5P 5400t 3P 5600t 2P 16000t t Photo 2Hattabara Dam selective water intake facilities (1994) Telescopic cylinder gate to select warm o

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1 New Technologies on Steel Structures for Social Infrastructures Shigeru Ogaya Takashi Ishii Ryuichi Kawamura Takashi Okamoto Kooji Yamada NKK has produced effective products and services in steel structures division such as bridges, coastal civil works, steel pipes, water gates, and steel frames in response to the current social demands. This paper summarizes the trends and needs on improvement of social capital surrounding the domain of steel structures and reports the new technologies and products to respond to emerging needs of tomorrow t t t NKK No.179 ( ) 104

5P 5400t 3P 5600t 2P 16000t 40 2134t 1973 1981 Photo 2Hattabara Dam selective water intake facilities

1 Photo 1Suez Canal Bridge in Egypt (2001) 3-span continuous cable-stayed bridge (Total length : 730m, main

2 5P 5400t 3P 5600t 2P 16000t t Photo 2Hattabara Dam selective water intake facilities (1994) Telescopic cylinder gate to select warm or clean water Photo 1 404m 3 L Fig.1 Photo 1Suez Canal Bridge in Egypt (2001) 3-span continuous cable-stayed bridge (Total length : 730m, main span length : 404m) t t Fig.1Hybrid caisson m Photo 2, L2 Photo NKK No.179 ( )

40 30 1/3 Photo 3Seawall caisson, Ukishima (2000) (Hybrid caisson with a slit wall) 3.

1950 1186t Photo 4 2 CAD/CAM 3.1 Fig.2 400m 180m 0.45 3 H 2 2 I A 2 B 2 3.2 2m 3m 2 1/50 1.

3 /3 Photo 3Seawall caisson, Ukishima (2000) (Hybrid caisson with a slit wall) A 11900t t t 2560t 1) Alex-Fraser ) 2 I B t t Photo 4 2 CAD/CAM 3.1 Fig.2 400m 180m H 2 2 I A 2 B m 3m 2 1/ m Table 1 400m Photo 4Roppongi Hills Highrise Building (2002) NKK provide 18000t steel frames for Roppongi Hills NKK No.179 ( ) 106

4 (a) General View (b) Tower Stringer(h=500) 2000 (c) Girder A (I-shaped) (d) Girder B (box-shaped) Fig.2Cable-stayed bridge for investigation unit:mm 0.013m 2 Table 1Properties of bridge section model (2) 2 2 I Prototype Model Property assumed (Scale 1:50) Width 22.0m 0.44m Depth 2.0m 0.04m Mass 25.23t/m 16.05kg/Model 15% Inertia 1548tm 2 /m 0.394kgm 2 /Model Damping() Bending freq. 0.27Hz 2.10Hz 3.3 Torsional freq. 0.54Hz 4.20Hz 3 Fig.3 Table 2 2 I 2 Pa XU Fig.4 XL A Pa 1000 (a) 2-edge I-shaped girder XU 250 Table 2Properties of analytical model XL 285 (b) 2-edge box-shaped girder unit:mm Fig.3Concept of new countermeasure Shape 2-edge I-shaped girder Width 22m Mass 23t/m Moment of Inetia 2400tm 2 Area 1.05m 2 Vertical 0.8m 4 (1) 2 I Stiffness Tower Out-Plane 6m 4 U Horizontal In-Plane 5m 4 U Member Torsional 8m 4 U (Remarks) *1) U: Upper Member L:Lower Member Girder Outline Mass Stiffness Horizontal 160m 4 Bending-Torsional 85m 6 Out-Plane 1120m 4 In-Plane 68m 4 Torsional 1521m 4 *1),11m 4 L,7m 4 L,15m 4 L 107 NKK No.179 ( )

5 4. 16% 2 Ls X Horizontal member Middle pier at the top of the tower (a) Installation of middle Pier Tower cable 3) (b) Tower cable system (c) Adding horizontal member Fig.4Concept of structural countermeasures m 0.45 Fig.6 (unit:mm) Girder AB A Pa=80cm 2 B XU=30cm XL=45cm Fig I 300m m 2 600m 600m Flutter onset velocity, m/s Main span, m Box-shaped (Improved) Box-shaped (Basic) I-shaped (Improved) I-shaped (Basic) Horizontal member Standard criteria in Japan Fig.5Main span length vs flutter onset wind velocity Fig.6Cross sections of test models Gal 3 510Gal Fig.7 (1) NKK No.179 ( ) 108

6 Ke Kc Ke=/g( 200Gal),Ke=1/3(/g) 1/3 (>200Gal) (1) Gal g Gal Ke/Kc>1 Fig.9Flow pattern of seawater exchange Fig.10 Ke/Kc Fig.7Residual displacement at the top of the caisson 10m20m 11.9m 2 4m 1200mm ( ) 1999 Fig.8 H.W.L L.W.L m Disp. (Model) (mm) m 4.0m 30.0m +3.5m 4.3m 13.0m 6.0m (cm) Disp. (Prototype) Fig.10Cross section of a breakwater having a function of seawater exchange, Misaki fishing port 5) Fig.11 Fig.8Cross section of quaywall, Shin-Okitsu 4) Fig.9 Fig.11Sloping top caisson with a slit wall 109 NKK No.179 ( )

caisson with a slit wall Fig.12Cross sections of test models Fig.

7 4.3.2 Fig.14 15m Fig.12 Fig.15 30% Fig.13 10m 4 Fig.14Water intrusion prevention facilities for subways (a) Vertical caisson with a slit wall (b) Sloping top caisson with a slit wall Fig.12Cross sections of test models Fig.13Calculated results of caisson weight (water depth h=15.0m, wave period T=10.0s,14.5s) Fig.15Radial gate type water intrusion prevention facilities 5. (1) 2 6 1/3 100m500m (2) NKK No.179 ( ) 110

8 6. 21 (3) Table 4 6) 2001 Table 3 32 Fig.16 Table 3Basic design criteria 850mm900mm Fig Table 4Technology related to inspection, estimation, repair, reinforcement, replacement of steel structures (Fig.16,17) SOxNOx (Fig.18,19) (Fig.20) 111 NKK No.179 ( )

Infrared camera Face plate Heating unit Damage / Not damage High temp. Fig.

temp. Large thermal diffusion (a) Not damage Small thermal diffusion (b) Damage Fig.

Fig.19An appearance of the system Fig.20 1 1 (a) Not damage (b) Damage Fig.

9 Infrared camera Face plate Heating unit Damage / Not damage High temp. Fig.18Principle of magnetic stress measurement using magnetic anisotropy sensor Low temp. Large thermal diffusion (a) Not damage Small thermal diffusion (b) Damage Fig.16Principle of defect detection method by using an infrared radiation thermometer Fig.19An appearance of the system Fig (a) Not damage (b) Damage Fig.17Thermography of face plate measured 6.2 7) Fig.18 Fig.19 mm Fig.20Fatigue sensors NKK No.179 ( ) 112

10 Fig.21 OPM Optimized Planning for Maintenance )... Vol.38A, pp (1992). 2) Irwin, P. A. Wind Tunnel Tests of Long Span Bridge!. Final Rep. 12th Congress IABSE, pp (1984). 3)... 50, 4 (2002). 4)... 42, 4 (2000). 5).. 16 (2000). 6).. NKK. No.178(2002). 7) pp (1999). 8).., (2001). 9)... pp.58 61(2001-8). Fig.21Development of maintenance-solution business in NKK 113 NKK No.179 ( )

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S-6.indd Structural Health Monitoring with Fiber Optic Deformation Sensor ( SOFO ) SOFO SOFO ( SOFO V ) ( SOFO Dynamic ) 2 SOFO The fiber optic deformation sensor, SOFO, has excellent characteristics such as ease