mede mead medu medu mead ego(m) aham ek ego ego ja ekan ik ek eg jeg ih ich ik ic ic /it / 14 i /i:/ 15 I /i:/ /ai/ /it iz/ (It is) /its/ (It's) /iz

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1 7,000 9,000 *bhãgo-s beech *medhu mead *medhu methy medu medus mid medd mead *meduz mjöð

2 mede mead medu medu mead *ego(m) aham ek ego ego ja *ekan ik ek eg jeg ih ich ik ic ic /it / 14 i /i:/ 15 I /i:/ /ai/ /it iz/ (It is) /its/ (It's) /iz n t/ (is not) /iznt/ (isn' t) /ai wil/ (I will) /ail/ (I' ll) /g n / (gonna = (be) going to) /w n / (wanna= want to; want a) (liaison) later /leid / butter /b d /

3 at a time /ad / time the way to go the way /d gou/ recited /r said d/ a bunch of stuff / / bunch / (v)/ stuff I got you a book. I /g t u/ a book. relaxed pronunciation reduced form BIN=BEEN: How have you "bin"? Y=YOU: Y'know what I mean? WHADDJA= WHAT DID YOU: Whaddja do over the weekend? WHADDYA= WHAT DO YOU: Whaddya say? WUTCHER= WHAT IS YOUR: Wutcher name? TSKO= LET'S GO: Tsko to the movies! TSUP= WHAT'S UP? NKU= THANK YOU: Nky. It's very kindavyou! KINDA= KIND OF : It's very kindavyou. DJA= DID YOU: Dja ever notice she is quite beautiful? PROLLY= PROBABLY: He is prolly working now. KIN= CAN: I kin stay here with you. WATCHA= WHAT DO YOU: Watcha mean? WHADJUH= WHAT DID YOU: Whadjuh say, Sir?

4 BETTA= HAD BETTER: I betta go now. DJUHVA= DO YOU HAVE A: Djuhva wife? LEMME= LET ME: Lemme show you something! LOTTA= LOT OF: I have a lotta friends. IZZY= IS HE?: Izzy your brother? DOEZZY= DOES HE: Doezzy like you? CUZ= BECAUSE : Cuz I don't like you. ( betcha = bet you: I betcha can' t eat ten hot dogs. mighta = might have + consonant: I mighta gone with him if he'd invited me. mightav = might have + vowel: She mightav agreed to come if you'd been nicer to her. ( ( because) "e"

5 "e" st n (= stone) Singular (Sg.) Nominative (Nom.) st n Dative (Dat.) st ne Genitive (Gen.) st nes Plural (Pl.) Nom. st nas Dat. st num Gen. st na stone stone - stone's - stones - stones - stones' nama (= name) Sg. Nom. nama Accusative (Acc.) naman Dat. naman Gen. naman Pl. Nom. naman Dat. namum Gen. namena name - name - name - name's - names - names - names' "Þãs gõdan mannes" "the good man's"

6 "ge-" bindan (= bind) ge-bunden bound aphesis bet abet (= ) bishop episcopus <L. from epi- "over" + skopos "watcher" Cajun < Acadian from Micmac Indian word akadie "fertile land" = cute acute dropsy < M.E. ydropsy, from O.Fr. idropsie, from L. hydropsis, from Gk. hydrops (gen. hydropos) "dropsy," from hydor "water" (= ) gypsy < egypcien (= Egyptian) lone alone < al(l) one peal < appeal, with the notion of a bell that "summons" people to church (= ) possum < opossum (= ) round < around squire < esquire from M.Fr. esquier "squire," lit. "shield-bearer" (for a knight), from O.Fr., from L. scutarius "shield-bearer, guardsman," from scutum "shield" (= ) tempt < attempt from O.Fr. attempter (14c.), earlier attenter, from L. attemptare "to try," from ad- "to, upon" + temptare "to try" wayward < aweiward "turned away" (= ) (apheresis, aphaeresis) cause (< because) coon (< raccoon) specially (< especially) till (< until) cept

7 (< except) kn- gn- kn- knack (= ) knead (= ) knee (= ) kneel (= ) knife (= ) knight (= ) knit (= ) knob (= ) knock (= ) knot (= ) know (= ) knuckle (= ) knurl (= ) gn- gnarl /na:l/ (= ) gnash /næ / (= ) gnat /næt/ (= ) gnaw /n :/ (= ) gnome /noum/ (= ) gnu /nj:/ (= ) /k/ /g/ 17 kn- gn- (/k/ /g/) /n/ /k/ /g/ acknowledge / kn lid / /k/ Connecticut corpuscle indict muscle /k/ /k/ /k/ kn- pn- ps- pneumonia psychology /p/ /p/ play /l/ price /r/ /kn-/ /kl/ clock /kl k/ /l k/ /n/ /l/ /kl/ /kl/ /k/

8 syncope castle: /t/ daughter: /x/ glisten: /t/ Greenwich: /i:/ /i/ /w/ /grinit / /grinid / night: /x/ often: /t/ OE oft ME oftin / :ft/ / :ftn/ / :fn/ / :ftn/ /t/ talk: /l/ taught: /x/ Worcester /wust /: /s/ wright: /x/ laugh enough gh /f/ through gh anthem < OE antefn antiphon (= ) from L.L. antefana, from Gk. antiphona "verse response" business < O.E. bisignisse (Northumbrian) "care, anxiety," from bisig "careful, anxious, busy, occupied" + ness dean < deacon from O.Fr. deien, from L.L. decanus "head of a group of 10 monks in a

9 monastery" /k/ fancy < fantasy /t / head < heafod (= top of the body) /f/ /v/ 13 lady < hlæf-dige from hlaf "bread" + -dige "maid," related to dæge "maker of dough" lord < half-weard (=one who guards the loaves) from hlaf "bread, loaf" + weard "keeper, guardian, ward" ma' am < madam palsy (= ) < paralysis from Anglo-Fr. parlesie, O.Fr. paralisie, from L. paralysis priest < Gk. presbyteros proctor (= ) < procurator Hamlet (W. Shakespeare ) Horatio Hamlet Season your admiration for awhile With an attent ear, till I may deliver, Upon the witness of these gentlemen, This marvel to you. attent attentive (apocope) ad < advertisement as < O.E. alswa "quite so" cinema < Fr. cinéma, shortened from cinématographe chem < chemistry cred < credibility fab < fabulous

10 fan < fanatic info < information mag < magazine math < mathematics prom < promenade (= ) psych < psychology pud < pudding sing < singen flu < influenza (flu OED 1839 ) fridge, frig < refrigerator (frig OED 1928 ) paragoge earnest < ME ernes sound < ME soun often < OE oft often tortoise /t :t s/ /t :tois/ (

11 11 2 /kn/

12 1982 Joseph T. Shipley, The Origins of English Words (Baltimore and London, The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1984) J.R. Clark Hall, A Concise Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (London, Cambridge University Press, 1970) Oxford English Dictionary on CD-ROM David Reid, Sound Symbolism (T. & A. Constable Ltd., 1967) 1995 Henry Cecil Wyld, Studies in English Rhymes from Surrey to Pope (John Murray Ltd., 1923) H.C

13 1995

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Speedy & Simple Kenji, Yoshio, and Goro are good at English. They have their ways of learning. Kenji often listens to English songs and tries to remember all the words. Yoshio reads one English book every