, 2008a, b, c;, 2002, 2006, ,, 2006; 2008a, b, c Kuno et al Fisher 1966 Fisher 1966 pyroclastic volcaniclastic epi
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1 Jour. Geol. Soc. Japan, Vol. 120, No. 4, p , April 2014 JOI: DN/JST.JSTAGE/geosoc/ doi: /geosoc Post-caldera geology of Gora Region in Hakone Volcano Group, Japan Abstract Kazutaka Mannen Hot Springs Research Institute of Kanagawa Prefecture, 586 Iriuda, Odawara, Kanagawa, , Japan Corresponding author: K. Mannen, mannen@onken.odawara.kanagawa.jp This study examined the geological development of the Gora region in the NW quadrant of the caldera of the Hakone Volcano Group in Japan, covering the period since the first caldera-forming stage (< ka). Previous studies on borehole samples in this region have documented subsidence during MIS and MIS, probably as a result of large pumice flow eruptions; these ages are supported by the pollen assemblage in tuffaceous sand mud of the caldera fill. A new borehole drilled in by the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA-V ) yields a continuous succession from the second calderaforming stage during MIS to the present surface. The lake that formed in this area during MIS is considered to have been saline to some extent, as indicated by brackish diatom species in lacustrine deposits. The source of salt was probably volcanic fluid, which also feeds the present-day NaCl-rich hot springs in this area. The lake was then filled with pumice, which is a secondary deposit of Plinian eruptions after the caldera-forming stage (tephra group named Hk- CC). Analysis of the lacustrine deposit indicates that the ancient lake level of MIS was > m above sea level, which is higher than the present-day terrace formed at the caldera outlet. The pumice is overlain by the Hayakawa Debris Flow (HDF), which forms the basal part of the Younger Central Cones (YCC) of this region. A blockand-ash flow deposit overlies the HDF. The juvenile andesite clasts in the block-and-ash flow are almost identical to other YCC lavas, although with a much higher Rb content (> ppm). The uppermost part of the section comprises a talus deposit that is ~ m thick and that formed at ca. ka. Keywords: Hakone Volcano Group, Gora, caldera, hot springs, diatom, pollen 2 3 Kuno, 1950;, 1952; Kuno et al., 1970 K Ar, 2007;, 2007 Kuno et al Fig. 1; 11 km, 8 km The Geological Society of Japan km, 2008a, b;, a, b 21 42, 2011, 2008a,
2 , 2008a, b, c;, 2002, 2006, ,, 2006; 2008a, b, c Kuno et al Fisher 1966 Fisher 1966 pyroclastic volcaniclastic epiclastic process Cas and Write, 1987 volcaniclastic material pyroclastic material Fisher 1966, Fig Kuno et al a 2008 Fig. 2 1 Fig. 1;, 1972, Ma, Ma, 2005, , 2008, 2008;, 2003, m Fig m, 2003, 2008c Fig m, 1986, 1987 Kuno et al., 1970, 2008c Fig. 3; Fig. 4 Kuno et al a, 2008;, 2008
3 Fig.. Geological map of the Hakone area (after the Geological Society of Japan Geological Leaflet eds., 2007). 2008c Z, 2008c Fig. 2 Z 2008a 2, km 10 km e.g.,
4 Fig.. Summary of the geology of the Hakone area. 2007, 1972, 1993;, 1999;, 2005, Fig. 1, Fig. 2;, * Hk-OP Hk- AP * Hk-MP * Hk-
5 地質雑 箱根火山群 強羅付近の後カルデラ地質発達史 121 Fig. 3. Geological map of the Gora region (NW quadrant of Hakone caldera) showing the location of the JMA-V29 well (JMA) and wells used in the stratigraphic sections in Figs. 4 and 6. The geological section from A to A is shown in Fig. 7. The geological map is based on the Geological Society of Japan Geological Leaflet eds. (2007). Topography data are from digital maps provided by the Geospatial Information Authority of Japan. Gravity data are from the Geological Survey of Japan (2004), Hiraga et al. (1970), Gravity Research Group in Southwest Japan (2001), and Yokoyama et al. (2002). TP 箱根三色旗テフラ Hk-S 箱根中央火口丘テフラ群 が知られている * は軽石流を伴うテフラ ; 小 Hk-CC1 7 林 1999; 町田 新井, 2006 この時期に 2 回目のカルデラ 形成が行われ 蛇骨川と元箱根を結ぶ線より西側のカルデラ
6 萬年 一剛 Fig. 4. Summary of the borehole stratigraphy of post-caldera deposits in the Gora region
7 e.g., 1999 e.g., 1975;, 2008, 1971;, 1999;, 2005;, , 1974;, 2006;, 2008, , m m K Ar Ma, 2008, 1952, 2011 Z Z Fig m 0.4 Ma, 2005;, m 0.3 Ma, 2005;, Ma , 1999 Fig. 2; Kuno, ka, 2008, 1999;, 2006;, 2010 CA CA 1999 Hk-TP Hk-TP 2006 CA CA Hk-CC1 7 Fig km Fig. 3; 2006; 2008a, b Fig. 4
8 Fig.. Estimation of caldera subsidence depth based on the altitude difference between rock bodies at the presentday land surface and within the caldera structure. Each rectangle shows the range in altitudes of a rock body within a borehole (borehole numbers are shown in parentheses) and the range at the nearest outcrops. OS, Stage I Lava; Us, Usui-toge Lava; Ts, Takanosu-yama Lava; Tst, Takanosu-yama Top Lava; Ht, Hatajyuku Pumice; Sg, Sengen-yama Lava., 2008a 100 m 1930 Fig. 4 Xy Xo m Fig. 5;, 2002;, 2008a, b No. 47 Fig. 4, 2008c No. 3 No. 33 Z Fig. 4, 2008c Fig. 3, 2008a 2 Fig. 6 Open file No. 5, 6, 7 ; Fig. 3 1 km m 140 m Picea 3 49%; Pinus 6 31% Tsuga 1 20% Abies 1 7% Cryptomeria 0 12%, Hemiptelea, % Fig. 6 Aurlacoseira islandica Cyclotella reczickiae Epithemia turgidula var. westermanii Fragilaria ulna Fragilaria zeillei var. elliptica Rhopalodia gibba Cyclotella reczickiae, Hk-TP Picea Larix- Pseudotsuga Alnus Tsuji et al., m Picea Tsuga Abies Pinus subgen. Haploxylon MIS 4 4 Hk-TP Hk-MP, 1997
9 地質雑 箱根火山群 強羅付近の後カルデラ地質発達史 125 Fig. 6. Borehole stratigraphy showing microfossil distribution and assemblage. Fossil pollens (Mannen et al., 2006, 2008) are categorized and summarized in the manner shown at upper right. Patterns and keys indicating lithologies are the same as in Fig. 4. 残存しにくいので テフラ層位と花粉化石群集の関係には不 や 珪藻化石 花粉化石を大量に含むことから安定した水域 明な点が多いが 町田 2008 は植物珪酸体の分析から に堆積したことが示唆され 湖成堆積物であると考えられ MIS4 の寒冷期を Hk-S 直前から Hk-AP に対比した 本層 の花粉化石群集は 上記 MIS4 の花粉化石群集と類似して いることから その形成年代は第 4 ステージの火砕流頻発 町田 新井, 期に対比されると考え 6 7 万年前頃とする 2006 堆積環境および成因 シルト 砂 礫の互層をなすこと る 2.2. 強羅火山礫凝灰岩部層 新称 定義 前述の強羅凝灰質砂泥部層の下位に分布する火山礫 凝灰岩を主体とする層である 萬年 2008a により岩相 V とされたもののほとんど Fig. 4 の岩相 Vg と前期中央火口 の崩落ブロックとされたもの Fig. 丘噴出物 第 3 ステージ
10 Xy m 430 m Z No. 4 ; Fig Fig. 3 VF1;, 2003, 2008a m No ; Fig. 3, Fig. 4 3, m Fig c 2008 No. 41 No. 10 Fagus 6 33% Quercus subgen. Lepidobalanus <1 19% Pinus 5 14% Picea <1 14% Alnus <1 40% Fig. 6; Open File 1 Lagerstroemia, 2008 Z No. 41, 2006 MIS5a F-YP;, No. 41 K-S MIS7 TAl-1 TB-9 TCu-4, 1974;, 2006, MIS7 MIS7, 2006 Cryptomeria No b V 2006 Fig. 4 Xo m, 2008
11 Fig.. Schematic cross-sections through the Gora Buried Caldera Structure. The location of the cross-section is shown on Fig m Xo, , 1983;, 1983, 2003, 2008a, 2006;, , 1982, 1993, Fig m
12 , 2008a, 2011;, 2007, 2008a MIS7 7 6 MIS4, 2008a;, 2008, 2008, 2008a g m m m 2 2 Open file 2 Open File 1 Fig g m 6 Open file 3 2 XRF Open file m 84 m RIMS m m Fig m 22.8 m AMS 14 Libby 5568 δ 13 C Table 1
13 Table. Radiocarbon dates and calibrated ages of the JMA-V29 borehole samples m m, % Fig m m m 29.3 m m 50 cm 15.3 m 18.8 m m 18 cal ka 22.8 m 21 cal ka Table m m 58.0 m m m 43.8 m m m 67.1 m m m 4 m. polymictic Kuno, 1950;, m 81.5 m m 5 10% 12 cm > 67.8 m Fig Hk-CC1 4 Hk-TP Fig. 9 Hk-TP,
14 Fig.. Columnar section of the JMA-V29 borehole.
15 Hk-TP Hk-TP Hk-TP Fig.. Frequency histograms of the refractive index of Opx in JMA-V29 borehole samples and Hk-TP pumice (Mannen et al., 2005) m m 4 cm 15 cm cm m m m 6 Cyclotella reczickiae Fragilaria zeilleri var. elliptica Fragilaria ulna, No m 6 No. 6 Auracoseira cf. distans, km Opephora martyi Pseudostraurosira brevistriata 1988 Kosugi 1987 Pseudostraurosira brevistriata 12 2 Opephora martyi No. 6, %, 2007;, Pinus 21 35% Alnus 4 15% Picea 4 10% Abies 4 10% Fagus 3 9% Hemiptelea 3 4%
16 Fig.. Harker diagrams comparing lava fragments in JMA-V29 borehole samples and lava of the Younger Central Cone. 800 m ; Fagus ; Quercus subgen. Cyclobalanopsis ; Carpinus Picea SiO 2 FeO/MgO Fig. 10a SiO wt.% Rb Fig. 10b Rb 10 ppm High-Rb Nb, 2006 High-Rb Nb Fig. 10c 700 m No m 315 m High-Rb 1.8 km No m 645 m 4 km No m 442 m High-Rb Fig. 10; Open file 5 High- Rb 6 3 High-Rb High-Rb 4 High-Rb
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20 Mannen, K., 2014, Post-caldera geology of Gora Region in Hakone Volcano Group, Japan. Jour. Geol. Soc. Japan,, JMA-V29 MIS4 470 m Rb > 10 ppm 20 ka
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