ｨ ｨｪｨｨ0204 09 0704ｨ 02ｨｺｨｨ09ｨｰｨ ｨｪ06ｨｬ, ｨｪｨ ｨ 050601ｨ 05ｨ 09ｨｹ 07ｨ 08ｨ 07ｨｰｨｨ02 (08.00. 000603ｨｺｨｨｨｪ, 05ｨｨ ﾂｨｪ0602 090606ｨ ｨｴ02ｨｪｨｨ02). 01ｨｪ0204010609ｨ ｨｪｨｨ02 ｨ 0208ｨｺｨｮｨｰｨ ｨｪｨ 06ｨ 03ｨｨ08ｨｪ0401 08ｨ 09ｨｪｨｨｨｪｨ 01 0705ｨ ｨｰ06 0709ｨｰ0608ｨｰ 010609ｨｰｨ ｨｰ06 ﾂｨｪ06 0905ｨｮ ﾂｨ ｨｦｨｪ06. 04ｨ ｨｪ0202 ｨ 040506 ｨｮ09ｨｰｨ ｨｪ06090502ｨｪ06 00ｨｪ0204010609ｨ ｨｪｨｨ02 ｨ 05ｨｨ04 ｨｺ0605060102ｨ 07 ﾂｨｺｨｮ01ｨｮｨｺ (080609ｨｰｨｨｨｪ, 1956). 00 ｨｪｨ 09ｨｰ0607ｨｴ0202 090802ｨｬ07 ｨｪｨ 0709ｨｰ0608ｨｰ02 07ｨ 0804 ｨ 0208ｨｺｨｮｨｰ0609 00ｨｪ02040107ｨｰ0907 ｨｪｨ 06070608ｨ 01 09040906ｨｺ06090605ｨｹｨｰｨｪ0401 05ｨｨｨｪｨｨｨｦ 050502ｨｺｨｰ08060702080201ｨ ﾂｨｨ (090603), 0601ｨｪｨ ｨｺ06 09060902080302ｨｪｨｪ06 ｨｪ0208ｨ 09ｨｪ06ｨｬ0208ｨｪ06 (08ｨ 0807ｨｺｨｨｨｪ ｨｨ 0108., 2004). 000604ｨｬ0603ｨｪ06, 00ｨｪ0204010609ｨ ｨｪｨｨ02 ｨ 0208ｨｺｨｮｨｰｨ ｨｪｨ 06070608ｨ 01 090603 ｨC ｨｪ06090602 010507 0709ｨｰ0608ｨｰｨ 07090502ｨｪｨｨ02 ｨｨ 0708ｨｨ09ｨｪ020902ｨｪ06 07ｨｰｨｨ02ｨ ｨｬｨｨ 09 ｨ 06050202 090609ｨｰ06 ﾂｨｪ0401 080200ｨｨ06ｨｪ0609. 00 ﾂｨ 09ｨｰｨｪ0609ｨｰｨｨ, 09 0804040405ｨｺｨｮｨｬｨ 01 00ｨｪ0204010609ｨ ｨｪｨｨ02 ｨ 0208ｨｺｨｮｨｰｨ ｨｪｨ 06070608ｨ 01 090603 09ｨｰｨ 0506 06ｨ 04 ﾂｨｪ04ｨｬ 07090502ｨｪｨｨ02ｨｬ ｨｮ0302 09 ｨｺ06ｨｪ0202 70-01 ｨC ｨｪｨ ﾂｨ 0502 80-01 0000. 0909 09ｨｰ060502ｨｰｨｨ07 (09ｨ ｨｪ060902ｨｪｨｺ06, 08ｨ 01ｨｮ05ｨｪｨ 04ｨ 080609, 1983). 0502090208ｨｪ0202 0705ｨ ｨｰ06 01ｨ 000408ｨ ｨｦ 00ｨｪ0204010609ｨ ｨｪｨｨ02 ｨｮ09ｨｰｨ ｨｪ06090502ｨｪ06 09 00ｨｮ00060103ｨ 08ｨ 01 (08ｨ 0807ｨｺｨｨｨｪ ｨｨ 0108., 2007), 09 0706ｨｦｨｬ02ｨｪｨｪ0401 050209ｨ 01 ｨｬ0205ｨｺ0609060706 ﾂｨｪｨｨｨｺ0609 ｨ ｨ 090902ｨｦｨｪｨ 0208ｨｨ ｨｨ 0708ｨ 05ｨ, 0601ｨｪｨ ｨｺ06 09070506ｨｰｨｹ 0106 01ｨｮｨ 020805ｨｨｨｪ09ｨｺ060006 ｨｬ0205ｨｺ0609060706 ﾂｨｪｨｨｨｺｨ ｨ 0208ｨｺｨｮｨｰ 00ｨｪ020401ｨｨｨｰ0907 06ｨｰ010205ｨｹｨｪ04ｨｬｨｨ 07ｨ 08ｨ ｨｬｨｨ, ｨｮ01ｨ 0500ｨｪｨｪ04ｨｬｨｨ 0108ｨｮ00 06ｨｰ 0108ｨｮ00ｨ ｨｪｨ ｨ 0605ｨｹ03ｨｨ02 08ｨ 0909ｨｰ0607ｨｪｨｨ07 ｨｨ 09 02020506ｨｬ 09 09ｨｰ0207ｨｪ06ｨｦ 0406ｨｪ02 020006 08ｨ 04ｨｬｨｪ060302ｨｪｨｨ02 ｨｪ0609ｨｨｨｰ 0905ｨｮ ﾂｨ ｨｦｨｪ04ｨｦ 01ｨ 08ｨ ｨｺｨｰ0208. 05ｨ 070208ｨｨ0601 ｨｨ09090502010609ｨ ｨｪｨｨｨｦ 09 0808ｨ 0506-08ｨ 0907ｨｨｨｦ09ｨｺ06ｨｬ 080200ｨｨ06ｨｪ02 ｨ 09ｨｰ0608ｨ ｨｬｨｨ 0909ｨｰ0802 ﾂ02ｨｪ06 187 ｨ 0208ｨｺｨｮｨｰ0609 09ｨｰｨ 080302 2-01 0502ｨｰ ｨｪｨ 123 ｨｰ020808ｨｨｨｰ0608ｨｨ0701, 090407090502ｨｪ06 115 00ｨｪ02040106090401 ｨｮ ﾂｨ 09ｨｰｨｺ0609 (105 ｨC ｨｪｨ 070506ｨｴｨ 01ｨｺｨ 01, 09 ｨｰ06ｨｬ ﾂｨｨ090502 100 ｨC ｨｪｨ ﾂｨｨｨｪｨｺｨ 01), ｨｪｨ 100 00ｨｪ02040106090401 ｨｮ ﾂｨ 09ｨｰｨｺｨ 01 06ｨ ｨｪｨ 08ｨｮ0302ｨｪ04 00ｨｪ000401ｨ 0608050609 (186 00ｨｪ000401, 09 ｨｮ ﾂ00ｨｰ06ｨｬ 09ｨｰｨ 080401, 04ｨ ｨｪｨｨｨｬｨ 0903ｨｨ010907 08ｨ ｨｪ0202) (08ｨｨ09. 3). 01ｨ 10 00ｨｪ02040106090401 ｨｮ ﾂｨ 09ｨｰｨｺｨ 01 0909ｨｰ0802 ﾂ02ｨｪ04 07ｨ 0804 04ｨｨ09. 3. 01ｨｪ02040106090402 ｨｮ ﾂｨ 09ｨｰｨｺｨｨ ｨ 0208ｨｺｨｮｨｰ0609 (Aquila chrysaetos). Fig. 3. Breeding territories of the Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos). 090208ｨｺｨｮｨｰ (Aquila chrysaetos). 0806ｨｰ06 06. 08ｨ 0807ｨｺｨｨｨｪｨ. Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos). Photo by I. Karyakin. with lost ones), the average clutch size was 1.75 ﾀ0.71 eggs (range 1ｨC3). Unfortunately these data are not valid for the region because the most found clutches were late. A total of 56 nests contained broods (54 living and 2 lost); the average brood size was 1.86 ﾀ0.48 nestlings (range 1ｨC3). We found the third unfertilized egg in four nests with broods comprised of 2 nestlings and the second unfertilized egg in 5 nests with broods consisted of only nestling. Considering those data we can project the average size of early clutches as 2.02 ﾀ0.49 eggs. Almost all the living broods (n=54) consisted of 2 eggs (75.93%) (fig. 13). All the broods comprised of 3 fledglings were observed for 7ｨC12 days before they flying out the nest, then we can assume the breeding to be successful. We have observed no cases of cannibalism in the Golden Eagle broods and not recorded nestlings died through starvation. The lost broods seemed to be a result of death of an adult in the pair. Unfortunately we have no sufficient data on the breeding success and can estimate it on the base of the ratio of successful and empty nests during the period of 2 weeks before the fledglings flying out the nest. Depending on food and spring conditions up to 90% pairs can not breed in some regions, that were observed in the Norther Usturt in 2003 00 and in the Souther Usturt in 2006. However throughout the region more than 50% pairs were noted to breed. And the main reason of the Golden Eagle non-breeding is the decrease in numbers of the Great Gerbil (Rhombomys opimus)
13100 030208ｨｪｨ ｨｰ0402 01ｨｨｨｴｨｪｨｨｨｺｨｨ ｨｨ ｨｨ01 060108ｨ ｨｪｨ 2011, 22 0604ｨｮ ﾂ02ｨｪｨｨ02 070208ｨｪｨ ｨｰ0401 01ｨｨｨｴｨｪｨｨｨｺ0609 04ｨｨ09. 4. 0806080802050702ｨｨ07 090407090502ｨｪｨｪ0401 00ｨｪ02040106090401 ｨｮ ﾂｨ 09ｨｰｨｺ0609 ｨ 0208ｨｺｨｮｨｰ0609 09 070806ｨｰ070300ｨｪｨｪ0609ｨｰｨｹ06 ｨｬｨ 080308ｨｮｨｰ0609 09 08ｨ 04ｨｪ0401 ｨｰｨｨ07ｨ 01 00ｨｪ02040106090401 ｨ ｨｨ06ｨｰ06070609. Fig. 4. Correlation between known breeding territories of the Golden Eagle and lengths of routes across breeding habitats. 07ｨｰｨｨ02, ｨｪｨ 3-01 ｨC 0601ｨｨｨｪ06 ﾂｨｪ0402 0904080609050402 07ｨｰｨｨ0204 (09 0109ｨｮ01 0905ｨｮ ﾂｨ 0701 ｨｰ06ｨｺ0609ｨ 0903ｨｨｨｦ 09ｨ ｨｬ0202 ｨｨ ｨｪｨ 0601ｨｪ06ｨｬ ｨｮ ﾂｨ 09ｨｰｨｺ02 ｨC ｨ 02090706ｨｺ06ｨｨ0903ｨ 070907 09ｨ ｨｬｨｺｨ ) ｨｨ ｨｪｨ 0601ｨｪ06ｨｬ ｨｮ ﾂｨ 09ｨｰｨｺ02 ｨｪｨ ｨ 050601ｨ 050907 0705060106 0502ｨｰｨ 06ｨｴｨｨｨｦ 090500ｨｰ06ｨｺ (00ｨｪ02040106 09 05ｨｰ06ｨｬ ｨｬ0209ｨｰ02 ｨｪ02 ｨｨ09ｨｺｨ 05ｨｨ ｨｨ04-04ｨ 05ｨｨｨｬｨｨｨｰｨ 090802ｨｬ02ｨｪｨｨ). 06ｨ ｨｺｨｨｨｬ 06ｨ 08ｨ 0406ｨｬ, 00ｨｪ0204010609ｨ ｨｪｨｨ02 ｨ 0208ｨｺｨｮｨｰｨ 070601ｨｰ090208030102ｨｪ06 0708ｨｨ 0909ｨｰ0802 ﾂｨ 01 09 07ｨｰｨｨ02ｨ ｨｬｨｨ (n=123) 09 82,11% 0905ｨｮ ﾂｨ 0209. 080605ｨｨ ﾂ0209ｨｰ0906 090407090502ｨｪｨｪ0401 00ｨｪ02040106090401 ｨｮ ﾂｨ 09ｨｰｨｺ0609 ｨ 0208ｨｺｨｮｨｰ0609 010609ｨｰｨ ｨｰ06 ﾂｨｪ06 ﾂ00ｨｰｨｺ06 ｨｺ0608080205ｨｨ08ｨｮ02ｨｰ 0906 09ｨｰ020702ｨｪｨｹ06 06ｨ 090502010609ｨ ｨｪｨｪ0609ｨｰｨｨ 00ｨｪ02040106090401 ｨ ｨｨ06ｨｰ06070609 (r=0,92, p<0,08). 08ｨｪｨ 05ｨｨ04 00ｨｪ000401 ｨ 0208ｨｺｨｮｨｰｨ 09 08ｨ 04ｨｪ0401 ｨｰｨｨ07ｨ 01 00ｨｪ02040106090401 ｨ ｨｨ06ｨｰ06070609 0706ｨｺｨ 040409ｨ 02ｨｰ 010609ｨｰｨ ｨｰ06 ﾂｨｪ06 08ｨ 09ｨｪ06ｨｬ0208ｨｪｨｮ06 ｨｺｨ 08ｨｰｨｨｨｪｨｮ 0909ｨｰ0802 ﾂ ｨｪｨ 09090201 ｨｰｨｨ07ｨ 01 ﾂｨｨｨｪｨｺ0609, 04ｨ ｨｨ09ｨｺ0506 ﾂ02ｨｪｨｨ02ｨｬ 0005ｨｨｨｪ07ｨｪ0401 (08ｨｨ09. 4). 05090704ｨ ｨｪ06 05ｨｰ06, 09 07020809ｨｮ06 06 ﾂ02080201ｨｹ, 09 ｨｰ02ｨｬ, ﾂｨｰ06 ｨｪｨ 0005ｨｨｨｪ07ｨｪ0401 ﾂｨｨｨｪｨｺｨ 01 ｨｬ02ｨｪｨｹ0302 06ｨｰ090209ｨｪ0401 09ｨｰ02ｨｪ, 0708ｨｨ000601ｨｪ0401 010507 ｨｮ09ｨｰ0806ｨｦ09ｨｰ09ｨ ｨ 0208ｨｺｨｮｨｰｨ ｨｬｨｨ 00ｨｪ000401. 07 ﾂ00ｨｰ ｨ 0208ｨｺｨｮｨｰ0609 0706ｨｺｨ 04ｨ 05, ﾂｨｰ06 ｨｪｨ 08ｨ 04ｨｪ0401 ｨｰｨｨ07ｨ 01 ﾂｨｨｨｪｨｺ0609 ｨｨ01 070506ｨｰｨｪ0609ｨｰｨｹ 09ｨ 08ｨｹｨｨ08ｨｮ02ｨｰ 06ｨｰ 1,90 0106 6,94 07ｨ 08/100 ｨｺｨｬ, 090609ｨｰｨ 09050707 09 09080201ｨｪ02ｨｬ 0706 080200ｨｨ06ｨｪｨｮ 6,0 07ｨ 08/100 ｨｺｨｬ 06ｨ 0804090609. 00ｨ ｨｺ09ｨｨｨｬｨ 05ｨｹｨｪ0402 0706ｨｺｨ 04ｨ ｨｰ0205ｨｨ 070506ｨｰｨｪ0609ｨｰｨｨ 01ｨ 08ｨ ｨｺｨｰ0208ｨｪ04 010507 ｨｬ020506090401 06ｨ 0804090609 00ｨ ｨｪ00040305ｨ ｨｺｨ ｨC 3,41ｨC11,80, 09 09080201ｨｪ02ｨｬ 6,94 07ｨ 08/100 ｨｺｨｬ 06ｨ 0804090609 ｨｨ 08ｨｨｨｪ01020805ｨｨ-08ｨ 0709ｨ ｨｪ09ｨｺ060006 0705ｨ ｨｰ06 ｨC 1,44ｨC13,93, 09 09080201ｨｪ02ｨｬ 6,76 07ｨ 08/100 ｨｺｨｬ 06ｨ 0804090609 (ｨｰｨ ｨ 05. 1). 00040906ｨｺｨ 07 070506ｨｰｨｪ0609ｨｰｨｹ ｨｪｨ 0506ｨｺｨ 05ｨｹｨｪ0401 ｨｮ ﾂｨ 09ｨｰｨｺｨ 01 09090704ｨ ｨｪｨ ｨｪｨ 070807ｨｬｨｮ06 09 09040906ｨｺ06ｨｦ 09ｨｰ020702ｨｪｨｹ06 00ｨｪ020401060708ｨｨ000601ｨｪ0609ｨｰｨｨ ｨｰ020808ｨｨｨｰ0608ｨｨｨｨ ｨC ｨｬｨ 0909ｨ 09040906ｨｺｨｨ01 06ｨｰ090209ｨｪ0401 09ｨｰ02ｨｪ 09 ｨ 0605ｨｹ03ｨｨｨｬ ｨｺ0605ｨｨ ﾂ0209ｨｰ0906ｨｬ ｨｪｨｨ03 ｨｨ 07060506ｨｺ, ｨｮ0106ｨ ｨｪ0401 010507 ｨｮ09ｨｰ0806ｨｦ09ｨｰ09ｨ 060805ｨ ｨｬｨｨ 00ｨｪ000401. 01ｨ 0705ｨ ｨｰ06 0709ｨｰ0608ｨｰ ｨｪｨ ｨｪ0209ｨｺ0605ｨｹｨｺｨｨ01 070506ｨｴｨ 01ｨｺｨ 01 ｨ 0208ｨｺｨｮｨｰ ｨｪ02 06ｨ ｨｪｨ 08ｨｮ0302ｨｪ (09 0609ｨｪ0609ｨｪ06ｨｬ ｨｰｨ ｨｬ, 000102 06ｨｰ09ｨｮｨｰ09ｨｰ090609ｨ 05ｨｨ 07060101060107ｨｴｨｨ02 06ｨ 08040904). 06ｨ ｨｬ 0302, 000102 06ｨｪ ｨ 0405 ｨｪｨ ｨｦ0102ｨｪ ｨｪｨ 00ｨｪ0204010609ｨ ｨｪｨｨｨｨ, 070506ｨｰｨｪ0609ｨｰｨｹ 09ｨ 08ｨｹｨｨ080609ｨ 05ｨ 06ｨｰ 2,34 0106 9,14, 090609ｨｰｨ 09050707 09 09080201ｨｪ02ｨｬ 6,05 07ｨ 08/100 ｨｺｨｬ 06ｨ 0804090609 ｨｨ05ｨｨ 6,65 07ｨ 08/100 ｨｺｨｬ 06ｨ 0804090609 ｨ 0204 ｨｮ ﾂ00ｨｰｨ ｨｰ020808ｨｨｨｰ0608ｨｨｨｦ, ｨｪｨ ｨｺ06ｨｰ06080401 ｨ 0208ｨｺｨｮｨｰ ｨｪ02 ｨｪｨ ｨｦ0102ｨｪ ｨｪｨ 00ｨｪ0204010609ｨ ｨｪｨｨｨｨ. 030609050201ｨｪｨｨｨｦ 0706ｨｺｨ 04ｨ ｨｰ0205ｨｹ 0708ｨｨｨ 05ｨｨ03ｨ 02ｨｰ0907 ｨｺ ｨｰｨ ｨｺ060906ｨｬｨｮ ｨｪｨ 00ｨ ｨｪ00040305ｨ ｨｺ02 ｨｨ and Yellow Souslik (Spermophilus fulvus) in those regions, where the Russian Tortoise (Testudo (Agrionemys) horsfieldii) and Chukar Partridge (Alectoris chukar) are absent or their numbers are little, however insignificant part of the population breeds in those regions. Diet The analysis of remains of prey species in the Golden Eagle nests in the region (n=478 in 32 nests) has shown the Russian Tortoise (41.21%) predominating. It is connected with the fact that the tortoise shells remain in and under the nest for a long time unlike the remains of small mammals. However the analysis of remains and pellets collected in 12 nests have shown another results ｨC see table 4 and fig. 14. In this case (n=420) the Russian Tortoise also predominates (27.38%), but another significant prey species in the diet is the Great Gerbil (22.38%), bones of which are numerous in pellets, but its carcasses are infrequent in the nests. Another alternative prey species are the Yellow Souslik (16.9%), Chukar Partridge (12.4%), East-Four-lined Ratsnake (5.48%) (Elaphe sauromates) and Tolai Hare (3.33%) (Lepus tolai) Thus, the Golden Eagle diet in the Aral- Caspian region consists primarily of the Russian Tortoise, East-Four-lined Ratsnake, Chukar Partridge, Yellow Souslik, Great Gerbil and partly Hares. Tortoise, Great Gerbil, Yellow Souslik and Chukar Partridge are the main prey species, and East-Four-lined Ratsnake and Tolai Hare may be recognized as alternative prey. The diets of eagles in the north and south parts of the region have some differences (fig. 15). In the Northern Usturt (n=102) tortoises are not recorded in the diet, which consists of the Yellow Souslik (48.04%) and Ratsnakes (21.57%) ｨC mainly the East-Fourlined Ratsnake ｨC 14.71%. In the south of the Aral-Caspian region (Mangyshlak, Southern Usturt, Kinderli-Kayasan plateau) (n=318) the dist consists of tortoises (36.16%) together with the Great Gerbil (29.56%) and Chukar Partridge (15.41%), while the portions of the Yellow Souslik and Ratsnakes are insignificant, however are recorded almost in all surveyed nests. The Mangistau mountains Western and Eastern Karatau) is the unique territory, where the Chukar Partridge dominates in the diet of eagles ｨC up to 53.57% (n=28). The diet depends also on the season. The Great Gerbil and Chukar Partridge seem to
13Raptor Research Raptors Conservation 2011, 22 101 06ｨ ｨ 05. 1. ﾁｨｨ090502ｨｪｨｪ0609ｨｰｨｹ ｨｨ 070506ｨｰｨｪ0609ｨｰｨｹ ｨ 0208ｨｺｨｮｨｰｨ (Aquila chrysaetos) ｨｪｨ 06ｨ 080409ｨ 01 ｨｮ ﾂ00ｨｰｨｪ0401 070506ｨｴｨ 0106ｨｺ. 01ｨｮｨｬ0208ｨ 02ｨｨ07 070506ｨｴｨ 0106ｨｺ 090606ｨｰ0902ｨｰ09ｨｰ09ｨｮ02ｨｰ ｨｪｨｮｨｬ0208ｨ 02ｨｨｨｨ ｨｪｨ 08ｨｨ09. 2. Table 1. Number and density of the Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) on cliff-faces on the plots. Numbers of plots are similar to ones in the fig. 2. ﾁｨｨｨｪｨｺｨｨ Cliffs 00020506090402 06ｨ 08040904 08ｨｺｨｰｨ ｨｮ Chalky cliffs of the Aktau range 0703ｨｪ04ｨｦ 08ｨｺｨｰｨ ｨｮ ｨｨ 060908ｨ 00 08ｨｴ04ｨ ｨ 09 Southern Aktau and Aschybas ravine 00020506090402 06ｨ 08040904 08ｨｺｨｰｨ ｨｮ Chalky cliffs of the Aktau range 030506ｨｴｨ 01ｨｺｨｨ Plots 030806ｨｰ070300ｨｪｨｪ0609ｨｰｨｹ 06ｨ 0804090609 (ｨｺｨｬ) Length of cliffs (km) 010601 / Year 01ｨｪ02040106090402 ｨｮ ﾂｨ 09ｨｰｨｺｨｨ Breeding territories 030506ｨｰｨｪ0609ｨｰｨｹ (07ｨ 08/100 ｨｺｨｬ 06ｨ 0804090609) Density (pairs/100 km cliffs) 4 71.9 2003 7 9.74 5 34.7 2003 4 11.53 20 29.3 2004 1 3.41 2, 23 93.2 2004 11 11.80 1, 24 289.7 2004 13 4.49 03-0609 00ｨ ｨｪ00040305ｨ ｨｺ / Mangyshlak Peninsula 518.8 2003ｨC2004 36 6.94 0703ｨｪ04ｨｦ (ｨｬ0205060906ｨｦ) ﾂｨｨｨｪｨｺ 0705ｨ ｨｰ06 0709ｨｰ0608ｨｰ Southern (chalk) cliff-faces of the Usturt Plateau 6 55.6 2003 5 9.00 05ｨ 07ｨ 01ｨｪ04ｨｦ ﾂｨｨｨｪｨｺ 0705ｨ ｨｰ06 0709ｨｰ0608ｨｰ Western cliff-faces of the Usturt Plateau 0502090208ｨｪ04ｨｦ ﾂｨｨｨｪｨｺ 0705ｨ ｨｰ06 0709ｨｰ0608ｨｰ Northern cliff-faces of the Usturt Plateau 7 80.5 2003 4 4.97 8, 22 142.8 2004 8 5.60 10 34.5 2003 2 5.80 11 24.6 2003 0 0 9, 21 120.4 2004 11 9.14 31 64.9 2006 5 7.71 32 9.2 2006 0 0 33 42.7 2006 1 2.34 34 20.3 2006 0 0 0305ｨ ｨｰ06 0709ｨｰ0608ｨｰ / Usturt Plateau 595.3 2003ｨC2006 36 6.05 08060502ｨｪｨｺ0205ｨｨ ｨｨ 040205ｨｹｨｰｨ ｨｮ Kolenceli and Zheltau Cliffs 25 95.8 2004 2 2.09 ﾁｨｨｨｪｨｺ 0705ｨ ｨｰ06 01ｨ 000408ｨ ｨｦ Cliff-faces of the Shagyray Plateau 27 53.9 2004 1 1.86 35 51.5 2006 1 1.94 0305ｨ ｨｰ06 01ｨ 000408ｨ ｨｦ / Shagyray Plateau 105.4 2004ｨC2006 2 1.90 0007ｨ 01ｨｨｨｪｨ 08ｨ 08ｨ 00ｨｨ02 / Karagie Depression 13 67.1 2004 4 5.96 08ｨ 0907ｨｨｨｦ09ｨｺｨｨｨｦ ﾂｨｨｨｪｨｺ 08ｨｨｨｪ01020805ｨｨ-08ｨ 0709ｨ ｨｪ09ｨｺ060006 0705ｨ ｨｰ06 14 69.4 2004 1 1.44 Caspian seaside cliff-faces of the Kinderli-Kayasanskoe Plateau 0007ｨ 01ｨｨｨｪｨ 08ｨ ｨｮｨｪ0104 / Kaundy Depression 15 34.9 2004 4 11.45 050209020806-090609ｨｰ06 ﾂｨｪ04ｨｦ ﾂｨｨｨｪｨｺ 08ｨｨｨｪ01020805ｨｨ-08ｨ 0709ｨ ｨｪ09ｨｺ060006 0705ｨ ｨｰ06 (ｨｮ09ｨｰｨｮ0704 08ｨｮ05ｨ ｨｪ0104) Northern-eastern cliff-faces of the Kinderli-Kayasanskoe Plateau (Kulandy cliffs) 16 113.2 2004 6 5.30 17 31.2 2004 4 12.84 0007ｨ 01ｨｨｨｪｨ 04ｨ 0400ｨｮ080504 / Zhazgurly Depression 18 14.4 2004 2 13.93 0007ｨ 01ｨｨｨｪｨ 09ｨ 0900ｨｮ080504 / Basgurly Depression 19 24.9 2004 3 12.05 08ｨｨｨｪ01020805ｨｨ-08ｨ 0709ｨ ｨｪ09ｨｺ0602 0705ｨ ｨｰ06 355.1 2004 24 6.76 Kinderli-Kayasanskoe Plateau 0808ｨ 05ｨｹ09ｨｺｨｨｨｦ ﾂｨｨｨｪｨｺ 0705ｨ ｨｰ06 0709ｨｰ0608ｨｰ 12 30.3 2003 0 0 Aral cliff-face of the Usturt Plateau 02ｨ 08040904 07-0609ｨ 08ｨ 08ｨ ｨｰｨｮ07 Cliff-faces of the Karatup Peninsula 26 19.3 2004 0 0 02ｨ 08040904 0907ｨ 01ｨｨｨｪ 0502090208ｨｪ060006 0308ｨｨｨ 08ｨ 05ｨｹ07 Cliff-faces of the Northern Aral Sea Region 02ｨ 08040904 07-0609ｨ 01ｨｮｨ ｨ 08ｨｰｨ 08ｨ ｨｮ Cliff-faces of the Shubartarau Peninsula 28 10.7 2005 0 0 29 9.6 2005 0 0 30 28.7 2005 0 0 0308ｨｨｨ 08ｨ 05ｨｹ02 / Aral Sea Region 98.6 2003ｨC2005 0 0 0808ｨ 0506-08ｨ 0907ｨｨｨｦ09ｨｺｨｨｨｦ 080200ｨｨ06ｨｪ 1768.9 (1670.4*) 2003ｨC2006 100 5.65 (6.0*) Aral-Caspian Region * ｨC ｨ 0204 ｨｮ ﾂ00ｨｰｨ 0308ｨｨｨ 08ｨ 05ｨｹ07 / without Aral Sea Region
13102 030208ｨｪｨ ｨｰ0402 01ｨｨｨｴｨｪｨｨｨｺｨｨ ｨｨ ｨｨ01 060108ｨ ｨｪｨ 2011, 22 0604ｨｮ ﾂ02ｨｪｨｨ02 070208ｨｪｨ ｨｰ0401 01ｨｨｨｴｨｪｨｨｨｺ0609 06ｨ ｨ 05. 2. 04ｨ 0909ｨｰ0607ｨｪｨｨ02 ｨｬ020301ｨｮ 00ｨｪ000401ｨ ｨｬｨｨ 0906090201ｨｪｨｨ01 07ｨ 08 ｨ 0208ｨｺｨｮｨｰ0609 ｨｪｨ 070506ｨｴｨ 01ｨｺｨ 01. Table 2. Nearest-neighbor distances on study plots. 04ｨ 0909ｨｰ0607ｨｪｨｨ02 ｨｬ020301ｨｮ ｨ 05ｨｨ03ｨ ｨｦ03ｨｨｨｬｨｨ 090609020107ｨｬｨｨ (ｨｺｨｬ) M ﾀSD (lim) Nearest-neighbor ﾁｨｨｨｪｨｺｨｨ / Cliffs 030506ｨｴｨ 01ｨｺｨｨ Plots n distance (km) M ﾀSD (lim) 08ｨ 08ｨ ｨｰｨ ｨｮ / Karatau Mountains 3 3 5.84 ﾀ2.65 (3.13ｨC8.42) 00020506090402 06ｨ 08040904 08ｨｺｨｰｨ ｨｮ Chalk cliffs of the Aktau range 0703ｨｪ04ｨｦ (ｨｬ0205060906ｨｦ) ﾂｨｨｨｪｨｺ 0705ｨ ｨｰ06 0709ｨｰ0608ｨｰ Southern (chalk) cliff-faces of the Usturt Plateau 05ｨ 07ｨ 01ｨｪ04ｨｦ ﾂｨｨｨｪｨｺ 0705ｨ ｨｰ06 0709ｨｰ0608ｨｰ Western cliff-faces of the Usturt Plateau 0502090208ｨｪ04ｨｦ ﾂｨｨｨｪｨｺ 0705ｨ ｨｰ06 0709ｨｰ0608ｨｰ Northern cliff-faces of the Usturt Plateau 0007ｨ 01ｨｨｨｪｨ 08ｨ 08ｨ 00ｨｨ02 Karagie Depression 08ｨ 0907ｨｨｨｦ09ｨｺｨｨｨｦ ﾂｨｨｨｪｨｺ 08ｨｨｨｪ01020805ｨｨ- 08ｨ 0709ｨ ｨｪ09ｨｺ060006 0705ｨ ｨｰ06 Caspian seaside cliff-faces of the Kinderli-Kayasan Plateau 0007ｨ 01ｨｨｨｪｨ 08ｨ ｨｮｨｪ0104 Kaundy Depression 050209020806-090609ｨｰ06 ﾂｨｪ04ｨｦ ﾂｨｨｨｪｨｺ 08ｨｨｨｪ01020805ｨｨ-08ｨ 0709ｨ ｨｪ09ｨｺ060006 0705ｨ ｨｰ06 (ｨｮ09ｨｰｨｮ0704 08ｨｮ05ｨ ｨｪ0104) Northern-eastern cliff-faces of the Kinderli-Kayasan Plateau (Kulandy cliffs) 0007ｨ 01ｨｨｨｪｨ 04ｨ 0400ｨｮ080504 Zhazgurly Depression 0007ｨ 01ｨｨｨｪｨ 09ｨ 0900ｨｮ080504 Basgurly Depression 0808ｨ 0506-08ｨ 0907ｨｨｨｦ09ｨｺｨｨｨｦ 080200ｨｨ06ｨｪ Aral-Caspian Region 1, 24 12 6.24 ﾀ3.89 (2.93ｨC15.57) 2, 23 8 5.19 ﾀ2.95 (2.04ｨC9.86) 4 6 2.89 ﾀ1.63 (1.68ｨC6.03) 5 3 2.03 ﾀ0.45 (1.52ｨC2.35) 6 6 4.71 ﾀ2.44 (1.68ｨC7.98) 7 3 6.46 ﾀ4.99 (3.55ｨC12.22) 8, 22 8 8.40 ﾀ7.15 (1.58ｨC23.83) 10 1 7.68 9, 21 12 7.88 ﾀ4.23 (2.67ｨC16.58) 31 5 7.27 ﾀ3.69 (2.58ｨC12.09) 13 3 5.95 ﾀ2.67 (3.02ｨC8.24) 14 1 19.32 15 3 5.52 ﾀ2.60 (2.66ｨC7.72) 16 6 9.22 ﾀ4.0 (5.91ｨC15.39) 17 3 5.60 ﾀ3.44 (1.66ｨC8.02) 18 1 6.4 19 2 5.51 ﾀ0.28 (5.31ｨC5.70) 86 6.44 ﾀ4.23 (1.52ｨC23.83) 08ｨｨｨｪ01020805ｨｨ-08ｨ 0709ｨ ｨｪ09ｨｺ06ｨｬ 0705ｨ ｨｰ06, 0708ｨｨ ｨｰ06ｨｬ, ﾂｨｰ06 070506ｨｰｨｪ0609ｨｰｨｹ 08ｨ 0907080201020502ｨｪｨｨ07 ｨ 0208ｨｺｨｮｨｰｨ 0706 ﾂｨｨｨｪｨｺｨ ｨｬ ｨｪｨ 0709ｨｰ0608ｨｰ02 ｨ 06050202 08ｨ 09ｨｪ06ｨｬ0208ｨｪｨ 07. 06ｨ ｨｺ ｨｺｨ ｨｺ ｨ 0605ｨｹ03ｨｨｨｪ09ｨｰ0906 ﾂｨｨｨｪｨｺ0609 09ｨｨ05ｨｹｨｪ06 ｨｨ04080204ｨ ｨｪ04 050600ｨ ｨｬｨｨ, ｨｰ06 070806ｨｰ070300ｨｪｨｪ0609ｨｰｨｹ 06ｨ 0804090609 09 070802010205ｨ 01 00ｨｪ0204010609060006 ｨｮ ﾂｨ 09ｨｰｨｺｨ 07ｨ 0804 ｨ 0208ｨｺｨｮｨｰ0609 ｨｬ060302ｨｰ 090609ｨｰｨ 090507ｨｰｨｹ 01020907ｨｰｨｺｨｨ ｨｺｨｨ0506ｨｬ02ｨｰ080609, 09 ｨｰ06 090802ｨｬ07 ｨｺｨ ｨｺ 01ｨｨ09ｨｰｨ ｨｪ02ｨｨ07 ｨｬ020301ｨｮ 00ｨｪ000401ｨ ｨｬｨｨ 0906090201ｨｪｨｨ01 07ｨ 08 06ｨ 04 ﾂｨｪ06 ｨｪ02 070802090403ｨ 06ｨｰ 10 ｨｺｨｬ. 00 02020506ｨｬ 0706 080200ｨｨ06ｨｪｨｮ 08ｨ 0909ｨｰ0607- dominate absolutely in the Golden Eagle diet in January ｨC March, and their numbers determine the occupancy of breeding territories and further breeding output. The numbers of both species are rather little in the north of Usturt and the main prey is a hare in spring, and Yellow Souslik ｨC since the end of March. It seems that as a result of such poor diet, Golden Eagles inhabiting there are forced to breed with lower density and in latest dates, timing the hatching to the end of hibernation of Yellow Sousliks. Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca) Distribution and Population Numbers Until the middle of 0909 century, the breeding range of the Imperial Eagle had not covered the Aral-Caspian region (Dementyev, 1951). Now the Imperial Eagle inhabit the entire Aral-Caspian region, however the most density is observed only in the northern part of the region ｨC Northern Usturt, Shagyray plateau and adjacent depressions, and in the Aral Sea region as well. During our surveys carried out in the Aral- Caspian region we have encountered 128 birds over the age of 2 years in 55 territories, and discovered 51 breeding territories (30 ｨC on the plots, including 28 ｨC in the zone of cliff-faces), nests were found in all the territories (56 nests including old) (fig. 16). Thus, the Imperial Eagle breeding was proved in 92.73% events of birds encountered (n=55). Single birds were observed in 4 cases and were recognized as non-breeding, because encountered birds were under the age of 6 years. We managed to observe both birds in the pair in 40 cases. The age structure of pairs has shown a low mortality rate ｨC both birds in the pair were adult in 37 cases (92.5%), and young birds recorded in 3 cases (7.5%) (3ｨC5 years) (young males were in 2 pairs and female ｨC in the pair). The census of eagles has shown that 56.86% discovered breeding pairs prefer to nest in the zone of cliff-face distribution. Others inhabit semi-deserts mostly in the north part of the Aral-Caspian region. Basing on those data we have calculated the population number in the region for the zone of cliff-faces and other territory separately. The average breeding density on clay and shell cliff-faces 3.34 07ｨ 08/100 km of cliff-faces, ranging from 0.7 to 10.46 pairs/100 km (table 5). Apart the zone of cliff-face distribution the Imperial Eagle was encountered at 73.17% count transects with the average density