1 1 1 1 11 3 7 1 28%, 62% 86% Working Time Measurement for Improving Awareness in Deskwork Yosuke Shimomura, 1 Tatsuya Kuramoto, 1 Akito Monden 1 and Ken-ichi Matsumoto 1 To increase productivity of any deskwork, it is important to increase awareness of working e.g. knowing the actual time spent for each task so that ideas to improve work processes can be discovered. This thesis focuses on research in information science area as a deskwork, and empirically evaluate the effectiveness of automatical measurement of research tasks on computers. Before conducting an experiment, this thesis classfied the research activity into 11 tasks, and connected them to software applications so that automatical measurement of tasks becomes feasible. In the experiment, three subjects conducted research tasks for 7 weeks. After measuring the time spent for each task, we collected estimated time for each task by the subjects. We also conducted interviews to subjects to collect comments on measured time and estimated time. The result showed that average difference between measured time and estimated time of each subject was 28, 62 and 86 percent respectively. This indicates the necessity of automatical measurement to increase the awareness of working. Also, the result of interviews showed that measured time and estimated time are useful to discover the ideas to improve work processes. 1. YouTube, mixi 4 Personal Software Process PSP / Team Software Process TSP Watts Humphrey 56 PSP TSP 1 Graduate School of Information Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology 1 c 21 Information Processing Society of Japan
PSP/TSP 27 35% 1 2 3 13 Word Eclipse 2 4 5 4 6 7 2. 3. 3.1 3.2 11 2 c 21 Information Processing Society of Japan
11 Table 1 1 Example setting of association between tasks and applications. Internet Explorer Google Word Adobe Reader Internet Explorer pdf Internet Explorer Internet Explorer Twitter Google mixi YouTube Word PDF Adobe Reader PDF Visual Studio Eclipse PowerPoint Excel SPSS Outlook Windows Messenger 3.2 13 1 4. 4.1 1 3 c 21 Information Processing Society of Japan
3 7 4.2 4.3 1 2 3.1 3 1 1 1 3.1 2 1-3 1 Table 2 2 Setting of association between tasks and applications. Google Word K2Editor Adobe Reader dviout pdf Excel SPSS R Powerpoint Thunderbird Gmail NAIST Web Mail Windows Live Messenger Eclipse Windows Explorer Windows Explorer Program Manager:unknown Windows Task Manager YouTube mixi Twitter 2 9 21 3 2 3 3 4 c 21 Information Processing Society of Japan
分間時業作 18 15 12 9 6 3 索筆解検執読報書書情文文 析成分作データメールプレゼン 理処 タスク名 チャットログラミング作操プファイル き抜ング外録息ブラウジ登 9 84 78 72 66 6 54 48 42 36 3 24 18 12 6 分間時業作 火 / 12/2 水 / 12/3 木 / 12/4 金 日付 / 12/5 土 / 12/6 日 / 12/7 月 Fig. 1 1 - Example of measurement results - Working time per business day of each task. Fig. 3 3 - Example of measurement results - Total working time of each working day. Fig. 2 6 45 分間 3 時業作 15 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 9 2 2 1 2 2 2 3 時刻 時 2 - Example of measurement results - Working time per business day of each hour. 1 2 1 3 4.4 3 3 1 3 A B C 7 C 3 A 1 336 +95 +28% A 3 96 58 57 1 A 3 +34 +3 5 c 21 Information Processing Society of Japan
Table 3 3 - Experimental results - Working time per business day of each task. A B C 37 12 +25 14 1 +13 4 12 +28 43 42 +1 1 13 12 8 +8 51 57 6 9 6 +6 1 3 +7 85 96 11 21 16 +5 5 1 +4 54 24 +3 35 1 +25 6 33 +27 25 18 +7 18 4 +14 3 4 +26 1 1 3 12 18 3 3 9 8 +1 6 17 +43 58 24 +34 5 5 3 21 +9 9 +9 3 +3 5 26 +24 67 58 +9 34 21 +13 12 9 +3-2 - - 1 - - 73-429 336 +95 149 92 +67 56 31 +259 4 - Table 4 Experimental results - Total results of interview concerning total of working and resting time. Table 5 2 1 4 4 2 1 5 - Experimental results - Total results of interview concerning time allocation. 4 3 1 4 2 6 +25 A 3 7 B 1 92 +67 +62% C 1 31 +259 +86% 3 A 4 5 A 6 4 4 A 29 11 17 1 1 9 15 16 Fig. 4 45 分間 3 時業作 15 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 9 2 2 1 2 2 2 3 時刻 時 4 A 29/11/17 - Measurement result of subjecta29/11/17 - Working time per business day of each hour. 6 1 5 5 A 29 12 6 c 21 Information Processing Society of Japan
9 84 78 72 66 6 54 48 42 36 3 24 18 12 6 分間時業作 / 12/8 火 / 12/9 水 木 金 1 日付 土 2 日 3 月 4 Table 6 6 - Experimental results - List of awareness and reflection. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 5 A 29/12/8 - Fig. 5 Measurement result of subjecta29/12/8 - Total working time of each working day. 8 1 4 29 12 8 84 14 6 12 9 5. 1 A +95 A 3 7 A 3 4 5 6 C 86% 6. 7 c 21 Information Processing Society of Japan
Personal Software Process PSP / Team Software Process TSP Watts Humphrey 56 PSP/TSP 3 PSP/TSP Process Dashboard 8 Task Coach 7 Slim Timer 11 EPM 12 Ginger 9 Ginger 2 1 HackyStat 1 PROM 2 Office IDE 7. 11 3 7 1 28%, 62% 86% IT 1 Beyond the Personal Software Process, metrics collection and analysis for the differently disciplined 23. 2 Collecting, Integrating and analyzing software metrics and personal software process data 23. 3 27. 4 DeMarco, T.: Controlling Software Projects: Management, Measurement, and Estimation, Prentice Hall PTR 1986. 5 Humphrey, W.S.: A discipline for software engineering, Addison-Wesley 1995. 6 Humphrey, W.S.: Introducing the personal software process, Annals of Software Engineering, Vol.1, No.1 1995. 7 Niessink, F. and Laheurte, J.: Task Coach - Your friendly task manager, http://members.chello.nl/f.niessink/. 8 Solutions, T.: Process Dashboard, http://processdash.sourceforge.net/pspdash.html. 9 Torii, K. and ichi Matsumoto, K.: Quantitative analytic approaches in software engineering, Information and Software Technology, No.38, pp.155 463 1996. 1 Torii, K., ichi Matsumoto, K., Nakakoji, K., Takada, Y., Takada, S. and Shima, K.: Ginger2: An Environment for CAESE Computer-Aided Empirical Software Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, Vol.25, No.4, pp.474 492 1999. 11 White, R.: SlimTimer - Time Tracking without the Timesheet, http://www.slimtimer.com/. 12 Vol.J88-D-I, No.2, pp.228 239 25. 13 XV pp.123 128 28. 8 c 21 Information Processing Society of Japan