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1 (Bulletin of FFPRI), Vol.6, No.3 (No.404), , Sep )* 2 ) Hydrological observation reports of the Kamabuchi experimental watershed and experimental watersheds ( 1961 to 2000) HOSODA Ikuhiro 1) * and MURAKAMI Wataru 2) Abstract This report presents the daily runoff data from 1961 to 2000 in the and No. 4 experimental watersheds of Kamabuchi (about 38 56' N, ' E). Each watershed had experienced a 50% area clearcut in 1964 while the remaining 50% area clearcut was carried out in The first treatment was carried out in the area along the stream channel for the watershed and along ridge for the watershed. The results of the treatments show that the effect of the clearcut is larger in the area along the stream channel. At present, these watersheds are covered with mixed forests consisting of Sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) planted in 1970 and natural mixed broadleaf trees (primarily Fagus crenata and Quercus). Since this is the first observation data report for the and watersheds, topographic summaries and the structures of the gauging weir were detailed. In addition, a summary of the cardinal observation results in these watersheds was described. However, the ratio of the annual runoff to the annual precipitation in the watershed tends to be clearly lower than that of the other watersheds of Kamabuchi since And finally, the observations in the watershed have been suspended since 2000 because of the frequently occurring obvious water leakages from the gauging weir since Accordingly, there is a possibility that the water leakage from the gauging weir in the watershed has latently continued with different intensities throughout the observation period. This point should be heeded. Key words : Kamabuchi, cool temperate zone, heavy snow region, montane zone forest, runoff, 50% area clearcut , % % % Received Dec. 14, Accepted Jun. 5, 2007 * Kansai Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute (FFPRI) 68 Nagaikyûtarô, Momoyama, Fushimi, Kyôto , Japan ; hosodaik@ffpri.affrc.go.jp 1) Kansai Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute (FFPRI) 2) Department of Soil and Water Conservation, Forestry and Forest Product Research Institute (FFPRI)

2 164 HOSODA I. and MURAKAMI W , , Naselle % 142 km 2 64% Martin and Tinney, 1962;, 1971; Bosch and Hewlett, Coweeta No. 6 9 ha 12% Dunford and Fletcher, 1947 Workman Creek North Fork 100 ha1953 1% % % Rich and Gottfried, 1976 Fernow No ha % % Patric and Reinhart, ha 118 ha ha 2.5%, 1961;, Fernow 2, , , 1952;, 1961;, 1980;, 1999;, 2006, 2001, JR 1km Fig. 1. Location and the topographic diagram of the Kamabuchi experimental watershed 6 3, 2007

Hydrological observation reports of the Kamabuchi experimental watershed and experimental watersheds( 1961 to 2000) 165 N 30 E 10 3 1 4 Fig. 1 3 1.54 ha4 1.

Table 1. Topographic summary. 3 watershed watershed (A) 1.54 ha 1.

43 Shape factor 1 172 244 m 177 244 m Altitude 3 208 m 209 m Mean altitude 3 32.2 32.

3 Hydrological observation reports of the Kamabuchi experimental watershed and experimental watersheds( 1961 to 2000) 165 N 30 E Fig ha ha m, m Table m 3 50 m 10% 4 20% Fig. 2 Fig Fig. 4, Fig. 2. Frequency distribution of relative heights from the gauging weir. Table 1. Topographic summary. 3 watershed watershed (A) 1.54 ha 1.12 ha Watershed's area m 420 m Watershed boundary's length,2 (L) 188 m 161 m Stream channel's length 1 (A/L) 82 m 70 m Mean watershed's width (A/L 2 ) Shape factor m m Altitude m 209 m Mean altitude Mean hillslope gradient 3 NE, SE S SW Dominant hillslope direction Cited from Ono & Sato (1984). 2 Length along the longest stream channel from the gauging weir to the watershed's boundary. 310 m Based on 10 m mesh altitude data. Fig. 3. Frequency distribution of the hillslope gradients. Fig. 4. Frequency distribution of the hillslope directions Bulletin of FFPRI, Vol.6, No.3, 2007

4 166 HOSODA I. and MURAKAMI W. Fig (1984) Distribution of soil depth in the watershed. The original maps were used for the soil volume estimation in Ono & Kawaguchi (1984). A horison: Organic rich mineral soil layer. B horison: Between A horizon and the bed rock. Solid lines represent the contours of soil depth. Dashed lines represent the contour of topographic relief. Fig (1984) Distribution of soil depth in the watershed. The original maps were used for the soil volume estimation in Ono & Kawaguchi (1984). A horison: Organic rich mineral soil layer. B horison: Between A horizon and the bed rock. Solid lines represent the contours of soil depth. Dashed lines represent the contour of topographic relief. 6 3, 2007

5 Hydrological observation reports of the Kamabuchi experimental watershed and experimental watersheds( 1961 to 2000) Fig. 5, A 1955 B A A+B A 20 cm 10 cm A+B cm Fig. 56, m Table m 40% , 1971; , 1980;, 1999;, mm 153 cm , % Fig , 1971;, 1989 Table 2. Soil volume and mean soil depth. 3 watershed watershed (A) 1.54 ha 1.12 ha Watershed's area A (VA) 1749 m m 3 Soil volume of the A horizon B (VB) 9415 m m 3 Soil volume of the B horizon (V=VA+VB) m m 3 Total soil volume (V/A) 0.73 m 0.72 m Mean soil depth (1984) The soil volume data were cited from Ono & Kawaguchi (1984). Fig. 7. (1975) m Divisions of the forest treatment areas (Ono & Kawaguchi, 1975).Shaded areas indicate 1st treatments in Solid thin lines represent relativeheights from gauging weir. Dotted thin lines represent stream channels. Bulletin of FFPRI, Vol.6, No.3, 2007

168 HOSODA I. and MURAKAMI W. Table 3 34 1964 4 1966 13, 1968 3.

6 168 HOSODA I. and MURAKAMI W. Table , mm 148 mm4 57 mm 326 mm 50% 2, mm mm 17, 2002; Fig. 8Hosoda mm 118 mm mm 131 mm 2, mm Fig Changes of annual water yield differences between observed data and estimates. Estimated yields were given by the linear regression equation of yields at each watershed with yields at the No. 1 watershed in the period of 50% area clearcut indicated by shaded background. Data were plotted as changes before the 1st treatment were assumed to be 0 mm based on the figure in Hosoda & Murakami(2002). Table 3. 1 ha Stem number and volume per one hectar at the each treatment. watershed watershed stem number volume stem number volume stems/ha m 3 /ha stems/ha m 3 /ha Crop of the 1st treatment in Crop of the 2nd treatment in Sum of complete enumeration in cm 6cm Cited from Ono & Kawaguchi (1989). Crop data included trees over about 12 cm in diameter at bottom end, and complete enumeration data included trees over 6 cm in diameter at breast height. 6 3, 2007

7 Hydrological observation reports of the Kamabuchi experimental watershed and experimental watersheds( 1961 to 2000) mm4 73 mm 200 mm 1 m mm 1.65 mm mm 1.75 mm, % 103% 109%4 66% 73% 85%, mm/hr 1 0.5mm/hr y=ax b a mm/hr 90% 107% 114% 1 10 mm/hr 98% 97% 105% mm/hr 58% 64% 75% 1 10 mm/hr 81% 82% 86% 5 11 m 3 / sec/km m 3 /sec/km m 3 /sec/km m 3 /sec/km % 92% 95% 4 57% 57% 62% 1, cm mm 1 50 mm 3 48 mm 50 mm 58 mm4 41 mm 41 mm 46 mm mm 1 165mm mm mm mm 0.1 mm 0.2 mm mm 0.04 mm 0.13 mm, V Fig V 5 cm 12 4, 1964;, 1965; Fig cm Bulletin of FFPRI, Vol.6, No.3, 2007

8 170 HOSODA I. and MURAKAMI W. Fig Schematic diagram of the gauging weir at the Kamabuchi watershed. Fig Distributions of annual runoffs corresponding to annual precipitations in water-year from 1961 through The water-year begins at 1st of. : the No.1 watershed, : the No.2 watershed, : the No.3 watershed, : the No.4 watershed. V F Table , , 2007

9 Hydrological observation reports of the Kamabuchi experimental watershed and experimental watersheds( 1961 to 2000) Table 4, Table Table 4. 3 History of the water level gauge in the Kamabuchi watershed. period gauge type chart feed rate water level magnification F 2.60 mm/hr 1 Jan Nov Stevens Water Level Recorder Type F mm/hr 2 Dec Aug Suiken 62 type mm/hr 2 Sep Suiken 62 type + potentiometer Table 5. Reasons of water-level data missing, and dates (year/month/). Reason watershed watershed 1995/11/ /07/25-08/03 Repair of the weir or the hut, 1997/08/ /08/26-09/05 or dredge 1998/08/ /08/ /10/ /10/ /07/23-12/24 Water leak of the weir 1999/06/01-16, 22-23, 07/09-08/22, 08/26-28, 09/03-07, 10-14, 10/ /05/28-09/10, 09/14-24, 09/30-10/02, 10/ /07/ /08/06-08 Flood in excess of the notch height 1974/07/ /08/ /07/ /08/ /09/ /08/ /11/ /04/09-13, 07/29-08/03 Other failures 1980/10/ /11/ /03/ /12/ /01/ /04/05-07, /12/ /03/26-31, 05/31 "Other failures" includes the failures concerned with pen, chart carriage, and float movement. Bulletin of FFPRI, Vol.6, No.3, 2007

10 172 HOSODA I. and MURAKAMI W , Table , 1980;, Bosch, J.M. and Hewlett, J.D. (1982) A review of catchment experiments to determine the effect of vegetation changes on water yield and evapotranspiration. Journal of Hydorology, 55, Dunford, E.G. and Fletcher, P.W. (1947) Effect of removal of stream bank vegetation upon water yield. Transactions, American Geophysical Union, 28(1), ,, 7, ,,,, 2001 ( ),, 260, Hosoda, I. (2004) Changes on annual water yield following forest growth in small catchment of northeastern Asia monsoon area, Kamabuchi, Japan. Forest and Water in Warm, Humid Asia (Proceedings of a Workshop of the IUFRO Forest Hydrology Working Group, Sidle, R.C., et al. (eds.), 274p.), ,, 376, , 6, ,, 398, ,, 9, ,, 18, Martin, I.L. and Tinney, E.R. (1962) Logging in west coast watershed shows no effects on the area's water yield. Timberman,, ,, 53, ,, 4, ,, 5, ,, 240, ,, ,, 47pp. 1971,, 12, , 6 3, 2007

11 Hydrological observation reports of the Kamabuchi experimental watershed and experimental watersheds( 1961 to 2000) 173, 16, ,, 172, ,, 20, ,,,, 157, ,,,, 157, ,, 30, ,, 31, Patric, J.H. and Reinhart, K.G. (1971) Hydrologic effects of deforesting two mountain watersheds in West Virginia. Water Resources Research, 7(5), Rich, L.R. and Gottfried, G.J. (1976) Water yields resulting treatments on the Workman creek experimental watersheds in central Arizona. Water Resources Research, 12(5), ,, 310, ,, 1, ,, 30(1), ,, ,, 311, Bulletin of FFPRI, Vol.6, No.3, 2007

12 174 HOSODA I. and MURAKAMI W. Table 6. Daily runoffs in the Kamabuchi and watersheds Unit : mm) Minus values represent the estimated values of missing data. Total values are the sums of absolute values. 6 3, 2007

13 Hydrological observation reports of the Kamabuchi experimental watershed and experimental watersheds( 1961 to 2000) 175 Table 6. Daily runoffs in the Kamabuchi and watersheds. (Continued) Unit : mm) Minus values represent the estimated values of missing data. Total values are the sums of absolute values. Bulletin of FFPRI, Vol.6, No.3, 2007

14 176 HOSODA I. and MURAKAMI W. Table 6. Daily runoffs in the Kamabuchi and watersheds. (Continued) Unit : mm) , 2007

15 Hydrological observation reports of the Kamabuchi experimental watershed and experimental watersheds( 1961 to 2000) 177 Table 6. Daily runoffs in the Kamabuchi and watersheds. (Continued) Unit : mm) Bulletin of FFPRI, Vol.6, No.3, 2007

16 178 HOSODA I. and MURAKAMI W. Table 6. Daily runoffs in the Kamabuchi and watersheds. (Continued) Unit : mm) , 2007

17 Hydrological observation reports of the Kamabuchi experimental watershed and experimental watersheds( 1961 to 2000) 179 Table 6. Daily runoffs in the Kamabuchi and watersheds. (Continued) Unit : mm) Bulletin of FFPRI, Vol.6, No.3, 2007

18 180 HOSODA I. and MURAKAMI W. Table 6. Daily runoffs in the Kamabuchi and watersheds. (Continued) Unit : mm) Minus values represent the estimated values of missing data. Total values are the sums of absolute values. 6 3, 2007

19 Hydrological observation reports of the Kamabuchi experimental watershed and experimental watersheds( 1961 to 2000) 181 Table 6. Daily runoffs in the Kamabuchi and watersheds. (Continued) Unit : mm) Bulletin of FFPRI, Vol.6, No.3, 2007

20 182 HOSODA I. and MURAKAMI W. Table 6. Daily runoffs in the Kamabuchi and watersheds. (Continued) Unit : mm) , 2007

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