1
21 2
Rothstein (1973),, vol.75, p.344-345 3
Plastic sheets 9% Fiber 5% Styrofoam 1% Resin pellets Fragments of plastic Fiber Resin pellets 26% Fragments of plastic 59% Styrofoam 1 cm n=41 Plastic sheets Type and composition of plastics found in the stomachs of short-tailed shearwater. After Yamashita et al. 4
1980 5
6
(2000 In 2004, Science 7
Environmental Science & Technology 2001, vol.35, 318-324 8
5 mm cm cm cm 1000km 9
UV 5 mm UV / 10
11
5 ( /km 2 ) 12
2014 2016 13
14
15
16
17
Large amounts of plastics are introduced to the ocean in tropical Asia and could be transported to north Pacific by sea current Kuroshio current Inputs of plastic wastes to the ocean (After Jambeck et al, 2015) 18
Woodall et al. (2015) 19
20
21
~0.5 /m 2 ~1 x 10 6 /m 2 22
5 mm 23
24
1 1 2000 25
500 µm 26
1 mm 27
Copyright Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology., All rights reserved. 28
UV UV Fragmentation Ingestion Microplastics Fragmentation Ingestion Ingestion Uptake Sinking to bottom Bottom sediment 29
30
31
500 µm 32
Fragment bead sheet line PP PE Polyethylene Polypropylene Polystyrene Other plastics Others Not identified 33
/ / O Br Br Br Br Br Br Br Br Br Br Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl O Br Br Br Br Br Br Br Br Br Br Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl C l Cl O Br Br Br Br Br Br Br Br Br Br 34
Nonylphenol Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCBs) Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) Bisphenol A DDTs Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) Hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) 35
PCBs = DDTs Industrial products for a variety of uses including dielectric fluid, heat medium, and lubricants. Endocrine disrupting chemicals DDT DDE DDD DDT and its metabolites such as DDE and DDD. DDT was used as insecticides Endocrine disrupting chemicals HCH PAHs Insecticide 36 36
Air Mail 37
Sakumono Beach, Ghana 38
1 cm 39
40
41
web http://www.pelletwatch.org/ 42
(PCBs m + n = 1-10 1960 1970 meta ortho para 43
2970 281 France Netherlands 499 225 453 U.K. 151 Greece 92 9 Belgium 307 274 43 5 112 28 94 Albania 46 139 101 Turkey 62 Italy China 3 35 39 75 140 Japan Portugal 53 Vietnam Israel 17 13 9 Taiwan 9 10 Canary Is. 17 HK 294 1 69 51 31 India 6 Philippines Hawaii 42 8 41 Thailand 8 25 8 223 Ghana Malaysia 12 Equatorial 97 Kenya 14 7 Guinea Indonesia Singapore 41 9 5 St. Helena s 60 9 Mozambique Cocos 70 64 25 13 South Africa 0.26 Australia 5 New Supported by MOE Zealand 602357 231 184 30 Seattle San Francisco Los Angeles 20 502 Ohio 28 328 405 94 New Jersey San Diego Costa Rica Panama 72 6 12 T T Galapagos 1.8 Easter Is. 34 50 4 Chile Boston 93 369 42 Brazil 0.01 Uruguay Argentina PCBs (ng/g) 44
89 14 9 671 509 211 70 25 8 18 9 167 9 9 7 PCB s 3 1 63 53 201 942 503 214 32 9 14 358 45
Plastics : Carrier of hazardous chemicals to biota? Persistent organic pollutant (POPs) Additives Transfer of chemicals from ingested plastics to biological tissue has been confirmed. 46
Evidences of hydrophobic chemicals from ingested plastics to the tissue of organisms 2016 2015 2011 47
48
餌 PCB (CB126) 49
50
20 10 Jamebeck et al. (2015), Science 51
0 50 100 150 200 0 1 2 3 0 500 1000 1500 0 10 20 30 40 GC-MS ICP-MS MS 50 60 70 80 90 100 2000 1990 1980 1970 1960 1950 1940 1930 1920 1910 52
2001 11 /1997 2001 PCBs 1997 53
Collection of sediment core from imperial moat Sakurada 54
55
2005-2013 TACO project (Tropical Asia Core Project) Cosmopolitan waters (Comparative study on mechanism of pollution in tropical Asian and African waters) Tokyo Gulf of Thailnad Tonkin Bay, Vietnam Straits of Johor, Malaysia Durban, South Africa 56
Depth (cm) Depth (cm) 2.5 5 20 22.5 2 4 48 50 0 5 10 15 20 0 1 2 3 4 Microplastics (pieces/10g dry sediment) Depth (cm) 0 5 1 0 1 2 3 PE PS PEP PET PP Others (GT15) Depth (cm) 0 1 2 3 4 0 6 2004 6 12 44 46 1960 57
Science, Jan. 8, 2016 58
17 2016 6 13 17 59
1. 54 12 8 NGO 30 17 2016 6 13 17 60
1. 3R 17 2016 6 13 17 61
2. 17 2016 6 13 17 62
The Ocean Cleanup V http://www.theoceancleanup.com/technology/ = 63
2014 8 2014 11 EU 2025 40 EU 300 300 64
2014 3 2016 9 2020 65
66
3R 3 R Reduce > Reuse >Recycle ( ) No single-use plastic! 67