17, DEPKES, 2014a: Table ; 1993; sistem kesehatan nasional: SKN 1980 Departem

ASEAN 1970 Matsuno, 2009; 2010; 2010 2008, 2009, 2011b 2014 EPA Economic Partnership Agreement 2008 2010a, 2010b, 2012; 2010, 2014; 2011; 2011; 2013; 2014 44 Vol. 60, No. 2, April 2014

17,300 4 2013 2 4800 DEPKES, 2014a: Table 1-2 2 1950 1960 1977; 1993; 2002 1945 67 9 30 1968 98 1 1950 60 sistem kesehatan nasional: SKN 1980 Departemen Kesehatan: DEPKES 1 5 Rencana Pembangunan Lima Tahun I: REPELITA I 1969 74 Pusat Kesehatan Masyarahat: PUSKESMAS 2 paramedis 3 BAPPENAS, 1969, 2-B :52 62 1970 1 WHO Balai Kesejahteraan Ibu dan Anak: BKIA PUSKESMAS Pembantu: PUSTU 45

1 1951 1960 1970 1980 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2013 1 259.3 224.7 167 121.1 84.3 66.4 52.2 41.4 33.2 29.3 n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. 430 360 310 250 220 2 190 n.d. 45.7 52.2 58.59 63.45 65.47 67.25 68.85 70.17 1967 3 1976 3 70.61 2012 : WHO 2014a WHO 2014c World Bank 2014 : 1 :WHO 2014a IDN-B3 2 :WHO 2014b 3 :BAPPENAS 1994 n.d.=no data BAPPENAS, 1979, 3 1980 Pos Pelayanan Terpadu: POSYANDU 4 PUSKES- MAS Keliling: PUSKELING 5 2 1990 BAPPENAS, 1989, 3 ; 1994, 4 5 5 REPELITA V, 1989 94 pega- wai tidak tetap: PTT 1991 Keputusan Presiden Nomor 37 Tahun 1991 tentang Pengangkatan Dokter Sebagai Pegawai Tidak Tetap Selama Masa Bakti 1994 DEPKES, 1997: 127 132 1980 Pos Bersalin Desa: POLINDES Pondok Bersalin Desa Pos Obat Desa DEPKES, 1996: 148 Undang-Undang Nomor 23 Tahun 1992 tentang Kesehatan 6 5 REPELITA VI, 1994 99 BAPPENAS, 1994, 3 1997 2004 14 Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Panjang Nasional 2005 2025: RPJP RPJP-Kesehatan 2005 2025 5 Rencana Strategis Departemen Kesehatan: RENSTRA 1 2005 09 2 2010 14 2000 Pos Kesehatan Desa: POSKESDES 46 Vol. 60, No. 2, April 2014

1 2 2 47 3 3 1969 n.d. 1,058 5,620 n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. 1970 n.d. 1,637 5,689 n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. 1971 n.d. 2,020 6,330 n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. 1972 n.d. 2,175 6,610 n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. 1973 n.d. 2,343 6,801 n.d. 1,105 n.d. n.d. n.d. 1974 n.d. 2,843 6,909 n.d. 1,267 n.d. 6,221 16,059 1975 n.d. 2,843 6,909 n.d. 1,149 n.d. 7,644 17,226 1976 998 3,679 2,744 n.d. 1,175 71,350 8,279 20,576 1977 1,083 3,893 2,412 n.d. 1,214 83,091 8,977 23,926 1978 1,168 4,053 2,412 n.d. 1,284 94,831 9,805 27,711 1979 1,181 4,353 6,632 n.d. 1,413 96,540 10,456 31,061 1980 1,208 4,553 7,342 n.d. 1,532 98,543 11,681 32,854 1981 1,220 4,753 8,342 n.d. 1,537 100,166 12,931 36,673 1982 1,232 4,953 10,342 n.d. 1,661 101,789 15,400 38,517 1983 1,244 5,021 12,342 n.d. 1,665 103,412 16,000 40,000 1984 1,321 5,353 13,635 n.d. 1,810 108,511 17,647 44,113 1985 1,367 5,453 15,136 n.d. 1,955 110,426 18,947 48,270 1986 1,408 5,553 16,636 n.d. 2,134 111,300 20,176 52,131 1987 1,456 5,639 17,302 n.d. 2,163 n.d. 21,493 56,806 1988 1,500 5,540 12,894 n.d. 2,510 n.d. 23,084 64,087 1989 924 5,563 13,415 n.d. 2,620 n.d. 23,367 76,636 1990 950 5,656 15,437 n.d. 2,741 109,387 25,752 98,842 1991 982 5,976 15,944 n.d. 3,223 111,160 24,354 106,248 1992 994 6,224 18,264 n.d. 3,520 112,779 25,135 118,555 1993 1,026 6,954 19,977 n.d. 3,868 114,474 26,140 122,257 1994 1,039 6,984 20,466 n.d. 3,988 116,847 28,989 138,816 1995 1,062 7,105 20,672 n.d. 4,572 118,306 30,402 138,974 1996 1,074 7,177 21,071 244,187 5,084 120,083 31,887 155,911 1997 1,090 7,175 21,115 240,054 5,440 121,996 35,173 164,732 1998 1,112 7,181 21,503 234,006 5,491 123,186 34,564 162,060 1999 1,111 7,195 21,417 235,133 5,695 123,398 31,603 108,068 2000 1,145 7,237 21,267 234,526 6,043 125,507 n.d. n.d. 2001 1,179 7,277 21,587 231,349 6,391 127,217 n.d. n.d. 2002 1,215 7,309 21,706 220,190 7,767 130,214 n.d. n.d. 2003 1,234 7,413 21,762 242,221 8,368 131,129 41,212 208,939 2004 1,246 7,550 22,002 238,699 8,557 132,231 35,375 196,894 2005 1,268 7,669 22,171 315,921 9,143 137,120 43,014 184,849 2006 1,292 8,015 22,502 269,202 10,322 138,451 43,430 203,597 2007 1,319 8,234 22,832 244,325 6,816 142,707 43,846 222,345 2008 1,371 8,548 23,163 249,951 10,931 149,538 52,408 250,283 2009 1,523 8,737 22,650 266,827 13,671 163,680 51,968 278,221 2010 1,632 9,005 23,049 267,633 16,603 159,144 42,467 266,348 2011 1,721 9,321 n.d. 268,439 16,735 170,656 59,492 358,340 2012 2,083 9,510 n.d. 276,392 17,613 231,432 76,523 361,772 2013 2,228 9,655 n.d. 280,225 17,613 278,450 93,421 430,755 :BPS 2014 2013 DEPKES 2014a n.d. = no data : 1 1989 1992 2 1978 1976 78 1988 91 DEPKES, 1988: 43 1984 8375 1985 11,869 1986 12,550 1987 12,424 1978 87 3 1999 2000 02 2004 2005 2010

1 :DEPKES 1998 2013 Desa Siaga 2006 PUSKESMAS Perawatan, PUSKESMAS Rawat Inap 1 DEPKES, 2006, 2010 ASEAN 2000 60 7% 1440 DEPSOS, 2007: 1 3 1992 Undang-Undang Nomor 36 Tahun 2009 tentang Kesehatan 2009 2004 Undang-Undang Nomor 40 Tahun 2004 tentang Sistem Jaminan Sosial Nasional 2014 1. 都市部への病院の偏在 1970 1,637 2013 9,655 3,317 824 2,228 48 Vol. 60, No. 2, April 2014

503 23,049 2010 54,731 DEPKES, 2014 2013 497 6,994 72,944 8,309 1 4 1 1.4 1 1 10 4 11 17 1 1 1 1 1 1 DEPKES, 2009b: 63 6 1975 67,087 2013 278,450 33,110 10 100 1 125 184 2013b 2012 2 2000 2010 Indonesia Sehat 2010 DEPKES, 2004 1 DEPKES, 2006b 3 1 1 1 1 4 4 DEPKES, 2009: 40 41 1 2 DEPKES, 2010b: 8 9 2 :DEPKES 2006b; 2010b : 1 2004 09 78.3% 2 2010 13 89.9% 49

2003 3 : 10 2010 1 2005-09 2010 2012 2012 11.01 30 24 10.66 36.1 226.5 4.32 9 n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. 3.37 11 n.d. 3.67 9.5 78.2 28.54 75 100 40.63 51.6 25.0 65.05 158 158 67.36 96.2 796.6 280.6 :DEPKES 2004, 2009b, 2011, 2013 2013a :2010 2012 5 6 6 DEPKES, 2014a: Table 2-1, 2-10 7 2013 877,098 75% 3 DEPKES, 2014b 6 DEPKES, 2014b: Table 3-4 3 6 4 5 DEPKES, 2014: Table 3-2 10 1.84 0.71 10.58 11.99 DEPKES, 2014a: Table 3-3 3 1990 2013 Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan Nomor 09 Tahun 2013 tentang Penugasan Khusus Tenaga Kesehatan DEPKES, 2013: 229 50 Vol. 60, No. 2, April 2014

3 2013 :DEPKES 2014b 2. 教育と資格制度の変遷 1 1980 1996 Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 32 Tahun 1996 tentang Tenaga Kesehatan 2002 3 D3 2009: 298 299, 2011a: 697 698 2001 04 Undang-Undang Nomor 29 Tahun 2004 tentang Praktek Kedokteran Konsil Kedokteran Indonesia: KKI 8 2006 BPPSDMK, 2006 Persatuan Perawat Nasional Indonesia: PPNI 2009 2010 Peraturan Menteri Kese- 51

hatan Nomor 161 Tahun 2010 tentang Registrasi Tenaga Kesehatan 2011 2011 19 1 2006 4 A 9 2013 696,024 191,554 B A 4 175,565 Surat Tanda Registrasi: STR C 200,609 94,727 7 20 5 1990 2000 30 1990 2000 2004 08 2007 90 2009 10 2011 17 2013 18 2009 151 14,142 2012 262 60,776 52 Vol. 60, No. 2, April 2014

4 2013 1 A 38,210 42,189 13,022 294,266 136,489 171,848 696,024 191,554 887,578 B 135 17,767 6,883 115,747 102,176 71,655 314,363 34,835 349,198 36,081 21,283 4,295 164,309 31,254 62,485 319,707 138,633 458,340 56 2 3,153 1,168 42,135 46,512 46,512 36,272 42,203 12,346 280,056 175,565 134,140 680,582 173,468 854,050 C 24,541 94,727 26,780 198,414 200,609 110,107 655,178 655,178 :DEPKES (2014a), Table 3-2, 3-4, 3-5, 3-7, 3-10; DEPKES (2014b) : 1 2 53

5 2006 1990 1991 1992 1995 1996 1999 2000 2003 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 1 5,402 6,332 6,892 7,055 9,538 1 9,377 13,699 8,403 16,836 27,333 38,210 14,860 14.346 17,548 17,480 16,014 23,904 28,332 25,333 32,492 37,364 42,189 4,092 4,457 5962 6,546 6,051 7,931 9,774 8,731 10,164 11,826 13,022 3 106,248 118,555 138,974 152,937 108,068 3 146,992 184,332 169,797 234,176 235,496 294,266 35,410 34,688 47,663 46,929 30,752 61,947 93,889 96,551 124,164 126,276 136,489 38,789 36,290 36,624 38,011 91,078 9,971 1,972 2,192 2,351 2,901 4 40,591 60,088 64,908 101,261 97,904 125,411 87,677 92,169 89,978 94,185 84,332 25,863 109,532 109,307 123,337 139,812 191,554 304,987 296,785 349,426 369,226 352,243 327,078 519,599 501,052 668,704 707,234 887,578 :DEPKES 1993, 1996, 1997, 2000, 2004, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014b : 1 dokter umum 1990 dokter ahli dokter spesial 2 apoteker apotheker asisten apoteker 2000 farmasi/farmasis 3 4 pharmacist tenaga teknis kefarmasian kefarmasian 1990 paramedis paramedic paramedis perawatan paramedis pembantu paramedis non perawatan perawat bidan paramedis non perawatan 2000 perawat gigi 2009 1 1.5 sarjana kesmas sarkes sarjana kesehatan masyarakat 2000 sanitarian ahli kesehatan lingkungan 2 2,538 2,308 3,593 3,732 3,509 2 10,473 19,953 18,022 26,274 31,223 46,437 54 Vol. 60, No. 2, April 2014

2013 145 47,018 2008 2012 D3 34 6.8 3.2 DEPKES, 2009; 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013 1. 移住労働ブームによる看護師送出 40 2009: 20 21 1975 2004 :299 1980 ASEAN 10 1970 2009: 41 12 1980 11 1988 Keputusan Menteri Kesehatan Nomor 700a/SK/9/1988 tentang Pedoman Pengerahan Tenaga Perawat ke Luar Negeri 440 6 12 55

1990 13 1998 2005 2006; Buchan, 2007; 2010 TOEFL IELTS 1 200 300 1 3 1990 12 1995 52 1996 2014: 68 69 1 7 1 1997 2. 民主化改革と諸外国の人材獲得競争による送出拡大 21 56 Vol. 60, No. 2, April 2014

6 1975 2004 1 3,000 80 1989 245 45 1990 350 90 1991 97 125 1996 11 1997 17 1998 143 1999 300 2000 100 200 150 2001 210 2002 2003 241 2003 2006 368 12 2004 2004 2006 209 2008 2 208 104 2009 362 189 2010 116 77 2011 3 365 269 84 480 104 105 58 2012 3 431 249 73 724 167 101 72 2013 156 108 2014 187 146 3,225 2,059 1,513 478 1,235 1,204 283 1 : 1 1975 2004 2007 2 2008 2014 EPA 3 2011 12 DEPKES, 2012; 2013 57

2000 2009, 2010b 14 2002 Pusat Pemberdayaan Profesi dan Tenaga Kesehatan Luar Negeri: PUSPRONAKES 40 NCLEX-RN 2008: 175 177 6 2000 02 politeknik kesehatan 2011a: 700 2008: 177 178 EPA 2009: 293 2001 9.11 15 1989 9.11 2003 58 Vol. 60, No. 2, April 2014

2008 STKES Binawan, 2005; 2008: 180 181, 2012: 128 129 1990 2001 06 ASEAN EPA Badan Nasional Penempatan dan Perlindungan Tenaga Kerja Indonesia: BNP2TKI 16 2008: 174, 2009: 297 298 17 2004 2006 ASEAN 2012; 2014 18 EPA JICWELS 2008 2010, 2012 EPA EPA 2010, 2013: 341 342 2004 2009 3 BNP2TKI, 2009a, 2009b 19 2010 BNP2TKI, 2010b BNP2TKI, 2010c, 2012a EU 59

3. 移住労働者保護と国民福祉優先への政策転換 2009 2 2010 2 2 1 1 2006 ASEAN 2009 20 1 2009 10 Badan Pengembangan dan Pemberdayaan Sumber Daya Manusia Kesehatan: BPPSDMK Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan Nomor 317 Tahun 2010 tentang Pendayagunaan Tenaga Kesehatan Warga Negara Asing di Indonesia 1 STR DEPKES, 2012: 200 1988 2012 Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan Nomor 47 Tahun 2012 tentang Pendayagunaan Perawat ke Luar Negeri 2004 3 IT BNP2TKI, 2014a 60 Vol. 60, No. 2, April 2014

2009 2010 11 6 2011 12 8 2014: 93 96 2017 2012 2014: 95 2014 8 2,259 BNP2TKI, 2010a, 2011; 2014 570 2,000 4,930 2 1 BNP2TKI, 2013a 21 22 ASEAN 2014: 18 19; 2014: 97 98 2011 1,401 1,350 27 2012 1,676 1,644 28 DEPKES, 2012, 2013 23 24 ASEAN BNP2TKI 2012b; 2013b ICN, 2008 2014 ASEAN 61

1000 1 2 3 4 5 6 2010: 65 73 2008 2013a: 400 410 7 2010: 69 70 Choy, 2003 1970 2003 2011a: 698 700 ASEAN 2003; 2007 62 Vol. 60, No. 2, April 2014

2011; 2011a EPA 2010: 77, 2011a: 697, 701, 2012: 127 128 2012: 128 129 25 10 63

ASEAN 1 2009 2012 2013a: 387 393 2 2000 1 1 2003 3 2 5 4 1978 WHO PHC 1985 2009; 2013 POSYANDU 2013 5 1988 3,521 2007 7,469 DEPKES, 1992: 93, 2008: 100 2008 6 klinik 5 10 5 Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan Nomor 28 Tahun 2011 tentang Klinik 2014 Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan Nomor 9 Tahun 2014 tentang Klinik 7 10 3.89 2013 16.89 11.81 1143 11.21 11.14 10 DEPKES, 2014a: Table 2-1 8 5 3 2009 9 Surat Izin Praktik Perawat: SIPP Surat Izin Kerja Perawat: SIKP 2 Surat Tanda Registrasi: STR 5 SIPP SIKP Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan Nomor 17 Tahun 2013 tentang Perubahan atas Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan HK 02.02 Nomor 148/1 Tahun 2010 tentang Izin dan Penyelenggaraan Praktik Perawat 10 2009: 31 34 11 1990 2.6 64 Vol. 60, No. 2, April 2014

2010: 74 76 79 5 12 2012 84,968 28,879 Kementerian Kesihatan Malaysia, 2014: 154 2012 1282 975 139 93 4 58 ICN, 2013 2005-2012 208 ICN, 2006 2014 14 2009 400 500 13 2003 2012 2010 1,000 3,000 4,000 34,200 2,280 2011 60 ICN, 2005 2013; The Straits Times, 15 February, 2013 14 2007 09 2009 2010 Roll Internusa Mandiri 15 2002 04 2006: 180 182; 2009: 25 16 Departemen Sosial: DEPSOS 3 2008: 171 174 17 2 2008 2 3 2010b: 72, 2012: 121 18 2004 Undang-Undang Nomor 39 Tahun 2004 tentang Penempatan dan Perlindungan Tenaga Kerja Indonesia di Luar Negeri 2014 19 1991 2001 100 20 ASEAN Parkway Health Ramsey Health Care 2008: 185 23 BNP2TKI, 2009c; 2009d 21 215,141 2014 8 200,365 12,635 23 2,118 2014 8 171,708 2,259 9,179 2 273,609 2010 3 49% Immigration Department, 2010 22 First Aid International FAI BNP2TKI, 2014b 23 2011 2012 2011 5.29 1,387 783 2012 5.30 820 24 60 ICN, 2011; 2012; 2014 6 EPA 2010b 25 EPA 2014 65

日本語 2006 : 146 172 186 L 2010 : 63 80 2011 : 2 52-9 792 796 2012 27 2 171 181 2007 : 2009 : 40 4 279 284 2011 52-11 960 964 2003 : 313 356 2008 20 111 189 2009 2010a : 6 64 81 2010b : 1 259 342 2011a : 1 52-8 696 701 2011b : 10 : 85 106 2012 :EPA : 109 136 2013 60 338 343 2014 : : 64 106 2011 : 99 100 52-12 1036 1040 2009 24 2 97 105 2008 Vol. 18, No. 1 189 204 2007 : 2013a 2011 2012 2013b 25 http://www.mhlw.go.jp/toukei/ list/130-25.html 2014 10 8 2009 : 66 Vol. 60, No. 2, April 2014

2010 : : 99 119 2011 :21 1993 2012 ASEAN 205 39 44 2010 : 9 20 30 2014 : 49 32 133 148 2006 2010 19 1 67 84 2014 : : 107 139 2013 : 60 96 99 2014 EPA 10 55 69 2013 2013. 239 244 2003 2003 : 2002 2014 : 1977 : 英語 Buchan, James (2007), International recruitment of nurses: Policy and practice in UK, Health Services Research, Vol. 42, No. 3, Part 11: 1321 1335. Choy, Catherine Ceniza (2003), Empire of Care: Nursing and Migration in Filipino American History, Durham, NC: Duke University Press. ICN (International Council of Nurses) (2005 2014), Nursing Workforce Profile: Database Summary (2004 2013, Annual reports), ICN; Asia Nursing Workforce Forum. http://www.icn.ch/pillarsprograms/icn-asia-workforce-forum-nursing-workforce-profiles-database-summary/ 2010 10 10 Immigration Department (Hong Kong) (2010), Annual Report 2009-2010 http://www.immd.gov.hk/publications/a_report_09-10/eng/ch1/ 2010 10 10 Kingma, Mireille (2005), Nurse on the Move: Migration and the Global Health Care Economy, ILR Press. Matsuno, Ayako (2009), Nurse migration: The Asian perspective, ILO/EU Asian Programme on the Governance of Labour Migration Technical Note, pp. 1 23. OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) (2008), The Looming Crisis in the Health Workforce: How Can OECD Countries respond? (OECD Health Policy Studies), Paris: OECD. 67

STIKES Binawan (Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Keperawatan Binawan) (2005), STIKES Binawan sends 202 healthcare professionals to Australia. http://www.binawan-ihs.ac.id/ 2010 10 10 World Bank (2014), Data, http://data.worldbank.org/ 2014 10 8 WHO (World Health Organization) (2014a), Child mortality estimates (Indonesia), http://www.childmortality.org/index.php?r=site/graph&id=idn_indonesia 2014 10 8 (2014b), World Health Statistics 2013. (2014c), Trends in Maternal Mortality: 1990 to 2013. インドネシア語 マレーシア語 BAPPENAS (Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Nasional) (1970 94), Rencana Pembangunan Lima Tahun I (1969 74), II (1974 79), III (1979 84), IV (1984 89), V (1989 94), VI (1994 99), BAPPENAS. (2005), Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Panjang Nasional 2005 2025, BAPPENAS. BNP2TKI (Badan Nasional Penempatan dan Perlindungan Tenaga Kerja Indonesia) (2009a), Asosiasi Perawat Belanda Butuh Perawat Indonesia (21 February). http://bnp2tki.go.id 2014 10 10 (2009b), Indonesia Akan Kirim 20 Perawat ke Belanda (6 March). (2009c), Depkes Prioritaskan Standarisasi TKI Kesehatan (21 August). (2009d), Pemerintah dan DPR Didesak Segera Lahirkan UU Keperawatan (21 August). (2010a), Lulusan SMA Berpeluang Isi Perawat Lansia ke Taiwan (21 January). (2010b), Jumhur: Jerman Butuh 7.000 Perawat (10 July). (2010c), BNP2TKI Fasilitasi Swasta Kirim Perawat Magang ke Eropa (20 September). (2011), Taiwan Buka Peluang Ribuan TKI Perawat (20 July). (2012a), Kepala BNP2TKI Dukung Penempatan TKI Perawat G to G ke Norwegia (15 February). (2012b), ASC ke-9 Ajang Promosi TKI Perawat ke Dunia Internasional (10 October). (2013a), Kepala BNP2TKI: Tahap Pertama, Hongkong Butuh 2000 Pengasuh Lansia (28 November). (2013b), Jumhur Optimistis TKI Siap Kompetisi di Pasar Kerja ASEAN (28 December). (2014a), BNP2TKI Gandeng TWI Tingkatkan Keahlian Profesi Las (17 June). (2014b), BNP2TKI-First Aid International Kerjasama Pemberdayaan TKI Caregiver (24 July). BPPSDMK (Badan Pengembangan dan Pemberdayaan Sumber Daya Manusia Kesehatan) (2006), Kurikulum Pendidikan D-3 Keperawatan. BPS (Biro Pusat Statistik) (2014), Sarana Kesehatan, http://www.bps.go.id/tab_sub/view.php?kat=1&tabel=1&daftar=1&id_subyek=30&notab=41 2014 10 10 DEPKES (Departemen Kesehatan), (1989 2013), Profil Kesehatan Indonesia 1988 2012. (2006b), Rencana Strategis Departemen Kesehatan 2005 2009. (2009b), Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Panjang Nasional Kesehatan 2005 2025. (2010b), Rencana Strategis Departemen Kesehatan 2010 2014. (2014a), Data dan Informasi Tahun 2013 (Profil Kesehatan Indonesia). (2014b), Rekapitulasi SDM Kesehatan Yang Didayagunakan Pada Fasilitas Pelayanan Kesehatan (Fasyankes) di Indonesia, http://www.bppsdmk.depkes.go.id/sdmk/index.php 2014 10 10 DEPSOS (Departemen Sosial), Menteri Sosial Republik Indonesia: Keputusan Menteri Sosial RI Nomor 4/ PRS-3/KPTS/2007 tentang Pedoman Pelayanan Sosial Lanjut Usia dalam Panti, Direktorat Jenderal Pelayanan dan Rehabilitasi Sosial, DEPSOS. Kementerian Kesihatan Malaysia (2014), Petunjuk Kesihatan 2013, Pusat Informatik Kesihatan Bahagian Rancangan Kementerian Kesihatan Malaysia. 中国語 2014 http://www.mol.gov.tw 2014 10 10 E-mail: okushima@sta.tenri-u.ac.jp 68 Vol. 60, No. 2, April 2014