152 NOGUCHI, S. et al , 28;, 28, 21 1, km ,1996,25 ( ) Ishihara and Kobatake (1979) (21) 28 85m 日融雪量の

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1 (Bulletin of FFPRI) Vol.11 No.3 (No.424) September 212 論文 (Original article) 28 年岩手宮城内陸地震災害地周辺の先行土湿の季節変動 1)* 1) 2) 2) Seasonal variation of antecedent soil moisture in and around the disaster area of the Iwate-Miyagi Nairiku earthquake in 28 Shoji NOGUCHI 1)*, Yukio YASUDA 1), Yasuyuki TADA 2) and Toshiaki SAMMORI 2) Abstract The seasonal variation of an antecedent soil moisture index (ASI 3 ) in and around the disaster area of the Iwate-Miyagi Nairiku earthquake in 28 was investigated using AMeDAS data spanning 27 years. The ASI 3 values ranged from to mm with an average ( SD) of 22.5 mm ( 22.) at the Matsurube site (32 m asl.). The average ASI 3 value for the 1 days following the earthquake continued at a low value (ASI 3 <2 mm) which was rare for this season. The maximum ASI 3 value each month was more than mm except in February. The frequency of values higher than this was greatest in August. The minimum average ASI 3 value each month was 6.9 mm and this occurred in February. The highest average ASI 3 each month was in April (34.9 mm) during snow melt season, followed by September (34.5 mm) and July (31.9 mm). ASI 3 in the high mountain zone (1,3 m asl.) was estimated from 4. to 32. mm with an average of mm from November 27 to October 28. The results were higher than the ASI 3 at the Matsurube site where values ranged from 3.1 to mm with an average of mm. This was because more than 5 mm of rainfall was added to the melting snow water continuously at the 1,3 m point so the ASI 3 was higher during snow melt season. On July 14 th 28, when the earthquake occurred, the ASI 3 at the 1,3 m point and at the Matsurube site were mm and 18. mm, respectively. The ASI 3 after the earthquake did not reach the result recorded at heavy rain and snow years. Therefore, continued monitoring of the antecedent soil moisture in and around the disaster area in the future is necessary. Key words : Snowy region, antecedent soil moisture index, snow melt, a high mountain zone, heavy rainfall ASI 3 ASI 3 ASI 3 <2mm ASI mm SD, mm 2 ASI 3 mm 8 ASI 3 2 (6.9mm) mm mm mm ,3m ASI mm mm 32m ASI mm mm 5mm ASI ASI mm ASI 3 18.mm ASI Received 28 November Accepted 26 April 212 1) Tohoku Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute (FFPRI) 2) Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute (FFPRI) * Tohoku Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute (FFPRI), Nabeyashiki, Shimo-Kuriyagawa, Morioka 2-123, Japan, noguchi@ffpri.affrc.go.jp

2 152 NOGUCHI, S. et al , 28;, 28, 21 1, km ,1996,25 ( ) Ishihara and Kobatake (1979) (21) 28 85m 日融雪量の推定 2., 28 FD-index (First Discharge Index) FD= Σ T a (1) T a T a = 3 FD FD 3 M mm k M = (T ay + T at ) + a (2) 2 k(mm/ / day) T ay T at a(mm/ day) a (mm/day) k(mm/ /day) k =.39x (3) x 2.2 先行土湿指数 (antecedent soil moisture index: ASI) Mosley(1979) antecedent precipitation index: API Kosugi et al., 27; Negishi et al., 27 n API n = Σ P i /i (4) i-1 i P i i n (21) (ASI) n ASI n = Σ (M i +P i )/i (5) i-1 (5) P 11 3, 212

Seasonal variation of antecedent soil moisture in and around the disaster area of the Iwate-Miyagi Nairiku earthquake in 28 153 API n Negishi et al. (27) n=7 Kosugi et al. (27) n=6 n n n=3 API ASI 2.

3 Seasonal variation of antecedent soil moisture in and around the disaster area of the Iwate-Miyagi Nairiku earthquake in API n Negishi et al. (27) n=7 Kosugi et al. (27) n=6 n n n=3 API ASI 2.3 雨雪判断積雪期と無積雪期の区分使用したアメダスデータ Table 1 Table 1 Fig.1 Fig Topographic features and AMeDAS points ( ) around the disaster area ( ) of the 28 Iwate-Miyagi Nairiku earthquake. The star is the epicenter of the earthquake. Adapted from Sammori et al. (submitted). Bulletin of FFPRI, Vol.11, No.3, 212

4 154 NOGUCHI, S. et al. Table 1. Used AMeDAS data m N39 36, N38 56, E , N38 59, E N39 3, E N , E N , E , N , E 高山地帯の降水量積雪深の推定 1,3,1978; 1978; ( ) 32m 35m 85m Fig.2a ( SD:.22.4) 1,3m Fig2a (Fig.3abc) Fig.3d 1,3m 1,3 ( 1,m) Fig.2b.3.242( ) 1,3m Fig2b 3. Fig. 2. (a) 32m 35m 85m b 1m (a) Relationship between altitude and maximum snow depth at the Ichinoseki (altitude: 32m), Matsurube (altitude: 35m) and Kurikoma (altitude: 85m) sites, (b) Relationship between altitude and monthly precipitation at the Ichinoseki, Matsurube and Kurikomayama (altitude: 1,m) sites. The dotted line shows a regression line of each year, and the bold line shows the regression line of all data. 3.1 先行土湿指数の年季節変化 27 ASI mm SD mm ASI mm mm. 4.1mm mm mm mm % 93 15% ASI mm mm. 11 3, 212

5 Seasonal variation of antecedent soil moisture in and around the disaster area of the Iwate-Miyagi Nairiku earthquake in SD_CSC ED_CSC CSC_Period (day) Snow depth (cm) Ichinoseki Matsurube Kurikoma a b c Year d Kurikoma Matsuribe Ichinoseki Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Fig (a) (SD_CSC) (b) (ED_CSC) (c) (CSC_ Period) (d) (a) Start day of continuous snow cover (SD_CSC), (b) end day of continuous snow cover (ED_CSC), (c) continuous snow cover period (CSC_Period) during the winter to the winter periods and (d) variation of snow depth in the winter period at the Kurikoma, Matsuribe and Ichinoseki sites mm mm p=. Fig.4 27 ( ) ASI 3 ASI mm ASI 3 2mm mm 8mm (21) 6 7 ASI 3 2mm Fig4 ASI 3 Fig.5 ASI 3 2 (6.9mm) mm mm mm ASI 3 mm ASI mm ASI ASI 積雪期の先行土湿指数 4 5 ASI Fig.4 ASI 3 Fig cm cm cm 194cm cm ( ) ( ) Bulletin of FFPRI, Vol.11, No.3, 212

6 156 NOGUCHI, S. et al. Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct mm mm mm mm mm mm< Fig ( ) ASI 3 Variation of ASI 3 during 27 years (November, 1983 to October, 21) at the Matsurube site. Mesh indicates the average for a ten-day period of each month Box Plot Definition Interquartile Distance Maximum Median Upper Quartile ASI Lower Quartile Minimum Outlier Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Fig ASI 3 Monthly antecedent soil moisture index (ASI 3 ) at the Matsurube site for 27 years (November, 1983 to October, 21). Fig. 5 祭畤における 27 年間の月別先行土湿指数 (ASI 3 ) Fig. 5 Monthly antecedent soil moisture index (ASI 3 ) at the Matsurube site for 27 years (November, 1983 to October, 21) 11 3, 212

7 Seasonal variation of antecedent soil moisture in and around the disaster area of the Iwate-Miyagi Nairiku earthquake in ASI mm mm ASI mm Snow depth (cm) ASI 3 Snow depth (cm) ASI 3 Snow depth (cm) ASI a b c d e f Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Bulletin of FFPRI, Vol.11, No.3, 212 Air temperature (Cdeg) Precipitation Air temperature (Cdeg) Precipitation Air temperature (Cdeg) 積雪期 (11 月から翌年 5 月 ) における (a) 年の日平均気温と積雪 2 Fig. 6. (11 5 ) (a) 深さ (b) (b) 年の日降水量と ASI 3 (c) 年の日平均気温 ASI 3 (c) (d)1983- と積雪深さ (d) 年の日降水量と ASI 3 (e) ASI 3 (e) 年の日平 (f) ASI 均気温と積雪深さ (f) 年の日降水量と ASI 3 3 a) Daily mean air 1984, temperature (d) daily precipitation, and snow depth and ASIin 3 in , , (b) daily (e) daily mean air temperature and snow depth in 1999 precipitation, and 2, ASI 3 and in (f) daily precipitation,(c) and daily ASImean air temperature and snow 3 in , during no snow cover season. depth in during,(d) snow daily cover precipitation, season. and ASI 3 in ,(e) daily season. mean air temperature and snow depth in , and (f) daily precipitation and ASI 3 in , during snow cover season Precipitation mm ASI mm mm mm mm ASI 3 6.1mm mm ASI mm mm ASI mm ASI mm 31 (.5mm) mm mm mm mm ASI mm (21) ASI 3 ASI 3 3 ASI cm 143cm ASI 3 ASI 3 2 a b (a) Daily mean air temperature and snow depth in , (b) daily precipitation, and ASI 3 in , May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct (c) daily mean air temperature and snow depth in 1983 Fig. 7 無積雪期における (a) 1985 年の日降水量と ASI 3 (b) 1988 年の日降水量と ASI 3 Fig. 7. (a) 1985 ASI 3 (b) Fig. 7 (a) Daily precipitation 1988 and ASI 3 in 1985, ASI (b) daily 3 precipitation and ASI 3 in 1988, (a) Daily precipitation and ASI 3 in 1985, (b) daily precipitation and ASI 3 in 1988, during no snow cover Precipitation Precipitation

8 158 NOGUCHI, S. et al. 3.3 無積雪期の先行土湿指数 Fig.4 ASI ASI 3 Fig mm mm mm 195mm 1985 ASI mm mm mm ASI mm mm 8 ASI 3 mm mm; mm Fig mm ASI mm mm ASI mm mm mm ASI mm ASI mm 158mm mm 1 ASI mm 3.4 高山地帯の先行土湿指数 , cm 1,3m (Fig.7a) Fig.2a 1,3 335cm Fig3 1,3m cm (Fig8b) Air temperature (Cdeg) Snow depth (cm) Ichinoseki (32m) Matsurube (35m) Estimated (13m) a b Estimated value Estimated value Matsurube Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Fig. 8. (a) 1,3m (b) 1,3m (a) Air temperature at the Ichinoseki and Matsurube sites, and the 1,3m altitude point, (b) snow depth at the Matsurube site and the estimated snow depth at the 1,3m altitude point during snow melt season from 27 November to 28 July. Circle indicate the maximum snow depth. 11 3, 212

9 Seasonal variation of antecedent soil moisture in and around the disaster area of the Iwate-Miyagi Nairiku earthquake in m/s, ASI 583cm ,3m ASI 3 Fig9 1,3 ASI mm mm mm mm 1,3m ASI mm mm ASI mm ASI mm mm mm ASI 3 5mm mm mm mm mm ASI ASI 3 ASI 3 ASI b Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Fig. 9 Fig. (a) (a) 年の祭畤における日降水量と ASI 3 ASI 3 (b) (b) 年の標高 1,3m 1,3m における日降水量と ASI 3 ASI 3 赤丸印は地震が生じた日 (a) Precipitation and ASI 3 at the Matsurube in Fig. 9 (a) Precipitation year, (b) and Precipitation ASI 3 the Matsurube and ASI in at the 1,3 year, (b) m altitude Precipitation and ASIpoint 3 at the in 1,3m altitude year. point in year. Red circle Red symbols circle indicate symbols the indicate day when the earthquake day when occurred. the earthquake occurred. a Precipitation Precipitation 245.1mm ASI 3 18.mm 212 1km 1km 1, API mm 3.3mm, 21;,21 1, ( 1997, 27) 24;Tsuboyama et al., (1997) 13, Bulletin of FFPRI, Vol.11, No.3, 212

10 16 NOGUCHI, S. et al. (21),,, 41, Ishihara, Y. and Kobatake, S. (1979) Runoff model for flood forecasting., 29, (25) p164-17, http ://www. data.jma.go.jp/obd/stats/etrn/index.php (28) 2 (28 ) 239pp. Kosugi Y., Mitani, T., Itoh, M., Noguchi, S., Tani, T., Matsuo, N, Takanashi, S., Ohkubo, S. and Abdul Rahim, N. (27) Spatial and temporal variation in soil respiration in a Southeast Asian tropical rainforest. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 147, Mosley MP. (1982) Subsurface flow velocities through selected forestsoils, South Island, New Zealand. Journal of Hydrology 55, ( ) Negishi JN., Noguchi, S., Sidle, RC, Ziegler, AD., Abdul Rahim, N. (27) Stormflow generation involving pipe flow in a zero-order basin of Peninsular Malaysia. Hydrological Processes. 21, (21)28,,63, (1944),, 7, (1989), 51, (27) 55, 4-6. (26) pp. (24) (21) , (28 ), 11(3), (1978) 37, (1996),, 48, (28),, 141pp. Tsuboyama, Y., Shimizu, A., Kubota, T., Abe, T., Kabeya, N., Nobuhiro, T. (28) Measurement of snow depth distribution in a mountainous watershed using an airborne laser scanner. Journal of Forest Planning. 13, (1978) 37, (1979) 38, ,, 69, (21) 98,12. (212) 28, 11(3), , 212

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