ミャンマーの民主化と国民統合問題における外生要因

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1 J. Silverstein 90 NLD R. H. Taylor

2 David I. Steinberg J. S. Furnivall Vol. 47, No. 3, July 2001

3 a unitary state a union

4 KMT Kuomintang Frontier Areas Ministerial 4 Vol. 47, No. 3, July 2001

5 Burma early unification 2 19 scuttle BCP BCP BCP KNUP BCP NSC64 5

6 CIA CIA 31 CIA NSC 52 6 NSC a 6 Vol. 47, No. 3, July 2001

7 b c d alienate e f g any trustworthy elements d g KMT J. Ranelagh 37 KMT CIA ,000 7

8 Kentung , BCP KMT KMT 40 KMT 1950 KMT 300 KMT 41 KMT 42 KMT Vol. 47, No. 3, July 2001

9 1953 KMT KMT 61 SEATO 46 KMT SEATO 56 9 NSC Maxwell D. Taylor Arthur W. Radford aloof 49 SEATO 50 NSC a stable and free government elements 36 on a loan or reimbursable basis

10 NSC d g CIA 37 d g Battle Act Graves B. Erskine 53 KMT KMT KMT 1 SEATO 1 55 KMT KMT KMT Vol. 47, No. 3, July 2001

11 NSC 37 KMT SEATO cool and aloof W. Averell Harriman

12 BCP BCP 69 PDP KMT 64 BCP 71 BCP 78 BCP Vol. 47, No. 3, July 2001

14 Stephen J. Solarz Daniel P. Moynihan Richard Schifter 70 David Lambertson SLORC Vol. 47, No. 3, July 2001

15 Dana Rohrabacher disinformation Dr. Maung Maung BBC VOA SLORC

16 Vol. 47, No. 3, July 2001

17 U Ye Htoon 88 8 NDF 80 SLORC ii DEA Khun Sa BSPP BCP 17

18 DEA DEA CIA Robert S. Gelbard 89 SLORC VOA SLORC 20 NLD SLORC Vol. 47, No. 3, July 2001

19 6 9 SLORC NLD NLD NLD 92 Frank S. Jannuzi SLORC SLORC SPDC SLORC 19

20 John Rawls 20 Vol. 47, No. 3, July 2001

21 reasonable comprehensive doctrines overlapping consensus a well-ordered society

22 1960 Mrs. Judson 1829 abominable...wretched 99 Mrs. Trager Robert I. Rotberg, ed., Burma: Prospects for a Democratic Future, Brookings/WPF/HIID, Washington, D. C., 1998 J. Silverstein, ÒThe Evolution and Salience of BurmaÕs National Political CultureÓ; R. H. Taylor, ÒPolitical Values and Political Conflict in BurmaÓ; David I. Steinberg, ÒThe Road to Political Recovery: The Salience of Politics in Economics.Ó J. S. Furnivall, An Introduction to the Political Economy of Burma, PeoplesÕ Literature Committee & House, Rangoon, 1957, p. ao. 3 J. Silverstein, ed., The Political Legacy of Aung San, Cornell University Southeast Asia Program, Ithaca, New York, 1993, p Ibid., pp. 20, Ibid., pp Silverstein, op. cit., pp. 77 et seq. 7 Rotberg Silverstein Callahan Taylor 8 Hugh Tinker, ed., BURMA: The Struggle for Independence, , Her MajestyÕs Stationery Office, London, Vol. II, 1984, pp , Vol. 47, No. 3, July 2001

23 B. Pakem, India Burma Relations, OmsonÕs Publications, New Delhi, 1992, p Jessup Foreign Relations of the United States, 1950, Vol. VI, p For. Rel. U. S., Vol. VI Cady John F. Cady, The United States and Burma, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1976, p Cady, op. cit., p Open Society Institute, Washington, D. C. Burma Debate / /4 10/12 Newsweek, April 20, Mary P. Callahan, The Origin of Military Rule in Burma, UMI Dessertation Services, Michigan, 1997, p. 227; Richard J. Aldrich, Intelligence and War against Japan: Britain, America and the Politics of Secret Service, Cambridge University Press, pp , Hugh Tinker, ed., op. cit., Vol. I, pp. 650 et seq., 859 et seq.; Vol. II, pp. 406 et seq., 463 et seq. 19 Ibid., Vol. I, p Cady, A History of Modern Burma, Cornell University Press, 1958, New York, p Ibid., p. 570; Frank N. Trager, Burma from Kingdom to Republic, Green-Wood Press, Westport, Conneticut, 1966, p Aldrich Tulloch 48 Richard J. Aldrich op. cit., p Tulloch Ibid., p D. Vivian Tinker, ed., op. cit., Vol. II, p. 695 Ibid., pp. 665, , Callahan 2,000 p. 325 nation-ness p M. Smith, Burma: Insurgency and the Politics of Ethnicity, Zed Books Ltd., London, 1991, p Taylor 1952 BCP KNDO Robert H. Taylor, ÒForeign and Domestic Consequences of the KMT Intervention in Burma,Ó Data Paper, Number 3, Southeast Asia Program, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 1973, p BCP 26 For. Rel. U. S., 1950, Vol. VI, pp. 745 et seq. 27 Ibid., pp. 154, 751. For. Rel. U. S., 1950, Vol. III, pp. 856, et seq. 28 Ibid., 1950, Vol. VI, p. 241; ibid.,1951, Vol. VI, pp. 278,

24 29 Ibid., 1949, Vol. VII, p NSC48/2 3, g 30 covert action, covert interventions, clandestine operations 31 NSC Òplausible denialó 32 For. Rel. U. S., 1951, Vol. VI, pp CIA Ibid., pp , Ibid., 1950, Vol. VI, p Ibid., 1952, Vol. XII, pp. 132, ÒChronology of International Events and Documents,Ó Royal Institute of Foreign Affairs, 1949, Vol. V 36 John Ranelagh, The Agency: The Rise and Decline of CIA, Simon and Schuster, New York, 1986, p Ibid. Taylor, op. cit., pp. 32, 43, 44 Rotberg Steinberg KMT p New York Times, December 6, Ministry of Information, Government of the Union of Burma, Kuomintang Aggression, Rangoon, 1953, p. 9; Taylor, op. cit., p For. Rel. U. S., 1951, Vol. VI, p Ibid., , Vol. XV, pp. 1079, , ,000 KMT KMT 3 6, Taylor 40 Taylor op. cit., pp For. Rel. U. S., 1950, Vol. VI, pp. 250, 251; ibid., 1950, Vol. III, p KMT KMT dissociate 9 KMT For. Rel. U. S., 1951, Vol. VI, pp. 274, Ibid., pp. 278, Ibid., p Ibid., , Vol. XXII, p KMT KMT Ibid., 1951, Vol. VI, p Key 54 Seabald Taylor, op. cit., p. 40; David Weiss and Thomas B. Ross, The Invisible Government, Jonathan Cape, London, 1965, pp. 130, For. Rel. U. S., , Vol. XXIII, p Ibid., , Vol. XXII, pp. 54, Ibid., pp Ibid., , Vol. XXI, p Ibid., Vol. XXII, pp. 82, 83; ibid., Vol. XXI, pp. 246, Ibid., p Ibid., Vol. XXII, pp , Ibid., pp , Vol. 47, No. 3, July 2001

25 Ibid., , Vol. XXIII, pp. 88, 137 III Ibid., , Vol. XXIII, p. 106; Taylor, op. cit., pp. 52, 58, Taylor, op. cit., p. 59. KMT KMT 2 6,000 KMT 56 For. Rel. U. S., , Vol. XXIII, p Ibid., pp. 86, Ibid., pp Ibid., pp Ibid., pp. 131, 132, Ibid., p CIA covert activities Ibid., , Vol. VIII, pp For. Rel. U. S., , Vol. XXIII, p Ibid., pp. 123, Ibid., pp. 113, New York Times, September 2, Alleged Assassination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders, 94th Congress, 1st Session, November 20, C. Smith, The Burmese Communist Party in the 1980s, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore, 1984, p. 4; M. Smith, op. cit., pp Rotberg, ed., op. cit., p BSPP SLORC 15 Burma Debate February/March, 1995; March/April, November/December, Crackdown in Burma: Suppression of Democracy Movement and Violation of Human Rights, Hearing and Markup, Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives, 101st Congress, 1st Session, September 13, 1989, pp. 4, Ibid., pp Ibid., pp. 24, Ibid., pp. 32, 33, Ibid., p Prospects for Democratization in Burma, Mongolia, and Nepal, Hearing and Markup, Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives, 101st Congress, 2nd. Session, May 8, 1990, pp ; International Narcotics Control, Hearing, Committee on International Relations, House of Representatives, 104th Congress, 1st Session, October 31, 1995, p Reisman VOA W. Michael 25

26 Reisman and James E. Baker, ÒRegulating Covert Action,Ó Yale University Press, New Haven and London, 1992, p Burma Bar Council parallel government Study Mission to Korea, Thailand, Burma, Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia, and Hawaii January 14 25, 1988, Report of the Select Committee on Narcotics Abuse and Control, 100th Congress, 2nd Session, 1988, pp. 16, Asian Heroin Production and Trafficking, Hearing, Select Committee on Narcotics Abuse and Control, House of Representatives, 101st Congress, 1st Session, August 1, 1980, p House of Representatives, 101st Congress, op. cit., Crackdown in Burma, p U. S. Narcotics Control Efforts in Southeast Asia, Hearing, Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives, 100th Congress, 1st Session, June 30 and July 15, 1987, p Review of the 1990 International Narcotics Control Strategy Report, Hearings, Committeee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives, 101st Congress, 2nd Session, March 1, 6, 3, 13 and 15, 1990, p Review of the 1992 International Narcotics Control Strategy Report, Hearings, Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives, 102nd Congress, 2nd Session, March 3, 4, 11 and 12, 1992, p DEA CIA Burma Debate, February/March, 1995, pp. 12, Robert S. Gelbard, ÒBurma: The Booming Drug Trade,Ó in R. I. Rotberg, ed., op. cit., pp. 194, 195. Gelbard Ibid., p disinformation 1998 SLORC SLORC SLORC Rotberg SLORC Òa collection of drug trafficking thugsó 26 Vol. 47, No. 3, July 2001

27 4 22 ÒBurma tolerates drug trafficking and traffickersó Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States, William J. Clinton, 1997, USPGO, 1998, p Rawls Habermas Rawls John Rawls, Political Liberalism, Columbia University Press, New York, 1993, pp R. H. Taylor, ÒPolitical Values and Political Conflict in BurmaÓ in R. I. Rotberg, ed., op. cit. pp Frank S. Jannuzi, ÒThe New Burma RoadÓ in Rotberg ed., op. cit., p VOA Jhon Rawls, op. cit., pp. 30, 31, 41, Jurgen Habermas, Between Facts and Norms, translated by William Rehg, Polity Press, Cambridge, 1996, pp John Rawls, op. cit., pp , Rotberg Steinberg Ott Dapis Ibid., pp. 83, 161, Mrs. Judson, Memoir of Mrs. Judson, late Missionary to Burma, Linden and Edmonds, Boston, 1829, p Helen G. Trager, Burma through Alien Eyes, Missionary View of the Burmese in the Nineteenth Century, Frederick A. Prager, New York, 1966, p S

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untitled . 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112!! 113 114 115 116 117 118 Gopal, op.cit., p.. Dilks, op.cit., vol., p.. Ibid.,