No. 20 February 2013 The Michigan Mission and the University of Ryukyus: American Public Diplomacy toward Okinawa in the Cold War Tadashi Ogawa The US military rule on Okinawa lasted for 27 years from 1945 to 1972. The University of the Ryukyus RU was established in 1950 on the remains of the ancient Shuri Castle, which was burnt to ashes in the Battle of Okinawa. After its establishment, the university received guidance from Michigan State University MSU, a land-grant university, with the aim of creating a university that contributed to the local community by extending academic benefits to the community. This study focuses on the Michigan Mission, a group of 51 MSU faculty that lived in Okinawa from 1951 to 1968 and were sponsored by the US Army Department and US Civil Administration of the Ryukyu Islands USCAR in order to establish an American land-grant university model for the RU, the first university in the history of the Ryukyu Archipelago. As a part of US public diplomacy in the early years of the Cold War, this exchange of persons mission and the RU had political and cultural goals that so far remain unanalyzed. The policy goals of this public diplomacy include: 1 To defend Okinawa, the US military cornerstone in the Asia Pacific, from penetration of communist ideology and promote pro-american sentiments among Okinawan intellectuals and youth by inculcating American values such as freedom, democracy, capitalism or gender equality; 2 To create a separatist identity among Okinawan intellectuals by emphasizing the uniqueness of indigenous Okinawan culture and suppressing educational exchange between Okinawa and mainland Japan, including the reversion-to-japan movement in 1950s Okinawa. 3 To develop human resources that would assist the US military governance in Okinawa in the fields of public administration, technology, and education. This paper includes highlights from a report by a visiting professor of the Michigan Mission to MSU that explains the strategy of USCAR in the RU Project, what direction USCAR took to try to reform the Okinawa regime through the RU project, and how the mission engaged with Okinawan intellectuals in their policy goals. 1945 1972 27 70 109

1960 1970 1980 1 2 3 1940 1968 1. 1950 5 22 1951 2 12 4 1951 51 1968 5 3 6 2 1950 1951 110

1 2 1949 1950 2 1951 3 7 3 1948 1950 12 United States Civil Administration of the Ryukyu Islands USCAR USCAR 1951 1952 USCAR 1950 2. 1950 52 1950 1950 1947 2 1952 8 9 1950 11 29 10 111

1951 2 16 1951 9 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 11 USCAR 12 13 USCAR 112

14 3 1 2 1947 3 15 1952 4 20 30 1951 2 1952 16 113

3. 1950 1952 1950 7 Michigan State College 1951 1968 17 51 4 1 51 USCAR 17 USCAR 18 1952 6 A John A. Hannah 1970 24 19 1951 9 1 E H C 5 1 8 30 9 16 9 25 1 c. 20 114

USCAR USCAR 4. 1951 9 1953 3 1952 11 12 11 30 21 4.1 22 1952 500 800 650 37 2 90 2 1 115

2 40 23 2 1945 12 12 A 1 24 1946 1 6 25 4.2 116

26 USCAR 1948 1960 12 5. 1862 27 2 3 117

28 USCAR USCAR 2 2 1944 GI 1949 1 118

1951 200 29 1955 1962 7 1 PDF 2011 7 31 http://ci.nii.ac.jp/els/110007481568.pdf?id ART0009308353&type pdf&lang jp&host cinii&order_no &ppv_type 0&lang_sw &no 1312073748&cp. 2 University Archives and Historical Collections, Michigan State University 2008 3 3 1 2 2005 1947 1972 2010 3 3 60 60 2010 15 29 31 34 4 1965 1975 1979 3 1985 60 60 63 70 5 27 32 6 1982 27 1992 1996 2010 7 2011 4 15 http://www3.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/gaiko/treaty/pdf/b-s38-p2 795_1.pdf. 8 3 1958 424 425 9 2005 94 10 1977 103 119

11 156 157 12 13 104 14 3 317 15 16 668 672 17 20 405 406 30 1981 27 29 18 256 257 19 30 26 20 Contract for Service Between The United States of America and Michigan State College of Agriculture and Applied Science, May 13, 1952 0000074672, 29 21 1951 7 170 174 22 Edward Pfau Jr., Memorandum for The Chief, Michigan State College Mission, November 12, 1952 0000074829 37 23 40 24 G 14 1945 1950 2 2002 231 232 25 26 Pfau, op.cit., p. 43 27 1994 26 27 28 Letter from Arthur S. Adams to John A. Hannah, May 2, 1951 0000074671 40 164 166 29 John Ernst, Forging a Fateful Alliance: Michigan State University and the Vietnam War East Lansing, Michigan State University Publications, 1998, pp. 276 280. 120