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1 JAXA 高揚力装置模型におけるナセルチャイン位置の最適化 金崎雅博 ( 首都大学 ), 横川譲 (JAXA), 伊藤健 (JAXA), 鄭信圭 ( 東北大学 ), 山本一臣 (JAXA) Nacelle Chine Installation Based on Efficient Design Exploration Masahiro Kanazaki (Tokyo Metropolytan University), Yuzuru Yokokawa (JAXA), Takeshi Ito (JAXA), Shinkyu Jeong (Tohoku University), and Kazuomi Yamamoto (JAXA) Key Words : High-lift Wing, Nacelle Chine, Kriging Model Abstract Design exploration of a nacelle chine installation which is a device to improve the stall performance when deploying Design exploration of a nacelle chine installation which is a device to improve the stall performance when deploying multi-element high-lift devices was carried out. In this study, an efficient design process using Kriging surrogate model was proposed to decide the nacelle chine installation point in wind tunnel tests. The design exploration was conducted in the wind tunnel testing of JAXA high-lift aircraft model at JAXA Large-scale Lowspeed Wind Tunnel. The objective function for the design exploration was to maximize the maximum lift. The installation points of the chine on the engine nacelle in the axial and chord-wise direction were designed, while the geometry of the chine was fixed. Through the design process in the wind tunnel test, an accurate response surface of the maximum lift by the chine location was efficiently obtained using expected improvement values as a criterion to select additional evaluation points. This method makes it possible not only to improve the accuracy of the response surface but also to explore the global optimum efficiently. The detail observations of the flowfields using the Particle Image Velocimetry method confirmed the effect of the chine and the designed results. 1. はじめに航空機の離着陸時では, 低速 高迎角時にも十分な揚力を必要とする. このような条件では, 低速で揚力を大きくできる高揚力装置が必要となってくる. こうした装置は離着陸時の性能, 特にペイロードの増加に大きく影響するため, 現在盛んに研究されている. 1) 高揚力装置の設計に当たってのひとつの問題点に, 低速 高迎角での最大揚力をいかに高めるかといった点がある. 主翼下面にエンジンナセルをマウントする実際の航空機では, ナセルパイロンからの渦が翼上面で剥離を誘起し, 最大揚力を減少させる. このことを防ぐために, 図 1に示すナセルチャイン 2) を設置する. ナセルチャインは高迎角時に渦を発生させ, それをパイロンからの渦に干渉させることにより, 渦の総和を減少させる. 結果的に, 渦が誘起する剥離が抑えられ, 図 2に示すように最大揚力を増加させることができる. このように, スラット フラップ等の高揚力翼が適切に設計されたのちに, いかに揚力特性を高めるかが課題になることから, ナセルチャインをどのように設置するかがこの課題を解決するためのひとつの鍵となる. 現在, 宇宙航空研究開発機構 (JAXA) では, 民間旅客機をターゲットとした離着陸時高揚力形態の風洞試験を行っている. この試験では多要素翼の離着陸 性能に焦点を置き, 図 3に示す翼胴とナセル, スラット, 母翼, フラップからなる模型が対象となっている. 本試験では,6 分力測定, オイルフロー, 粒子画像流速測定法 (PIV), 感圧塗料 (PSP) などにより, 高揚力形態における空力性能のデータを取得している. 試験は第 1 期, 第 2 期と行われてきており, 第 2 期では, ナセルチャインの設置による高揚力形態での揚力特性の改善をひとつの課題とした. 本研究では, 高効率な設計手法,Efficient Global 3, 4) Optimization (EGO) が採用され, 最大揚力を高めることのできるナセルチャインの設置位置を効率的に探査する. 遺伝的アルゴリズム (GA) を用いた今回の探査手法の特徴は, リアルタイムに風洞試験を行いつつ, 設計を行う点にある.GAを利用した設計最適化 5-7) は盛んに研究されているが,GAに必要な計算量の多さが原因で, 数値計算を評価手法に取り入れて行われることがもっぱらである. こうしたことから, 本研究では, 風洞試験における評価量を減少させる観点から,Krigingモデルによる解の近似手法を導入した. EGOでは,Expected Improvement(EI) 値 3) を指標としてサンプル設計点を追加し,Kriging 近似モデルの精度向上を図った.EI 値はKriging 近似モデルから計算される値で, ある近似点での最適性と不確実性のバランスを示す指標となっている. この指標を利

2 用することにより近似モデルの精度を上げるだけではなく, 最適性の高い領域にサンプル設計点を求めることができる. この手法を通じ, サンプル設計点をいくつか求め, 最適な点と思われる設計をいくつか抽出した. これらの設計はPIVなどを用いて, 詳細に流れ場を観測, ナセルチャインの効果を調べた. 2. 風洞試験 Krigingモデルを構築するためのサンプル点は揚力係数を風洞試験で計測し, 最大揚力を求めて評価した. この試験はJAXAの保有する大型低速風洞試験施設で行われ, 風洞の断面は6.5m 5.5m( 図 4) となっている. 風速は60m/sとし, 迎角を変更しながら計測を行った. Fig. 1 Nacelle chine which installed on the in-board side of the engine nacelle for the landing configuration. Fig m 5.5m low speed wind tunnel and the JAXA standard model in the test section. 3. 設計問題 3.1 設計変数設計変数の定義を図 5に示す. チャインのナセル上での位置を設計変数とし, ナセル全長に対する長さ方向の比 χと, 円周上での角度 θの2 変数とした. 設計空間は次のように定義した. Fig. 2 Lift improvement when the chine installed on the proper position. 0.4c nacelle χ 0.8c nacelle 30 (deg.) θ 90 (deg.) ここで, c nacelle はナセルの全長を示す. 試験中のチャインの位置決めには, ナセル上に図 6に示すような格子点を描き, チャインの後端をその格子点に乗せることとした. 3.2 目的関数本研究の設計最適化問題は単目的であり, 最大揚力係数 C Lmax の最大化問題として, 次のように定義される. Mazimize: C Lmax 揚力係数 C L は迎角を0 度からあげていくことにより揚力特性を求め, その最大点をC Lmax として評価した. Fig. 3. JAXA standard model for a high-lift system examination.

3 本研究では解空間の把握に近似手法を導入する. GAは大域解の探索において有利であるが, 探索のための計算回数が多大であるという問題点がある. そこで, サンプリングによる少ない評価回数でKriging 法 1) による近似解を求め, 設計探査を行う.Kriging 法は解と設計空間の相関を考慮した近似手法で, 多峰性のある問題についても高い精度で設計空間での解の変化を予測できることが知られている.Kriging モデルによる近似解は次の式で表される. Fig. 5 Design parameters. y( x i ) = μ + ε ( x i ) (i = 1, 2,., N) (1) Nは設計変数の数,μは解空間全体の平均値,ε(x i ) はμからの偏差である. 4.2 Krigingモデルの更新近似手法の問題点として, 近似解上で予測した目的関数の値には誤差が含まれる点が挙げられる. この問題点に対して, 近似解上での誤差の程度を見積もりつつ, 最適性の高い部分で大きい値を示す指標であるEI 値を利用した探査手法がある. 1-3) EI 値はΦ を正規分布,φ を確率密度関数とすると, 次の式で表される E yˆ f s + yˆ f s max max [ I( x) ] = ( yˆ f ) Φ sφ max (2) Fig. 6 Grid on the nacelle of the wind tunnel test. 4. 最適化手法本研究ではMOGAの改良版である領域分割型 GA (Distributed GA) 4) に基づく最適解探索をC Lmax についてのKrigingモデルによる近似解の上で行う. 1) 用いた設計探査手順を図 7に示す. はじめに,N 個の初期サンプルをラテン方格法 1) により選択後, 風洞試験による評価計算を行い, 初期のKrigingモデルを構築する. 次に, 初期のモデルから求まるEI 値の同時最大化を通して,1 個の追加サンプルを選び,(N+1) 個のサンプルにより Krigingモデルを再構築する. このプロセスをサンプルの示す評価値の改善が小さくなるまで繰り返す. 4.1 Krigingモデル ここで,ŷ は未知の設計点 xでの近似値,f max はサンプル点のうち最大の評価値,sは設計空間上での2 乗平均誤差である. 最大化問題におけるEI 値は近似値が大きく, かつ誤差の程度が大きいときに, その値が大きくなり, 最適な解として有望であると考えることができる. 初期サンプルから構築されたKriging モデルは精度が問題となるが, モデル上でEI 値の大きな箇所を新たなサンプルとして追加する作業を逐次的に行うとモデルの精度の向上につながる. 同時に, サンプルを追加する作業を繰り返すと,EI 値の大きなサンプル点は最適性をより強く示すようになる. このような特徴からサンプリングを繰り返すことにより,Krigingモデルの精度の向上を図るとともに, 最適解近傍の設計探査を進めることが出来る. 4.3 分散型遺伝的アルゴリズム本研究で利用する設計手順のうち, 追加サンプル点の決定で最適化手法が必要となる. 本研究ではその最適化アルゴリズムに分散遺伝的アルゴリズム (DGA) 4) を適用した. 遺伝的アルゴリズム (Genetic Algorithm: GA) は生物の進化の過程を模擬したアルゴリズム ( 図 8(a)) で, 母集団による多点同時探索によりグローバルな探索が可能であることが知られている. また,DGAでは図 8(b) に示すように, 母集団を分割し, 分割したサブ母集団の中で独立にGAの操作を行い, 数世代置きに一

4 部の個体を交換 ( 移住 ) させる.DGAでは単一母集団のGAに比べ, それぞれの島で独立に探索が進むため, 各島で個体は大きく異なり, 母集団全体としての多様性が維持されるために, 高品質な解が得られることが期待できる. 4) 本研究での最適化計算では, 集団サイズを64, 分割数を4, 移住間隔を4とし,64 世代の探索を行った. Fig. 7 Procedure of present design process. (a) (b) Fig.8 (a) Genetic algorithm (b) Distributed scheme (island model) 5. 結果と考察 5.1 Krigingモデル初期のKrgingモデルの構築には10サンプルを用いた. その後,2 章に示した手法により,7 回のサンプル追加が行われ, 表 1を得た. 図 9にはχ-θに対するC Lmax のコンター図を示す. この図よりC Lmax を大きくできる点を予測することができる.θが60 度付近の場合,χは40% c nacelle.-50% c nacelle. にC Lmax の最大点があると予測される. すなわち, ナセルチャインはより前方に配置されることとなる. また,θ が30 度付近となる場合,χ が60% c nacelle.-70% c nacelle. にC Lmax の最大点があると予測される. これは, ナセルチャインからの渦が早期にパイロンからの渦に干渉し, 渦による剥離の進展を抑えるという見地から, 妥当な結果といえる. 一方 θが70 度を超過すると,χをどのようにとってもC Lmax の大きな伸びは期待できない 次元 CAD 形状へのKrigingモデルの投影図 9をより直接的に理解するために,2 次元のC Lmax コンターを3 次元 CADに投影したものを図 10に示す. この図の作成には,3 次元 CADモデルの (X, Y,Z) 座標を2 次元の (χ, θ) 座標に変換した後, その2 次元座標値でKriging 予測値を求め,CADモデルのナセル上にプロットした. このプロットにより, ナセルチャインと他の機体コンポーネントとの関係を視覚的に理解することができる. 5.3 チャイン設置による揚力特性の改善本設計を通じて, 表 1より,Sample No.7を選択し, 空力性能の詳細を評価した ( 図 11(a)). 図 11(b) はチャイン無しとチャインをSample No.7の位置に設置したときの揚力特性を示す. この図から, チャインの設置により,C Lmax が増加し, 失速迎角を遅らせることができていることがわかる. 一方, チャインの設置により, 線形域 ( 着陸で使用する迎角の領域 ) には影響を与えていないことが分かる. このことから, ナセルチャインは, 高揚力形態における揚力特性を改善する効果的な手法であることが分かる. 5.4 チャイン設置による流れ場の特徴図 12に迎角 13 度でのPIVを利用した速度分布を示す.(a) がチャイン無し,(b) がチャインをSample No. 7 に設置したものである. 図 12(a) から, パイロンから渦が発生し, 翼上面に干渉している様子がわかる. その結果, 剥離が誘起され,C Lmax が低下する. 一方, 図 12(b) では, パイロンからの渦がチャインからの渦により相殺され, 剥離を誘起する渦がほとんど観測されない. その結果として,C Lmax が伸びている. Table1 Samples using Kriging model construction.

5 Initial samples Additional Samples Sample No. χ θ C lmax ad ad ad ad ad ad ad (a) (b) Fig. 11 Improvement the lift curve: (a)nacelle chine which installed optimum point, (b)comparison of lift curve. Fig. 9 C Lmax plots predicted by Kriging model about χ-θ. Fig. 10 C Lmax plot projected on the CAD data of the experimental model. (a)

6 (b) Fig. 12 Comparison of the velocity magnitude measured by PIV: (a) without chine, (b) with chine which is installed on the optimum point. 6. まとめ本研究では, 高揚力形態におけるナセルチャイン設置位置の設計探査を行なった. 風洞試験で得られる最大揚力の最大化を設計目的とし,EGOを用いることにより, 探査の効率を高めた. Expected Improvement 値を指標として決定されたサンプル設計点を追加することにより,Kriging 近似モデルの精度を逐次的に改善した. また, この追加は最適性も示すため, 多くの追加サンプル設計点が最大揚力を改善した. この結果は,GAを用いた本手法が実験のサンプリングにおいても効果的に適用できることを示している. また,Kriging 近似モデルの可視化により, 設計情報を引き出すことも示された. サンプル設計点の中からひとつの設計を選択し, 流れ場を詳細に観測した. 揚力特性はナセルチャイン無しの形態と比べ, 良好に改善された. この結果では, 揚力曲線の線形域にはチャインの影響が見られず, 最適な位置に設置されたナセルチャインは最大揚力の改善へ寄与することが示された. Configuration Civil Transport Aircraft Model, AIAA , ) Jeong, S., Murayama, M., and Yamamoto, K., Efficient Optimization Design Method Using Kriging Model, Journal of Aircraft, Vol. 42, No. 2, p. p , ) Kanazaki, M., Jeong, S., and Murayama, M., High-Lift System Optimization Based on Kriging Model Using High Fidelity Flow Solver, Transactions of the Japan Society for Aeronautical and Space Science, Vol. 49, No. 165, ) Kanazaki, M.,Obayashi, S., and Nakahashi, K., Exhaust Manifold Design with Tapered ipes Using Divided Range MOGA, Engineering Optimization, Special Issue, Vol. 36, No, 2, p. p , ) Bonaiuti, D., and Pediroda, V., Aerodynamic Optimization of an Industrial Centrifugal Compressor Impeller Using Genetic Algorithm, Evolutionary Methods for Design, Optimization and Control, p. p , CIMNE, Spain, ) Quagliarella, D. and Cioppa, A. D., Genetic Algorithms applied to the Aerodynamic Design of Transonic Airfoils, AIAA Paper CP, ) Obayashi, S., Multi-objective Design Rxploration using Efficient Global Optimization, Proceeding of European Conference on Computational Fluid Dynamics,[CDROM], ) Tanese, R., Distributed Genetic Algorithms, Proceedings of 3 rd ICGA, p. p , ) Donald, R. J., Matthias S., and William J. W, Efficient Global Optimization of Expensive Black-Box Function, Journal of global optimization, Vol. 13, pp , 参考文献 1) C. P. van Dam, The aerodynamic design of multi-elemtnt high-lift systems for transport airplanes, Progress in Aerospace Science, Vol. 38, p. p , ) /october/i_tt.html (last accessed in 1st June, 2007). 3) Y. Yokokawa, M. Murayama, T. Ito and K. Yamamoto, Experiment and CFD of a High-Lift

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